ʻO nā pahu hau a me nā pahu hau, ma ke ʻano he haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa no ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka hale a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻoihana, ua ʻike i ka hoʻomau mau ʻana i ka koho refrigerant i hoʻokumu ʻia a puni ka "refrigeration efficiency adaptability" a me "nā koi hoʻoponopono kaiapuni". ʻO nā ʻano a me nā hiʻohiʻona nui i nā pae like ʻole e kūlike me nā pono o nā mea hana.
Ka hoʻomaka mua: Ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea hoʻoheheʻe CFC me ka "kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe akā nui ka pōʻino"
Mai ka makahiki 1950 a hiki i ka makahiki 1990, ʻo R12 (dichlorodifluoromethane) ka mea hoʻoheheʻe nui loa. Ma ke ʻano o ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā mea hana, ua kūpono nā ʻano thermodynamic o R12 i nā pono o ka mālama haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa - me kahi mahana evaporation maʻamau o -29.8°C, hiki iā ia ke hoʻokō maʻalahi i nā koi wela o nā keʻena mālama hou (0-8°C) a me nā keʻena hau (ma lalo o -18°C). Eia kekahi, he paʻa kemika ikaika loa ia a me ka hoʻohālikelike maikaʻi ʻana me nā paipu keleawe, nā pūpū kila, a me nā aila lubricating mineral i loko o nā pahu hau, ʻaʻole hiki ke hana i ka corrosion a i ʻole nā paipu paipu, a hiki ke hōʻoia i ke ola lawelawe o nā mea hana ma mua o 10 mau makahiki.
Loaʻa iā R12 kahi waiwai ODP o 1.0 (kahi hōʻailona no ka hiki ke hoʻopau i ka ozone) a me kahi waiwai GWP ma kahi o 8500, e lilo ia i kinoea hoʻomehana honua ikaika. Me ke komo ʻana i ka mana o ka Montreal Protocol, ua pāpā mālie ʻia ka hoʻohana honua ʻana o R12 i loko o nā pahu manuahi hou mai ka makahiki 1996. I kēia manawa, ʻo kekahi mau mea kahiko wale nō ke koena o ia mau refrigerants, a ke alo nei i ka pilikia o nā kumu ʻē aʻe i ka wā mālama.
Ke kahua hoʻololi: Nā palena o ka "pani ʻāpana" me nā mea hoʻoheheʻe HCFC
No ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka pau ʻana o R12, ua hoʻohana pōkole ʻia ʻo R22 (difluoromonochloromethane) i kekahi mau pahu pāʻani pāʻoihana (e like me nā hale kūʻai manuahi liʻiliʻi). Aia kona pono ma ka pili ana i ka hana thermodynamic i ka R12, me ka pono ole o na hoololi nui i ka pahupahu a me ka manao paipu, a ua hoemi ia kona ODP waiwai i 0.05, me ka hoonawaliwali loa i kona ozone.
Eia nō naʻe, ʻike ʻia nā hemahema o R22: ma kekahi ʻaoʻao, ʻo kona waiwai GWP ma kahi o 1810, aia nō ia i nā kinoea hoʻomehana honua kiʻekiʻe, ʻaʻole i kūlike i ke ʻano o ka mālama ʻana i ke kaiapuni lōʻihi; ma kekahi ʻaoʻao, ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ka refrigeration efficiency (COP) o R22 ma mua o ka R12, kahi e hoʻonui ai i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka mana ma kahi o 10% -15% ke hoʻohana ʻia i loko o nā pahu hau hale, no laila ʻaʻole ia i lilo i kumu nui o nā friji hale. Me ka wikiwiki o ka honua holoʻokoʻa o HCFCs refrigerants i 2020, ua haʻalele maoli ʻo R22 mai ka noi ʻana ma ke kahua o nā pahu hau a me nā pahu hau.
I. ʻO nā mea hoʻoheheʻe koʻikoʻi o kēia manawa: Hoʻololi kikoʻī kikoʻī o nā HFC a me nā ʻano haʻahaʻa-GWP
I kēia manawa, ʻo ka koho refrigerant no nā friji ma ka mākeke e hōʻike ana i nā ʻano o "ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka home a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻoihana, a me ke kaulike ma waena o ka mālama ʻana i ke kaiapuni a me ke kumukūʻai", i māhele ʻia i ʻelua mau ʻano nui, e hoʻopili ana i nā pono hana o nā lako like ʻole:
1.Small freezers: "Stable dominance" o nā mea hoʻoheheʻe
ʻO R134a (tetrafluoroethane) ka mea hoʻoheheʻe nui loa no nā pahu hau o kēia manawa (ʻoi aku ka nui o nā hiʻohiʻona me ka hiki ke emi ma lalo o 200L), ʻoi aku ma mua o 70%. Hōʻike ʻia kāna mau pono hoʻololi koʻikoʻi i ʻekolu mau ʻaoʻao: ʻo ka mua, e hoʻokō i nā kūlana palekana kaiapuni, me ka waiwai ODP o 0, e hoʻopau loa i ka hopena o ka pōʻino o ka papa ozone a me ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā koi kumu o nā lula kaiapuni honua; ʻO ka lua, ua kūpono kāna hana thermodynamic, me kahi mahana evaporation maʻamau o -26.1 ° C, a me ka mea hoʻokūkū kiʻekiʻe-efficiency o ka pahu hau, hiki ke hoʻokō paʻa i ka mahana o ka pahu hau mai -18 ° C a i -25 ° C, a ʻo kāna mea hoʻonaninani (COP) he 8% -12% kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ka mana o ka R22; ʻO ke kolu, he palekana hilinaʻi ia, no ka papa A1 refrigerants (non-toxic and non-flammable), ʻoiai inā he leakage liʻiliʻi, ʻaʻole ia e hoʻopilikia i ka pōʻino o ka ʻohana, a he kūpono maikaʻi me nā ʻāpana plastik a me ka compressor lubricating aila i loko o ka friji, me ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa.
Eia kekahi, e hoʻohana kekahi mau pahu hau o waena a kiʻekiʻe i ka R600a (isobutane, a hydrocarbon) - he mea hoʻoheheʻe maoli, nona ka waiwai ODP o 0 a me kahi waiwai GWP o 3 wale nō, me ka maikaʻi loa o ka hana kaiapuni ma mua o R134a, a ʻo kāna hana refrigeration he 5% -10% kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ka R134a. Eia nō naʻe, aia ʻo R600a i ka papa A3 refrigerants (ke ahi loa), a ke piʻi ka nui o ka leo i ka lewa i ka 1.8% -8.4%, e pahū ia ke ʻike ʻia i kahi lapalapa ākea. No laila, ua kaupalena ʻia ka hoʻohana ʻana i loko o nā friji hale (ʻo ka nui o ka uku i kaupalena ʻia i ka 50g-150g, ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa ma mua o nā mea kūʻai aku), a pono e hoʻolako ʻia ka pahu friji me nā mea ʻike anti-leakage (e like me ke kaomi ʻana) a me nā compressors pahū, me ke kumukūʻai 15% -20% kiʻekiʻe ma mua o nā kumu hoʻohālike R134a.
2. Commercial freezers / nui pahu hau: "Gradual penetration" o haʻahaʻa-GWP refrigerants
Loaʻa i nā pahu hau kūʻai (e like me nā moku kūʻai moku kūʻai hale kūʻai) nā koi kiʻekiʻe no ka "mālama kaiapuni" a me ka "maikaʻi o ka refrigeration" o nā refrigerants ma muli o ko lākou mana nui (ʻoi aku ka maʻamau ma mua o 500L) a me ka ukana kiʻekiʻe o ka refrigeration. I kēia manawa, ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā koho maʻamau i ʻelua mau ʻāpana:
(1) HFCs huikau: “High-load adaptation” o R404A
ʻO R404A (kahi hui ʻana o pentafluoroethane, difluoromethane, a me tetrafluoroethane) ʻo ia ka mea hoʻoheheʻe nui no nā pahu hau haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa pāʻoihana (e like me -40 ° C wikiwiki-freezers), helu ʻia ma kahi o 60%. ʻO kona pōmaikaʻi, ʻo ia ka hana o ka refrigeration ma lalo o nā kūlana haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa - ma kahi mahana evaporation o -40 ° C, ʻo 25% -30% ka nui o ka refrigeration ma mua o ka R134a, hiki ke hoʻokō koke i nā pono haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o nā pahu manuahi; a no ka papa A1 refrigerants (non-toxic and non-flammable), me ka nui o ka uku a hiki i kekahi mau kilokani (i oi aku mamua o ko ka home refrigerators), me ka hopohopo ole e pili ana i ka flammable risks, adapting to the high-loading operation of large freezers.
Eia nō naʻe, ua lilo ka hemahema o ka mālama ʻana i ke kaiapuni o R404A. He kiʻekiʻe kona waiwai GWP e like me 3922, no nā kinoea hoʻomehana honua kiʻekiʻe. I kēia manawa, ua hoʻopuka ka European Union a me nā ʻāpana ʻē aʻe i nā lula e kaupalena i ka hoʻohana ʻana (e like me ka pāpā ʻana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea hoʻoheheʻe me GWP>2500 i nā pahu pāʻoihana hou i hana ʻia ma hope o 2022). No laila, hoʻololi mālie ʻia ʻo R404A e nā mea hoʻoheheʻe haʻahaʻa-GWP.
(2) Nā ʻano haʻahaʻa-GWP: “Nā koho kaiapuni” o R290 a me CO₂
E kūʻē i ke ʻano o nā hoʻoponopono kaiapuni i hoʻopaʻa ʻia, ua lilo ʻo R290 (propane) a me CO₂ (R744) i mau koho e puka mai ana no nā manuahi pāʻoihana, e hoʻololi ana i nā pono like ʻole i nā hiʻohiʻona like ʻole:
R290 (propane): Hoʻohana nui ʻia i loko o nā pahu pāʻani liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi (e like me ka hale kūʻai ʻoluʻolu hoʻopaʻa paʻa). ʻO kāna waiwai ODP he 0, ʻo ka waiwai GWP e pili ana i 3, me ka pale ʻana i ke kaiapuni ikaika loa; a me kona refrigeration pono 10% -15% kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ka R404A, hiki ke hoemi i ka hana ikehu hoʻohana o ka pāʻoihana freezers (kalepa lako hana no ka oi ma mua o 20 hola i ka lā, a me ka ikehu hoʻohana koina helu no ka kiʻekiʻe hapa). Eia nō naʻe, aia ʻo R290 i ka papa A3 refrigerants (hiki loa i ke ahi), a pono e mālama pono ʻia ka nui o ka uku i loko o 200g (no laila ua kaupalena ʻia i nā pahu hau liʻiliʻi). Eia kekahi, pono e hoʻohana ka pahu hau i nā mea hoʻoheheʻe pahū, nā paipu anti-leakage (e like me nā paipu copper-nickel alloy) a me nā hoʻolālā hoʻoheheʻe a me ka wela. I kēia manawa, ua ʻoi aku ka nui o nā hale kūʻai hale kūʻai ʻEulopa ma mua o 30%.
CO₂ (R744): Hoʻohana nui ʻia i loko o nā pahu manuahi pāʻoihana ultra-haʻahaʻa (e like me -60°C biological sample freezers). ʻO kona mahana evaporation maʻamau he -78.5 ° C, hiki ke hoʻokō i ka mālama ʻana i ka ultra-haʻahaʻa me ka ʻole o kahi ʻōnaehana cascade refrigeration paʻakikī; a loaʻa iā ia ka waiwai ODP o 0 a me ka waiwai GWP o 1, me ka pale ʻana i ke kaiapuni hiki ʻole ke hoʻololi ʻia, a ʻaʻohe mea ʻawaʻawa a ʻaʻole hiki ke puhi ʻia, me ka palekana ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma mua o R290. Eia naʻe, he haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa ko CO₂ (31.1°C). Ke ʻoi aku ka mahana o ka ambient ma mua o 25 ° C, koi ʻia ka ʻenehana "transcritical cycle", ka hopena i ke kaomi compressor o ka pahu hau e like me 10-12MPa, e koi ana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā pipelines stainless steel ikaika kiʻekiʻe a me nā compressors kūʻē kiʻekiʻe, me ke kumu kūʻai 30% -40% kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ka R404A freezer. No laila, hoʻohana nui ʻia i kēia manawa i nā hiʻohiʻona me nā koi kiʻekiʻe loa no ka pale ʻana i ke kaiapuni a me nā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa (e like me nā manuahi noiʻi olakino a me ka ʻepekema).
II. Nā ʻano o nā mea hoʻoheheʻe e hiki mai ana: ʻO GWP haʻahaʻa a me ka palekana kiʻekiʻe e lilo i mau kuhikuhi kumu
Hoʻohui pū ʻia me nā hoʻoponopono kaiapuni honua (e like me ka EU F-Gas Regulation, China's Montreal Protocol implementation plan) a me ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka ʻenehana lako, e hōʻike ana nā mea hoʻoheheʻe no nā pahu hau a me nā pahu hau i ʻekolu mau ʻano nui i ka wā e hiki mai ana:
Nā pahu hau hale: Hoʻololi mālie ʻo R600a iā R134a - me ke oʻo ʻana o nā ʻenehana anti-leakage a me ka pahū-hōʻoia (e like me nā paʻi sealing hou, nā mea ʻoki ʻoki ʻoki leakage), e emi mālie ke kumukūʻai o R600a (ua manaʻo ʻia e hāʻule ke kumukūʻai e 30% i nā makahiki 5 e hiki mai ana), a ʻo ia ka mea e hōʻike ʻia ai ka maikaʻi o ke kaiapuni kiʻekiʻe. Manaʻo ʻia ʻo ka hapa o R600a i loko o nā pahu hau hale e ʻoi aku ma mua o 50% e 2030, e hoʻololi ana iā R134a ma ke ʻano nui.
Nā pahu hau pāʻoihana: "Dual-track development" o CO₂ a me HFOs huipu - no ka ultra-low-temperature commercial freezers (ma lalo o -40°C), e hoʻomau ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana o ka ʻenehana o CO₂ (e like me nā compressors transcritical cycle kiʻekiʻe), a e emi mālie ke kumukūʻai, me ka hapa i manaʻo ʻia e ʻoi aku ma mua o 40% e 2028; no ka medium-mahana pāʻoihana freezers (-25 ° C i -18 ° C), R454C (kahi hui o HFOs a me HFCs, GWP≈466) e lilo i ka mainstream, me ka refrigeration hana kokoke i ka R404A, a no ka papa A2L refrigerants (haʻahaʻa toxicity a me ka haʻahaʻa hoʻopaʻa 'ana, me ka hoʻopaʻa 'ole ka hoʻopaʻa 'ana i ka puni.
Hoʻonui ʻia nā kūlana palekana: Mai ka "pale paʻa" a i ka "mākaʻikaʻi ikaika" - me ka nānā ʻole i nā lako hale a i ʻole nā mea kūʻai aku, e hoʻolako pinepine ʻia nā ʻōnaehana refrigerant i ka wā e hiki mai ana me nā hana "nānā leakage akamai + ka mālama ʻana i ka pilikia pilikia" (e like me nā sensor leakage laser no nā pahu hau o ka hale, nā ʻōleʻa hoʻopaʻa ʻana a me nā mea hoʻopili ventilation no nā freezers kalepa), ʻoi aku hoʻi no nā refrigerant flammable e like me R690a a me ka hoʻopau ʻana i ka ʻenehana loea. o nā mea hoʻoheheʻe haʻahaʻa-GWP.
III. Ka mea nui o ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i ke ʻano kumu
No nā pono o nā mea hoʻohana like ʻole, hiki ke hahai ʻia nā ʻōlelo aʻe i ke koho ʻana i nā refrigerants refrigerator:
Nā mea hoʻohana hale: Hāʻawi ʻia ka mea nui i nā kumu hoʻohālike R600a (kaulike i ka mālama ʻana i ke kaiapuni a me ka mālama ʻana i ka ikehu) - inā ʻae ke kālā (200-500 yuan ke kiʻekiʻe ma mua o nā hiʻohiʻona R134a), pono e hāʻawi ʻia ka mea nui i nā pahu hau i kaha ʻia me "R600a refrigerant". ʻO ko lākou mana mana he 8% -12% haʻahaʻa ma mua o nā hiʻohiʻona R134a, a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ke kaiapuni; ma hope o ke kūʻai ʻana, pono e nānā pono i ka pale ʻana i ke kua o ka pahu hau (kahi i loaʻa ai ka compressor) kokoke i nā lapalapa ahi, a e nānā mau i ka paʻa o nā sila puka e hōʻemi i ka hopena o ka leakage.
Nā mea hoʻohana kālepa:E koho e like me ka pono o ka mahana (ke kumu kūʻai kaulike a me ka palekana o ke kaiapuni) - hiki i nā freezers medium-temperature (e like me nā hale kūʻai manuahi) ke koho i nā hiʻohiʻona R290, me ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ikehu hana no ka manawa lōʻihi; no nā mea hoʻoheheʻe haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa loa (e like me nā mea hoʻoheheʻe wikiwiki), inā lawa ka waihona kālā, makemake ʻia nā hiʻohiʻona CO₂, e like me ke ʻano o nā hoʻoponopono kaiapuni a pale i ka pilikia o ka hoʻopau ʻana i ka wā e hiki mai ana; inā he mea hopohopo ke kumu kūʻai no ka wā pōkole, hiki ke koho ʻia nā hiʻohiʻona R454C ma ke ʻano he hoʻololi, hoʻohālikelike i ka hana a me ka pale o ke kaiapuni.
Ka mālama a me ka hoʻololi: E hoʻohālikelike pono i ke ʻano mea hoʻoheheʻe kumu – i ka wā e mālama ai i nā pahu hau a me nā paʻukū kahiko, mai hoʻololi wale i ke ʻano o ka refrigerant (e like me ka hoʻololi ʻana iā R134a me R600a), no ka mea, ʻokoʻa nā koi o nā mea hoʻoheheʻe ʻokoʻa no ka compressor lubricating aila a me ka paipu paipu. Hoʻohana ʻia ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka pōʻino o ka compressor a i ʻole ka pau ʻole o ka refrigeration. Pono e hoʻokaʻaʻike i nā ʻoihana e hoʻohui i nā refrigerants e like me ke ʻano i kaha ʻia ma ka papa inoa mea hana.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: ʻAukake-29-2025 Nānā: