ʻO ka ukana moana ma ke kālepa palena ʻāina he ala halihali honua koʻikoʻi ia, e hāʻawi ana i nā pono kumukūʻai nui aʻe i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka ukana ea—ʻoi aku hoʻi no nā mea nui e like me nā mea hoʻoluʻu inu ʻekolu puka. ʻO ka hoʻouna ʻana i kēia mau mea i ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa hiki ke hana ʻia ma o ka ukana kai. ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻole maʻalahi nā kumukūʻai e like me ke "kumukūʻai āpau." Mai ka lawe ʻana a hiki i ka lawe ʻana ma nā wahi kūʻai kūʻai ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, pili ke kaʻina hana i ʻeono mau pae, me kēlā me kēia me nā lilo e pili ana. ʻO nā kumukūʻai huna, ʻoi aku hoʻi, nā mea e hoʻonui ai i ka hoʻolālā kālā.
I. Nā lilo mua: Mai ka hale hana/hale waihona a i ke awa
Uhi kēia i nā kumukūʻai kumu ma mua o ka ukana kai, e kālele nui ana i ka "lawe ʻana i ke keʻena i ke awa." Aia ia i ʻekolu mau mea nui:
1. Nā uku lawe a me ka lawe ʻana i nā ukana pōkole: Inā aia ke keʻena ma kahi hale hana kūloko a hale kūʻai pilikino paha, e hoʻonohonoho i ka lawe ʻana i nā kalaka i ke awa kokoke loa o ke kumu (e laʻa, Ningbo, Shanghai, Shenzhen). ʻO ke kaumaha o kahi keʻena inu puka ʻekolu maʻamau ma kahi o 200-300kg (440-660 lbs) a noho ma kahi o 2.2-2.5 mika cubic (74-84 kapuaʻi cubic) (nā ana maʻamau: 180 * 70 * 190cm / 71 * 27 * 74 ʻīniha). Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia he ukana māmā, ʻo ka lawe ʻana i nā ukana pōkole (e laʻa, i loko o kahi radius 100km) maʻamau ke kumukūʻai he ¥ 500-1500 (US $ 65-200), ma muli o ka mamao a inā pono ka hoʻouka / wehe ʻana i ka forklift (¥ 200-500 / $ 27-70 no kēlā me kēia hihia). No ka hoʻouna ʻana i nā wahi mamao loa a i ʻole ka lawe ʻana i nā awa uka o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, ua ʻōlelo ʻia nā pallets lāʻau i hoʻopau ʻia (koi nā lula o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i ka hoʻopau ʻana i ka ʻōpala lāʻau e pale aku i ka hoʻopaʻa ʻia ʻana o nā dute), me ka hoʻohui ʻana i 300-500 RMB/ʻāpana. ʻO ka hōʻoia kūhelu ma hope o ka hoʻopau ʻana i ka ʻōpala e pale aku i nā pilikia hoʻokuʻu dute.
3. Nā uku awa: I ka hōʻea ʻana i ke awa, pili nā uku hou no ka mālama ʻana, ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana, nā palapala, a pēlā aku. Nā uku mālama maʻamau: ¥20-50/mika kūpika/lā (inā hiki mua mai nā waiwai a pono e mālama ʻia no ka manawa pōkole). Nā uku hoʻopaʻa: ¥300-800/bila. Nā uku palapala (B/L, papa inoa hoʻopili, a pēlā aku): ¥200-500. Huina i manaʻo ʻia: ¥500-1500. ʻOkoʻa iki nā kumukūʻai ma kēlā me kēia awa.
II. Ukana Moana + Nā uku hoʻonui: ʻO ka ʻāpana loli loa
ʻO kēia ka hapa nui loa o nā kumukūʻai hoʻouna holoʻokoʻa, me nā kumukūʻai i hoʻopilikia nui ʻia e ke kau, nā laina hoʻouna, a me nā ʻano halihali. Aia ʻelua mau koho hoʻouna nui, kēlā me kēia me nā hopena kumukūʻai like ʻole:
1. Hoʻouna ʻana i nā ukana ma lalo o ka pahu (LCL): Kūpono no ka hoʻouna ʻana i 1-2 mau pahu maʻamau wale nō ke pono ʻole kahi pahu piha. Hoʻokumu ʻia ka bila ma ka "nui" (ʻaʻole kaupaona ʻia nā waiwai māmā/nui). ʻO ka nui o kahi pahu maʻamau 3 puka he 2.3 mika cubic. ʻO nā kumukūʻai LCL mākeke o kēia manawa mai 800-1500 RMB/mika cubic, e hopena ana i nā kumukūʻai ukana moana no kēlā me kēia pahu ma kahi o 1840-3450 RMB. Nānā: Pili ka LCL i nā "uku hoʻohui" (500-1000 RMB no kēlā me kēia ukana) a me nā "uku hoʻoiho awa i manaʻo ʻia" (e kūkākūkā ʻia ma hope). E hōʻoia i kēia mau kumukūʻai me kāu mea hoʻouna ukana ma mua.
2. Ukana Pahu Piha (FCL): ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ke kumukūʻai no nā ukana nui aʻe (e laʻa, 5+ mau ʻāpana). No kahi pahu GP maʻamau he 20 kapuaʻi (e paʻa ana ma kahi o 28 mika cubic), ʻo ke kumukūʻai o ka ukana moana ma kahi o $2,000–4,000 no kēlā me kēia pahu (like me ¥14,000–28,000 RMB). ʻO ka awelika o kēia he ¥500–1,000 no kēlā me kēia keʻena kū pololei, ʻoi aku ka emi o ke kumukūʻai ma mua o LCL. Eia nō naʻe, ʻoi aku ke kiʻekiʻe o ke koi hoʻouna haʻahaʻa no kēlā me kēia pahu.
3. Nā uku hoʻonui i koi ʻia: Hoʻopoina pinepine ʻia kēia mau "kumukūʻai huna", ʻo ia hoʻi ka Bunker Adjustment Factor (BAF) a me Currency Adjustment Factor (CAF), ʻo ia hoʻi ka helu ʻana ma kahi o 10%-20% o ke kumukūʻai ukana moana. I nā kau kiʻekiʻe (e laʻa, ʻekolu mahina ma mua o ka Kalikimaka ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa), hoʻokau nā laina moku i ka Peak Season Surcharge (PSS), maʻamau he $500-$2,000 no kēlā me kēia ukana. Eia kekahi, ʻokoʻa loa nā kumukūʻai ukana moana ma waena o nā awa hoʻouna like ʻole o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa (e laʻa, Los Angeles, New York, Houston). ʻO ke awa ʻo Los Angeles ka mea i hoʻokumu nui ʻia a hāʻawi i nā kumukūʻai haʻahaʻa, ʻoiai ʻo ke awa ʻo New York he 10%-15% ʻoi aku ke kumukūʻai.
III. Hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻana o nā Dute + Ka lawe ʻana i nā ipu: Pipiʻi a maʻalahi hoʻi i nā pilikia
I ka hōʻea ʻana i ke awa o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, ʻaʻole hiki ke kiʻi koke ʻia nā waiwai. Pili kēia kaʻina hana i nā kumukūʻai paʻakikī a me nā lula dute, a ʻo ka lawelawe hewa ʻana e loaʻa paha nā hoʻopaʻi hou aʻe:
1. Nā uku hoʻokuʻu dute: Pono e lawelawe ʻia e kahi ʻoihana dute kūloko o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, ʻo ke kumukūʻai ma kahi o $200–500 no kēlā me kēia ukana (like me RMB 1,400–3,500), me nā uku hōʻike a me nā uku hana dute. Nānā: Ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā pahu hau inu ʻekolu puka he mau mīkini hana a koi ʻia ka palapala hōʻoia FDA (pono no nā mīkini hana pili meaʻai o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa) a me kahi Palapala Hoʻomaka. ʻO ka nalowale ʻana o kekahi o nā palapala e hoʻomaka ai i kahi nānā ʻana, e uku ana i nā uku hou o $300–1000 (inā pōʻino).
2. Nā uku awa: Me nā uku lawelawe kikowaena (THC), nā uku palapala, a me nā uku ʻōnaehana hōʻike aunoa (AMS), e huina ana ma kahi o $300–800 no kēlā me kēia ukana (RMB 2,100–5,600). No nā ukana LCL (ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi ma mua o ka ukana ipu), pili kahi uku demurrage hou ($200–500 no kēlā me kēia ukana); ʻAʻole pili kēia uku i nā ukana FCL (uku ipu piha).
3. Nā uku no ka lawe ʻana i nā ipu a me ka halihali ʻana i uka: Ma hope o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻana o ke dute, pono e lawe ʻia nā ipu mai ke kahua hoʻokipa a hāʻawi ʻia i kahi e hele ai. No Los Angeles ma ke ʻano he awa e hele ai, ʻo nā uku no ka lawe ʻana i nā ipu ma kahi o $100–300 no kēlā me kēia huakaʻi. ʻO ke kumukūʻai no ka halihali lōʻihi mai ke awa a i nā kūlanakauhale uka o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa (e laʻa, Chicago, Dallas) ma kahi o $1–2 no ka mile. No ka laʻana, ʻo ka hoʻouna ʻana mai Los Angeles a i Chicago (ma kahi o 2,000 mile) e pili ana i nā uku halihali o $2,000–4,000 (RMB 14,000–28,000). Inā hāʻawi ʻia i kahi hale kūʻai ma ke kikowaena o ke kūlanakauhale, pili kahi uku hoʻouna kūlanakauhale hou ($300–800).
IV. ʻInikua + ʻAuhau: Ke pale ʻana i nā pohō kālā i manaʻo ʻole ʻia
ʻOiai ʻaʻole ia he "kumukūʻai halihali" wale nō, he mau "kumukūʻai pale" koʻikoʻi kēia e lawe mai ana i ka pilikia nui inā haʻalele ʻia:
1. ʻInikua Moana: Ua helu ʻia ma 0.3%-0.8% o ke kumukūʻai o nā waiwai. No kahi keʻena inu ʻekolu puka i waiwai ʻia ma kahi o ¥5,000-10,000 no kēlā me kēia ʻāpana, ʻo ke kumukūʻai ʻinikua ma kahi o ¥15-80 no kēlā me kēia ʻāpana. Paipai ikaika ʻia ke kūʻai ʻana. Uhi ia i nā koi no nā pohō ma muli o nā ʻino, nā pae ʻana, a i ʻole nā hōʻino ukana i ka wā o ka hoʻouna ʻana; inā ʻaʻole, e uku ʻoe i ke kumukūʻai piha.
2. Nā ʻAuhau Lawe Mai o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa: Ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā mea hoʻoluʻu inu ma ke ʻano he "lako hoʻomaʻalili." ʻO ke code US Harmonized System (HS) e pili ana he 2.5%-5% ka nui o ke dute (e pili ana i ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o nā dute hope loa). I ka helu ʻia ʻana ma muli o ka waiwai, no ka laʻana, ʻo kahi ʻāpana i waiwai ʻia he ¥8,000 e loaʻa ana nā dute ma kahi o ¥200-400 no kēlā me kēia ʻāpana. Eia kekahi, ʻauhau kekahi mau mokuʻāina i ka ʻauhau kūʻai (6%-10%), e like me Kaleponi a me New York. E hōʻoia i nā kulekele o ka mokuʻāina i hele ʻia ma mua.
V. Nā Koina Huna i Hoʻolilo Nui ʻia
1. Nā uku Demurrage/Dredge: Inā ʻaʻole i koi ʻia nā waiwai ma ke awa no nā lā he 7 ma hope o ka hōʻea ʻana, pili nā uku demurrage ($50–200/lā). No nā ukana pahu piha (FCL), ʻo ka hoʻihoʻi ʻole ʻana i ka pahu i loko o ka manawa i kuhikuhi ʻia e ka mea lawe (maʻamau 7–14 mau lā) e uku ʻia nā uku dredge ($30–100/lā). Piʻi kēia mau kumukūʻai me ka lohi, no laila e hōʻoia i ka hoʻopau ʻia ʻana o nā hoʻomākaukau ʻae dute ma mua.
2. Nā uku hana hou no ka hoʻokō ʻole ʻana i ka ʻōpala: Inā nele nā pale lāʻau i ka fumigation a i ʻole ʻaʻole paʻa pono ka ʻōpala, e hōʻino ana i ka ukana, hiki i nā US Customs ke kauoha i ka hana hou ʻana. Loaʻa kēia i nā uku ma kahi o $500–$2,000 no kēlā me kēia hihia a hoʻopaneʻe nui.
3. Nā uku hoʻonui no ka mea hoʻouna ukana: I ke koho ʻana i kahi mea hoʻouna ukana, e nīnau pono e pili ana i ke "kumukūʻai āpau" a me nā "uku i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia" e pale aku i nā uku i manaʻo ʻole ʻia e like me "nā uku lawelawe" a i ʻole "nā uku wikiwiki" i waena o ke kaʻina hana. He mea kūpono ke kau inoa i kahi ʻaelike i kākau ʻia e wehewehe ana i nā kikoʻī kumukūʻai āpau.
I ka hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo, ʻo ka hoʻouna ʻana i hoʻokahi keʻena inu 3 puka i ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa (ʻo Los Angeles ma ke ʻano he laʻana) e uku ana i ka huina o nā kumukūʻai ma kahi o ¥12,000–20,000 (e uhi ana i ka lawelawe kūloko, ka ukana moana, ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i nā dute, a me ka halihali pōkole i uka o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa). Piʻi nā kumukūʻai ma 30%–50% no ka lawe ʻana i nā kūlanakauhale i uka o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa. E hoʻolālā i 1-2 mahina ma mua, e koho i kahi mea hoʻouna ukana hilinaʻi, e wehewehe i nā uku āpau, a e hoʻomākaukau i nā palapala hoʻokuʻu dute piha e pale aku i ka hoʻonui kālā a me nā pilikia paʻa dute.
Ka manawa i hoʻouna ʻia: Dec-29-2025 Nā Manaʻo: