ʻO nā pahu hau a me nā pahu hau, ma ke ʻano he lako mālama haʻahaʻa no ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka home a me ke kālepa, ua ʻike ʻia nā hana hou i ke koho ʻana o ka refrigerant e pili ana i ka "hoʻololi pono o ka refrigeration" a me nā "koi hoʻoponopono kaiapuni". ʻO nā ʻano nui a me nā ʻano ma nā pae like ʻole e kūlike loa me nā pono o nā lako.
ʻO ka hana nui mua: Ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā refrigerants CFC me ka "kūpono kiʻekiʻe akā pōʻino nui"
Mai nā makahiki 1950 a hiki i nā makahiki 1990, ʻo R12 (dichlorodifluoromethane) ka refrigerant nui loa. Ma ke ʻano o ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā lako, ua kūlike loa nā waiwai thermodynamic o R12 me nā pono o ka mālama ʻana i ka mahana haʻahaʻa - me ka mahana hoʻoheheʻe maʻamau o -29.8°C, hiki iā ia ke hoʻokō maʻalahi i nā koi mahana o nā keʻena mālama hou o ka friji (0-8°C) a me nā keʻena hau (ma lalo o -18°C). Eia kekahi, he kūpaʻa kemika ikaika loa a he kūpono loa me nā paipu keleawe, nā pūpū kila, a me nā aila lubricating mineral i loko o nā friji, kakaʻikahi ka hana ʻana i ka pala a i ʻole nā pahu paipu, a hiki ke hōʻoia i ke ola lawelawe o nā lako no nā makahiki he 10 a ʻoi.
ʻO 1.0 ka waiwai ODP o R12 (kahi pae hoʻohālikelike no ka hiki ke hoʻopau i ka ozone) a me kahi waiwai GWP ma kahi o 8500, e lilo ia i kinoea ʻōmaʻomaʻo ikaika. Me ke komo ʻana o ka Montreal Protocol, ua pāpā mālie ʻia ka hoʻohana honua ʻana o R12 i loko o nā pahu hau i hana hou ʻia mai ka makahiki 1996. I kēia manawa, ʻo kekahi mau lako kahiko wale nō i koe nā koena o ia mau refrigerants, a ke kū nei i ka pilikia o ka ʻole o nā kumu ʻē aʻe i ka wā mālama.
Kahua hoʻololi: Nā palena o ka "hoʻololi hapa" me nā refrigerants HCFCs
No ke kāpae ʻana i ka hoʻopau ʻia ʻana o R12, ua hoʻohana pōkole ʻia ʻo R22 (difluoromonochloromethane) i kekahi mau pahu hau kalepa (e like me nā pahu hau liʻiliʻi ma nā hale kūʻai liʻiliʻi). Aia kona pono ma ka kokoke ʻana o kāna hana thermodynamic i ko R12, me ka ʻole o ka pono no nā hoʻololi koʻikoʻi i ka hoʻolālā compressor a me ka pipeline o ka pahu hau, a ua hoʻemi ʻia kona waiwai ODP i 0.05, e hoʻonāwaliwali nui ana i kona hiki ke hoʻopau i ka ozone.
Eia nō naʻe, ua maopopo hoʻi nā hemahema o R22: ma kekahi ʻaoʻao, ʻo kona waiwai GWP ma kahi o 1810, no nā kinoea ʻōmaʻomaʻo kiʻekiʻe, ʻaʻole ia e kūlike me ke ʻano palekana kaiapuni lōʻihi; ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ka pono o ka refrigeration (COP) o R22 ma mua o R12, kahi e alakaʻi ai i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka mana ma kahi o 10%-15% ke hoʻohana ʻia i loko o nā pahu hau home, no laila ʻaʻole ia i lilo i mea nui o nā pahu hau home. Me ka wikiwiki o ka hoʻopau ʻana o nā refrigerants HCFCs i ka makahiki 2020, ua hoʻihoʻi ʻia ʻo R22 mai ka hoʻohana ʻana ma ke kahua o nā pahu hau a me nā pahu hau.
I. Nā refrigerants maʻamau o kēia manawa: Hoʻololi kūikawā o nā HFC a me nā ʻano haʻahaʻa-GWP
I kēia manawa, hōʻike ke koho ʻana o nā refrigerant no nā pahu hau ma ka mākeke i nā ʻano o ka "ʻokoʻa ma waena o ka hoʻohana ʻana o ka home a me ke kālepa, a me ke kaulike ma waena o ka palekana o ke kaiapuni a me ke kumukūʻai", i māhele nui ʻia i ʻelua mau ʻano nui, e hoʻololi ana i nā pono hana o nā lako like ʻole:
1. Nā pahu hau liʻiliʻi: "Mana paʻa" o nā refrigerants
ʻO R134a (tetrafluoroethane) ka refrigerant maʻamau loa no nā pahu hau o kēia manawa (ʻoi aku hoʻi nā hiʻohiʻona me ka mana ma lalo o 200L), e helu ana ma mua o 70%. Hōʻike ʻia kona mau pono hoʻololi koʻikoʻi i ʻekolu mau ʻano: ʻo ka mua, ua hoʻokō ia i nā kūlana palekana kaiapuni, me ka waiwai ODP o 0, e hoʻopau loa ana i ka pilikia o ka hōʻino ʻia o ka papa ozone a me ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā koi kumu o nā lula kaiapuni honua; ʻo ka lua, kūpono kāna hana thermodynamic, me ka mahana evaporation maʻamau o -26.1°C, kahi, me ka compressor kiʻekiʻe o ka pahu hau, hiki ke hoʻokō paʻa i ka mahana o ka ʻāpana hau mai -18°C a i -25°C, a ʻo kona pono refrigeration (COP) he 8%-12% kiʻekiʻe ma mua o R22, hiki ke hōʻemi i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka mana o nā lako; ʻo ke kolu, he palekana hilinaʻi kona, no nā refrigerants papa A1 (ʻaʻohe ʻawahia a ʻaʻole hiki ke lapalapa), ʻoiai inā he leaka iki, ʻaʻole ia e hoʻopilikia i ka palekana o ka ʻohana, a he kūpono maikaʻi me nā ʻāpana plastik a me ka ʻaila lubricating compressor i loko o ka friji, me ka haʻahaʻa o ka hāʻule ʻana.
Eia kekahi, e hoʻohana kekahi mau pahu hau hale waena a kiʻekiʻe i ka R600a (isobutane, he hydrocarbon) - he refrigerant kūlohelohe, nona ka waiwai ODP o 0 a me ka waiwai GWP o 3 wale nō, me ka hana kaiapuni ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma mua o R134a, a ʻo kona pono hoʻomaʻalili he 5%-10% kiʻekiʻe ma mua o R134a, hiki ke hōʻemi hou i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ikehu. Eia nō naʻe, no nā refrigerants papa A3 ʻo R600a (hiki ke lapalapa nui), a i ka wā e hiki ai kona nui i ka lewa i 1.8%-8.4%, e pahū ia ke hōʻike ʻia i kahi lapalapa ahi. No laila, ua kaupalena wale ʻia ka hoʻohana ʻana i loko o nā pahu hau o ka home (ua kaupalena ʻia ka nui o ka uku i 50g-150g, ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa ma mua o nā lako kalepa), a pono e hoʻolako ʻia ka pahu hau me nā mea ʻike anti-leakage (e like me nā mea ʻike kaomi) a me nā compressors pahū-pahū, me ke kumukūʻai he 15%-20% kiʻekiʻe ma mua o nā hiʻohiʻona R134a, no laila ʻaʻole i hoʻolaha piha ʻia.
2. Nā pahu hau kalepa / nā pahu hau nui: "Ke komo mālie ʻana" o nā refrigerants GWP haʻahaʻa
ʻOi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o nā koi o nā pahu hau kalepa (e like me nā hale kūʻai nui mokupuni) no ka "pale ʻana i ke kaiapuni" a me ka "pono o ka hoʻomaʻalili ʻana" o nā refrigerants ma muli o ko lākou nui o ka mana (ʻoi aku ma mua o 500L) a me ke kaumaha hoʻomaʻalili kiʻekiʻe. I kēia manawa, ua māhele ʻia nā koho nui i ʻelua mau māhele:
(1) Nā hui HFC: "Hoʻololi ʻana i ka ukana kiʻekiʻe" o R404A
ʻO R404A (kahi hui ʻana o pentafluoroethane, difluoromethane, a me tetrafluoroethane) ka refrigerant nui no nā pahu hau haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa kalepa (e like me nā pahu hau wikiwiki -40°C), e helu ana ma kahi o 60%. ʻO kona pono, ʻo ia ka hana hoʻomaʻalili ma lalo o nā kūlana haʻahaʻa he mea kupaianaha - ma ka mahana evaporation o -40°C, ʻo ka hiki ke hoʻomaʻalili he 25%-30% kiʻekiʻe ma mua o R134a, hiki ke hoʻokō koke i nā pono mālama haʻahaʻa o nā pahu hau; a no nā refrigerants papa A1 (ʻaʻohe ʻawahia a ʻaʻole hiki ke lapalapa), me ka nui o ka uku a hiki i kekahi mau kilokani (ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o nā pahu hau o ka home), me ka hopohopo ʻole e pili ana i nā pilikia lapalapa, e hoʻololi ana i ka hana ukana kiʻekiʻe o nā pahu hau nui.
Eia nō naʻe, ua lilo mālie nā hemahema o ka palekana kaiapuni o R404A i mea koʻikoʻi. ʻO kona waiwai GWP he 3922, no nā kinoea ʻōmaʻomaʻo kiʻekiʻe. I kēia manawa, ua hoʻopuka ka ʻAhahui ʻEulopa a me nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe i nā lula e kaupalena i kona hoʻohana ʻana (e like me ka pāpā ʻana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā refrigerants me GWP>2500 i loko o nā pahu hau kalepa i hana hou ʻia ma hope o 2022). No laila, ke pani mālie ʻia nei ʻo R404A e nā refrigerants GWP haʻahaʻa.
(2) Nā ʻano GWP haʻahaʻa: "Nā koho ʻē aʻe no ke kaiapuni" o R290 a me CO₂
I ke kū'ē'ē i ke kua o nā lula kaiapuni i ho'opa'a 'ia, ua lilo 'o R290 (propane) a me CO₂ (R744) i mau koho hou no nā pahu hau pā'oihana, e ho'ololi ana i nā pono like 'ole ma nā kūlana like 'ole:
R290 (propane): Hoʻohana nui ʻia i nā pahu hau kalepa liʻiliʻi (e like me nā pahu hau pālahalaha hale kūʻai maʻalahi). ʻO kona waiwai ODP he 0, ʻo ka waiwai GWP ma kahi o 3, me ka palekana kaiapuni ikaika loa; a ʻo kona pono hoʻomaʻalili he 10%-15% kiʻekiʻe ma mua o R404A, hiki ke hōʻemi i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ikehu hana o nā pahu hau kalepa (hana nā lako kalepa no nā hola he 20 i ka lā, a ʻo ke kumukūʻai hoʻohana ikehu he hapa nui). Eia nō naʻe, no ka papa A3 refrigerants (hiki ke lapalapa nui ʻia), a pono e kāohi pono ʻia ka nui o ka uku i loko o 200g (no laila ua kaupalena wale ʻia i nā pahu hau liʻiliʻi). Eia kekahi, pono ka pahu hau e hoʻohana i nā compressors pale pahū, nā pipelines anti-leakage (e like me nā paipu keleawe-nickel alloy) a me nā hoʻolālā ea a me ka hoʻoheheʻe wela. I kēia manawa, ua ʻoi aku kona hapa ma nā pahu hau hale kūʻai ma ʻEulopa ma mua o 30%.
CO₂ (R744)Hoʻohana nui ʻia i nā pahu hau kalepa haʻahaʻa loa (e like me nā pahu hau laʻana biological -60°C). ʻO kona mahana hoʻoheheʻe maʻamau he -78.5°C, hiki ke hoʻokō i ka mālama ʻana i ka mahana haʻahaʻa loa me ka ʻole o kahi ʻōnaehana hoʻomaʻalili cascade paʻakikī; a he waiwai ODP o 0 a he waiwai GWP o 1, me ka palekana kaiapuni hiki ʻole ke hoʻololi ʻia, a ʻaʻohe mea ʻawaʻawa a ʻaʻole hiki ke lapalapa, me ka palekana ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma mua o R290. Eia nō naʻe, he haʻahaʻa ka mahana koʻikoʻi o CO₂ (31.1°C). Ke ʻoi aku ka mahana o ka ambient ma mua o 25°C, pono ka ʻenehana "transcritical cycle", e hopena ana i ke kaomi compressor o ka pahu hau e like me 10-12MPa, e koi ana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā pipelines kila kila ikaika kiʻekiʻe a me nā compressors pale kiʻekiʻe, me ke kumukūʻai 30%-40% kiʻekiʻe ma mua o nā pahu hau R404A. No laila, hoʻohana nui ʻia i kēia manawa i nā hiʻohiʻona me nā koi kiʻekiʻe loa no ka palekana kaiapuni a me nā mahana haʻahaʻa (e like me nā pahu hau noiʻi lapaʻau a me ka ʻepekema).
II. Nā ʻano o nā refrigerants i ka wā e hiki mai ana: ʻO ka GWP haʻahaʻa a me ka palekana kiʻekiʻe e lilo i mau kuhikuhi koʻikoʻi
I hui pū ʻia me nā lula kaiapuni honua (e like me ka EU F-Gas Regulation, ka hoʻolālā hoʻokō Montreal Protocol o Kina) a me nā hoʻonui ʻenehana lako, e hōʻike nā refrigerants no nā pahu hau a me nā pahu hau i ʻekolu mau ʻano nui i ka wā e hiki mai ana:
Nā pahu hau o ka hale: Ke pani mālie nei ʻo R600a iā R134a - me ka oʻo ʻana o nā ʻenehana anti-leakage a me nā ʻenehana pale pahū (e like me nā kaula sila hou, nā mea ʻoki leakage aunoa), e emi mālie ke kumukūʻai o R600a (manaʻo ʻia e hāʻule ke kumukūʻai ma 30% i nā makahiki 5 e hiki mai ana), a e hōʻike ʻia kona mau pono o ka palekana kaiapuni kiʻekiʻe a me ka pono hoʻomaʻalili kiʻekiʻe. Manaʻo ʻia e ʻoi aku ka nui o R600a i loko o nā pahu hau home ma mua o 50% ma ka makahiki 2030, e pani ana iā R134a ma ke ʻano he mainstream.
Nā pahu hau kalepa: "Hoʻomohala ʻelua ala" o nā hui CO₂ a me HFOs - no nā pahu hau kalepa wela loa (ma lalo o -40°C), e hoʻomau ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana o ka ʻike loea o CO₂ (e like me nā compressors cycle transcritical kiʻekiʻe), a e emi mālie ke kumukūʻai, me ka manaʻo e ʻoi aku ma mua o 40% ma ka makahiki 2028; no nā pahu hau kalepa wela waena (-25°C a i -18°C), ʻo R454C (kahi hui o HFOs a me HFCs, GWP≈466) e lilo i mea nui, me ka hana hoʻomaʻalili kokoke i ko R404A, a no nā refrigerants papa A2L (haʻahaʻa ka ʻawahia a haʻahaʻa ka lapalapa ʻana), me ka ʻole o nā kapu paʻa i ka nui o ka uku, ke kaulike nei i ka pale ʻana i ke kaiapuni a me ka pono.
Nā kūlana palekana i hoʻonui ʻiaMai ka "pale pale ʻole" a i ka "nānā hana" - me ka nānā ʻole i nā lako o ka hale a i ʻole nā lako kalepa, e hoʻolako ʻia nā ʻōnaehana refrigerant e hiki mai ana me nā hana "nānā leaka akamai + mālama ulia pōpilikia aunoa" (e like me nā mea ʻike leaka laser no nā pahu hau o ka hale, nā alarms noʻonoʻo a me nā mea hoʻopili ea no nā pahu hau kalepa), ʻoi aku hoʻi no nā refrigerants lapalapa e like me R600a a me R290, e hoʻopau i nā pōpilikia palekana ma o nā ʻano loea a hoʻolaha i ka hoʻolaha piha ʻana o nā refrigerants haʻahaʻa GWP.
III. ʻO ke kūlana koʻikoʻi o ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i nā hiʻohiʻona koʻikoʻi
No nā pono o nā mea hoʻohana like ʻole, hiki ke hahai ʻia nā loina aʻe i ke koho ʻana i nā refrigerants friji:
Nā mea hoʻohana hale: Hāʻawi ʻia ka mea nui i nā hiʻohiʻona R600a (ke kaulike ʻana i ka palekana o ke kaiapuni a me ka mālama ʻana i ka ikehu) - inā ʻae ka waihona kālā (200-500 yuan ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe ma mua o nā hiʻohiʻona R134a), pono e hāʻawi ʻia ka mea nui i nā pahu hau i hōʻailona ʻia me ka "R600a refrigerant". ʻO ko lākou hoʻohana ʻana i ka mana he 8%-12% ka haʻahaʻa ma mua o nā hiʻohiʻona R134a, a ʻoi aku ka launa pū me ke kaiapuni; ma hope o ke kūʻai ʻana, pono e uku ʻia ka makaʻala i ka pale ʻana i ke kua o ka pahu hau (kahi i loaʻa ai ka compressor) e kokoke ana i nā lapalapa ahi, a me ka nānā pinepine ʻana i ka paʻa o nā sila puka e hōʻemi i ka pilikia o ka liki ʻana.
Nā mea hoʻohana kālepa:E koho e like me nā pono o ka mahana (ke kaulike ʻana o ke kumukūʻai a me ka palekana o ke kaiapuni) - hiki i nā pahu hau wela waena (e like me nā pahu hau hale kūʻai kūpono) ke koho i nā hiʻohiʻona R290, me nā kumukūʻai hoʻohana ikehu hana lōʻihi haʻahaʻa; no nā pahu hau wela haʻahaʻa loa (e like me nā lako hoʻopaʻa wikiwiki), inā lawa ka waihona kālā, makemake ʻia nā hiʻohiʻona CO₂, e kūlike ana me ke ʻano o nā hoʻoponopono kaiapuni a pale i ka pilikia o ka hoʻopau ʻana i ka wā e hiki mai ana; inā he mea hopohopo ka noʻonoʻo kumukūʻai pōkole, hiki ke koho ʻia nā hiʻohiʻona R454C ma ke ʻano he hoʻololi, ke kaulike ʻana i ka hana a me ka palekana o ke kaiapuni.
Mālama a me ka hoʻololi: E hoʻohālikelike pono i ke ʻano refrigerant mua - i ka mālama ʻana i nā pahu hau a me nā pahu hau kahiko, mai hoʻololi wale i ke ʻano refrigerant (e like me ke hoʻololi ʻana iā R134a me R600a), no ka mea, he ʻokoʻa nā koi o nā refrigerants like ʻole no ka ʻaila lubricating compressor a me ke kaomi pipeline. ʻO ka hoʻohana like ʻana e hōʻino i ka compressor a i ʻole ka hāʻule ʻana o ka refrigeration. Pono e hoʻokaʻaʻike aku i nā poʻe loea e hoʻohui i nā refrigerants e like me ke ʻano i hōʻailona ʻia ma ka papa inoa o nā lako.
Ka manawa i hoʻouna ʻia: Aug-29-2025 Nā Manaʻo: