ʻO nā pahu pahu hau e pili ana i nā keʻena inu hale kūʻai nui, nā pahu hau, nā keʻena keke, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, me nā mahana ma lalo o 8°C. Ua huikau nā hoa pili i ka ʻoihana kaulahao i lawe ʻia mai i ka honua: ʻo ke kūkākūkā maopopo ʻana i kahi ukana kai o $4,000 no ka pahu, akā ʻo ke kumu kūʻai hope loa e kokoke ana i $6,000.
ʻOkoʻa nā pahu pahu hau i lawe ʻia mai nā ipu maloʻo maʻamau. ʻO kā lākou mau koina kaʻa he ʻōnaehana hoʻohui o "nā uku kumu + uku hoʻomalu wela + uku hoʻopiʻi pilikia". ʻO ka ʻike iki ʻana i kekahi loulou hiki ke alakaʻi i ke kumu kūʻai ʻole.
I hui pū ʻia me ka helu kumu kūʻai hou no ka ʻiʻo maloʻo ʻEulopa i lawe ʻia mai e ka mea kūʻai aku, e wehewehe mākou i kēia mau kumukūʻai i hūnā ʻia ma hope o ka ukana kai e kōkua iā ʻoe e pale i nā pahele kumu kūʻai.
I. ʻO ke kumu kūʻai kaʻa kaʻa: ʻO ka ukana kaʻa wale nō ka "uku komo"
ʻO kēia ʻāpana ka "hapa nui" o ke kumukūʻai, akā ʻaʻole ia he mea hoʻokahi o ka ukana kai. Ma kahi o ia, aia nā "kaʻa kumu + nā uku hoʻolimalima kūʻokoʻa" me ka volatility ikaika loa.
1. ʻO ka ukana kai maʻamau: He mea maʻamau no ke kaulahao anuanu he 30% -50% ʻoi aku ka pipiʻi ma mua o nā ipu maʻamau
Pono e noho i loko o ka pahu hau i loko o ka ʻoihana moku i hoʻolaʻa ʻia i ke kaulahao anu a koi aku i ka mana hoʻomau no ka mālama ʻana i nā mahana haʻahaʻa, no laila ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka uku ukana ma mua o nā ipu maloʻo maʻamau. ʻO ka lawe ʻana i nā ipu 20GP ma ke ʻano he laʻana, ʻo ka ukana kai no nā ukana maʻamau mai ʻEulopa a i Kina ma kahi o $1,600-$2,200, ʻoiai ʻo nā pahu pahu hau i hoʻohana ʻia no ka ʻiʻo paʻa ke piʻi pololei i $3,500-$4,500; ʻOi aku ka ʻike ʻia o ka hakahaka o nā ala ʻĀkia Hema, me nā ipu maʻamau i kūʻai ʻia he $800-$1,200, a ʻo nā pahu pahu hau e pālua i ka $1,800-$2,500.
Pono e hoʻomaopopo ʻia ma ʻaneʻi he nui ka ʻokoʻa o ke kumukūʻai no nā koi ʻokoʻa o ka mahana: pono ka ʻiʻo paʻa i ka mahana mau o -18 ° C a -25 ° C, a ʻo kona kumu kūʻai ikehu he 20% -30% ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe ma mua o nā ipu wai wai i hoʻopaʻa ʻia me ka mahana o 0 ° C-4 ° C.
2. Nā uku hoʻolimalima: Hiki i nā kumukūʻai aila a me nā kau ke hoʻolilo i nā kumukūʻai "roller coaster"
ʻO kēia ʻāpana ka mea i ʻoi aku ma mua o ka waihona kālā, a ʻo lākou nā "hoʻolimalima paʻa" hiki ke hoʻonui ʻia nā hui moku ma ka makemake:
- Bunker Adjustment Factor (BAF/BRC): Pono e hana mau ka ʻōnaehana pahu hau o nā pahu pahu hau, a ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka wahie ma mua o nā ipu maʻamau, no laila ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka uku wahie. I ke kolu o ka hapaha o 2024, ka uku wahie no ka pahu ma kahi o $400-$800, he 15% -25% o ka huina ukana. No ka laʻana, ua hoʻolaha aku nei ʻo MSC e hoʻomaka ana mai Malaki 1, 2025, e hoʻonui ʻia ka uku hoʻihoʻi wahie no nā waiwai i hoʻokuʻu ʻia i ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, ma hope o ka piʻi ʻana o nā kumukūʻai aila honua.
- ʻAʻole hiki ke pale ʻia kēia uku i ka wā ʻahaʻaina a i ʻole nā kau ʻohi i nā wahi hana. No ka laʻana, i ka wā kiʻekiʻe o ka lawe ʻana aku i nā huaʻai Chile ma ke kauwela hema, e uku ʻia nā pahu pahu hau i hoʻouna ʻia i ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i $500 no kēlā me kēia pahu; ʻelua mahina ma mua o ka Spring Festival ma Kina, piʻi pololei ka uku o ka ukana o nā pahu pahu hau mai ʻEulopa a Kina e 30% -50%.
- Ka uku hoʻolimalima lako: Inā hoʻohana ʻia nā pahu pahu hau kiʻekiʻe me ka mana haʻahaʻa, a i ʻole nā lawelawe hoʻoluʻu mua, e uku ka hui moku i kahi uku hoʻohana hou aku o $200-$500 no kēlā me kēia pahu, kahi mea maʻamau i ka wā e lawe mai ai i nā hua kiʻekiʻe.
II. ʻO ka ʻae ʻana i nā awa a me nā dute: ʻo ka mea maʻalahi loa i nā "uku huna"
He nui ka poʻe e helu wale i ke kumukūʻai ma mua o ka hōʻea ʻana i ke awa, akā mālama ʻole i ka "uku manawa" o ka pahu pahu hau e noho ana ma ke awa - ʻo ke kumukūʻai o kēlā me kēia lā o kahi pahu pahu hau e noho ana he 2-3 mau manawa o ka pahu maʻamau.
1. Demurrage + hoʻopaʻa ʻia: ʻO ka "time assassin" o nā pahu pahu hau
Hāʻawi nā hui hoʻouna i kahi manawa pahu manuahi o 3-5 mau lā, a ʻo ka manawa mālama manuahi ma ke awa ʻo 2-3 mau lā. Ke oi aku i ka palena manawa, e papalua ka uku i kela la i keia la. Pono ka 100% o ka meaʻai i lawe ʻia mai i ka nānā ʻana a me ka quarantine. Inā paʻa ke awa, hiki i ka demurrage wale nō ke hiki i 500-1500 yuan i kēlā me kēia lā, a ʻoi aku ka pipiʻi o ka uku paʻa no nā pahu pahu hau, 100-200 kālā i kēlā me kēia lā.
Ua lawe mai kekahi mea kūʻai i ka ʻiʻo hau hau mai Palani. Ma muli o ka ʻike hewa ʻole o ka palapala kumu, ua hoʻopaneʻe ʻia ka ʻae ʻana i ka dute no 5 mau lā, a ʻo ka demurrage + detention fee wale nō ke kumu kūʻai aku ma mua o 8,000 RMB, ʻoi aku ka nui o 20% ma mua o ka mea i manaʻo ʻia.
2. ʻO ka ʻae a me ka nānā ʻana i ka dute: ʻAʻole hiki ke mālama ʻia nā kumukūʻai hoʻokō
He hoʻolilo paʻa kēia ʻāpana, akā pono e nānā ʻia i ka "hōʻike pololei" e pale aku i nā lilo hou:
- Nā uku maʻamau: ʻO ka uku hōʻike dute (200-500 yuan no ka tikiki), ka uku hōʻike nānā (300-800 yuan no ka tikiki), a me ka uku lawelawe nānā (500-1000 yuan) maʻamau. Inā makemake ʻia ka mālama ʻana i ka manawa i loko o kahi waihona anu i mālama ʻia e nā kuʻuna, e hoʻohui ʻia kahi uku mālama o 300-500 yuan i kēlā me kēia lā.
- Nā kumukūʻai a me ka ʻauhau hoʻohui waiwai: ʻO kēia ka "hapa nui" o ke kumukūʻai, akā hiki ke mālama ʻia ma o nā ʻaelike kālepa. No ka laʻana, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka palapala FORM E o RCEP, hiki ke lawe ʻia nā durian Thai me ka uku ʻole; Hiki i nā huahana waiu Australia ke hoʻemi pololei i kā lākou uku i ka 0 me kahi palapala kumu. Eia hou, pono e pololei ke code HS. No ka laʻana, hiki i ka ice cream i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ma lalo o 2105.00 (me ka uku o 6%) hiki ke mālama i nā tausani o nā ʻauhau i kēlā me kēia pahu i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i ka helu ʻia ma lalo o 0403 (me ka uku o 10%).
III. ʻO nā koina kōkua: Me he mea lā he liʻiliʻi, akā hoʻohui ʻia i kahi nui kahaha
ʻAʻole kiʻekiʻe nā kumukūʻai pākahi o kēia mau loulou, akā hoʻohui lākou, ʻike pinepine ʻia no 10% -15% o ka huina kālā.
1. Hoʻopaʻa ʻia a me nā uku hana: Uku no ka mālama hou ʻana
Pono nā mea i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i loko o ka pahu hau a me ka hoʻopaʻa haʻalulu. ʻO kahi laʻana, hiki i ka ʻiʻo maloʻo maloʻo ke hoʻemi i ka nui ma 30%, ʻaʻole ia e mālama wale i ka ukana akā mālama pū kekahi i ka hou, akā ʻo ka uku hōʻaiʻē he $100-$300 no kēlā me kēia pahu. Eia kekahi, pono nā forklifts kaulahao ʻoihana no ka hoʻouka ʻana a me ka wehe ʻana, a ʻo ka uku hana he 50% kiʻekiʻe ma mua o nā waiwai maʻamau. Inā makaʻu ka waiwai i ka kuʻi ʻana a pono e hoʻokomo i nā kukui manual, e hoʻonui hou ka uku.
2. Uku Inikua: Hoʻolako i ka palekana no nā "waiwai palaho"
Ke hāʻule ka mana wela o nā mea i hoʻopaʻa ʻia, e lilo ia i mea pohō, no laila ʻaʻole hiki ke mālama ʻia ka ʻinikua. ʻO ka maʻamau, lawe ʻia ka ʻinikua ma 0.3% -0.8% o ka waiwai waiwai. No ka laʻana, no $50,000 ke kumu kūʻai o ka ʻiʻo maloʻo, ʻo ke kumukūʻai ma kahi o $150-$400. No nā ala lōʻihi e like me ʻAmelika Hema a me ʻApelika, e piʻi aʻe ka uku ma mua o 1%, no ka mea ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi o ka manawa o ka lawe ʻana, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka hopena o ka mālama wela.
3. Uku kaʻa kaʻa hale: ʻO ke kumukūʻai o ka mile hope loa
No ka lawe ʻana mai ke awa a hiki i ka mālama anu ʻana o uka, ʻo ka ukana o nā kaʻa pahu hau he 40% kiʻekiʻe ma mua o nā kaʻa maʻamau. No ka laʻana, ʻo ka uku kaʻa no kahi pahu pahu hau 20GP mai Shanghai Port a i kahi mālama anu ma Suzhou he 1,500-2,000 yuan. Inā ma ka waena a me ke komohana, e hoʻohui ʻia kahi 200-300 yuan no 100 mau kilomita, a pono e hoʻokomo pū ʻia ka uku kaʻa kaʻa ʻole.
IV. Nā mākau hoʻomalu kumu kūʻai: 3 ala e mālama ai i 20% o nā koina
Ma hope o ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ke ʻano o ke kumukūʻai, hiki ke hana ʻia ka hoʻokele kumukūʻai ma ke ʻano hoʻonohonoho. Eia kekahi mau ala i hōʻoia ʻia:
1. E koho i ka LCL no nā pūʻulu liʻiliʻi a kau inoa i nā ʻaelike lōʻihi no nā pūʻulu nui:
Ke emi ka nui o ka ukana ma mua o 5 cubic mika, LCL (Less than Container Load) e mālama i ka 40% -60% o ka ukana i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me FCL. ʻOiaiʻo ka manawa kūpono he 5-10 mau lā lohi, kūpono ia no nā kauoha hoʻokolokolo; inā ʻoi aku ka nui o ka hoʻopaʻa puke makahiki ma mua o 50 pahu, e kau inoa pololei i kahi ʻaelike lōʻihi me ka hui moku e loaʻa ai ka 5% -15% hoʻemi.
2. E hoʻomalu pono i ka mahana a me ka manawa e hōʻemi ai i ka ʻōpala ikehu:
E hoʻonoho i ka wela liʻiliʻi e pono ai e like me nā ʻano o ka waiwai. Eia kekahi laʻana, hiki ke mālamaʻia ka maiʻa ma 13 ° C, aʻaʻole pono e hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ka 0 ° C; e hoʻopili me ka ʻoihana ʻae ʻae ma mua e hoʻomākaukau i nā mea ma mua o ka hōʻea ʻana i ke awa, e hoʻopaʻa i ka manawa nānā i loko o 1 lā, a pale i ka demurrage.
3. E hoʻohana i ka ʻenehana e hōʻemi i nā kumukūʻai:
E hoʻouka i ka nānā ʻana i ke ana wela o ka GPS ma nā pahu pahu hau no ka mālama ʻana i nā hoʻololi o ka mahana i ka manawa maoli, e pale aku i ka poho a pau ma muli o ka hemahema o nā mea hana; e hoʻohana i kahi ʻōnaehana warehousing automated, hiki ke hōʻemi i ke kumukūʻai hana o ka mālama anuanu e 10% -20%.
ʻO ka hope, he hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo: Pono ka helu ʻana i ke kumukūʻai e waiho i ka "wahi maʻalahi"
Hiki ke hōʻuluʻulu ʻia ke ʻano kumu kūʻai no nā pahu pahu hau i lawe ʻia e like me: (Ka ukana maʻamau o ke kai + uku hoʻonui) + (Uki awa + uku hoʻokuʻu kuʻuna) + (Packaging + ʻinikua + uku hoʻokele hale) + 10% kālā maʻalahi. He mea koʻikoʻi kēia 10% no ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i nā pilikia e like me ka piʻi ʻana o ke kumukūʻai wahie a me ka hoʻopaneʻe ʻana i ka ʻae.
Ma hope o nā mea a pau, ʻo ke kumu o ka lawe ʻana i ke kaulahao maʻamau ʻo ia ka "mālama hou". Ma mua o ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa me nā kumukūʻai kūpono, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻemi ʻana i nā lilo huna ma o ka hoʻolālā pololei ʻana - ʻo ka mālama ʻana i ka maikaʻi o nā waiwai ʻo ia ke kumu kūʻai nui loa.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Nov-12-2025 Nānā: