Ka hoomaopopo ana i ka like ole ma waena o nā ʻano mea hoʻoheheʻe no nā pahu hau

Pono nā mea hoʻoheheʻe hou i kēia manawa no ka mālama ʻana i ka meaʻai, akā ʻokoʻa loa nā mea refrigerants e like me R134a, R290, R404a, R600a, a me R507 i ka noi. Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ʻo R290 i loko o nā keʻena inu wai hau, ʻoiai ʻo R143a e hoʻohana pinepine ʻia i nā keʻena pia liʻiliʻi. Mālama ʻia ʻo R600a no nā lako manuahi kūikawā.

ʻO nā pahu hau ke koko ola o nā ʻōnaehana refrigeration, hiki i nā pahu hau ke komo i ka wela a mālama i nā wela o loko. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole i hana ʻia nā mea hoʻoheheʻe a pau—he ʻano like ʻole ko lākou haku mele ʻana, ka hopena o ke kaiapuni, nā moʻolelo palekana, a me ka hana. No nā mea kūʻai, nā ʻenehana, a me nā ʻoihana ʻoihana ma ʻEulopa a me ʻAmelika ʻĀkau, he mea koʻikoʻi ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i kēia mau ʻokoʻa, ʻoi aku ma waena o nā koi hoʻoponopono koʻikoʻi e hōʻemi i ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i ke kinoea ʻōmaʻomaʻo a pale i ka papa ozone.

Nā Koina Loiloi Kūʻai no nā mea hoʻoheheʻe

Ma mua o ka luʻu ʻana i nā ʻano ʻano like ʻole, pono e wehewehe i nā metric i mea nui loa no nā noi friji. ʻIke ʻia kēia mau pae hoʻohālikelike i ka ʻoihana HVAC/R (Heating, Ventilation, Air Conditioning, Refrigeration) a hoʻohālikelike i nā hoʻoholo hoʻoholo ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa.

• ODP (Ozone Depletion Potential): He ana o ka nui o ka mea e poino ai ka papa ozone. ʻO ka pae ʻāina ʻo R11 (he mea hoʻoheheʻe i pāpā ʻia i kēia manawa), me ka ODP o 1. ʻO ka helu o 0 ʻo ia ka mea ʻaʻohe hopena o ka ozone-depleting o ka mea hoʻoheheʻe.
• GWP (Global Warming Potential): He ana o ka haʻawina o kekahi mea i ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke aniau ma luna o 100 makahiki, i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ke kalapona kalapona (CO₂, GWP = 1). Hoʻokumu ʻia nā waiwai haʻahaʻa GWP ma lalo o nā lula e like me ka EU's F-Gas Regulation a me ka US EPA's SNAP (Significant New Alternatives Policy).
• Ka Papa Hoʻopulapula ASHRAE: He maʻamau (ASHRAE 34-2022) e helu ana i nā mea hoʻoheheʻe ma muli o ke ahi (Papa 1: non-flammable; Papa 2L: hiki ke puhi ʻia; Papa 2: hiki ke puhi ʻia; Papa 3: hiki ke puhi ʻia) a me nā mea ʻawaʻawa (Class A: ʻona haʻahaʻa; Papa B: ʻona kiʻekiʻe). Hāʻule ka hapa nui o nā pahu hau hau i ka papa A.
• ʻO ka Thermodynamic Performance: Loaʻa i ka maikaʻi hoʻoluʻu (COP, a i ʻole Coefficient of Performance, kahi kiʻekiʻe = ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi), ke kaomi hana (pono e hoʻohālikelike i ka hoʻolālā compressor o ka pahu hau), a me ke ʻano wela (kūpono no nā friji ma waena a i ʻole nā ​​pahu hau haʻahaʻa).
• Hoʻohālikelike: Hana pū me nā mea hoʻoluʻu compressor o ka pahu hau (e laʻa, ka ʻaila mineral, ka ʻaila POE) a me nā mea hana (e laʻa, nā sila, nā ʻili) e pale i ka pōʻino o ka ʻōnaehana.

ʻIkepili hoʻoheheʻe hoʻokahi

Loaʻa i kēlā me kēia mea hoʻoheheʻe i nā ikaika a me nā palena ʻokoʻa, kūpono ia no nā hihia hoʻohana kikoʻī - mai nā pahu hau hale a hiki i nā pahu hau pāʻoihana. Aia ma lalo kahi wehewehe kikoʻī o kēlā me kēia ʻano.

1. R134a (Tetrafluoroethane)

ʻAno Kemika: Hydrofluorocarbon maʻemaʻe (HFC)

Nā mea kiko'ī:

• ODP: 0 (palekana ozone)
• GWP: 1,430 (no ka IPCC Sixth Assessment Report, 100-makahiki horizon)
• Papa Palekana ASHRAE: A1 (ʻaʻole hiki ke puhi ʻia, ʻona haʻahaʻa)
• ʻO ke kaomi hana: Medium (hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā mea hoʻoheheʻe ʻē aʻe)
• Hoʻohālikelike: Hana pū me nā lubricants POE (polyol ester) a i ʻole PAG (polyalkylene glycol).

Hana a me nā noi:

Ua puka mai ʻo R134a i nā makahiki 1990 ma ke ʻano he pani no R12 (he CFC me ka ODP kiʻekiʻe, i kēia manawa ua pāpā ʻia ma lalo o ka Montreal Protocol). Ua lilo ia i mea nui i loko o nā pahu hau o ka hale, nā mea hoʻoluʻu inu liʻiliʻi, a me nā pahu hau lawe lima ma muli o kona ʻano ʻaʻole hiki ke puhi ʻia a me ka maʻalahi o ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā ʻōnaehana e kū nei. He haʻahaʻa kona maikaʻi hoʻoluʻu (COP)— lawa no nā mahana o ka pahu hau maʻamau (2–8°C no ka ʻāpana hou, -18°C no nā pahu hau) akā haʻahaʻa ma mua o nā refrigerants maoli e like me R600a.

Kūlana Hoʻoponopono & Kaiapuni:

ʻOiai ʻo R134a he ozone-palekana, ʻo kāna GWP kiʻekiʻe ua alakaʻi i nā palena i ʻEulopa a me ʻAmelika ʻĀkau. Ma lalo o ka EU's F-Gas Regulation (EC No 517/2014), ua hoʻopau ʻia ka hoʻohana ʻana o R134a i nā mea hoʻonaninani hou mai 2020, me nā hoʻēmi hou ʻana i hoʻolālā ʻia. He mea maʻamau ia i loko o nā pahu hau kahiko akā ua hoʻololi ʻia e nā koho haʻahaʻa-GWP i nā hiʻohiʻona hou.

Nā Luʻi: Hoʻopau ka GWP kiʻekiʻe i ka hiki ke ola lōʻihi; ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma mua o nā refrigerants maoli.

2. R600a (Isobutane)

ʻAno Kemika: ʻO ka wai kalapona maʻemaʻe (HC, he "mea hoʻoheheʻe kūlohelohe" i loaʻa mai ka ʻaila/gasuaea)

Nā mea kiko'ī:

• ODP: 0 (palekana ozone)
• GWP: 3 (negligible ka hopena o ke aniau—kekahi o ka haʻahaʻa loa i loaʻa)
• Papa Palekana ASHRAE: A3 (hiki loa i ke ahi, haʻahaʻa ka ʻona)
• ʻO ke kaomi hana: Haʻahaʻa (koi i nā mea hoʻopili i hoʻolālā ʻia no nā ʻōnaehana haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa)
• Hoʻohālikelike: Hana me ka ʻaila mineral a i ʻole alkylbenzene (AB) lubricants (ʻaʻole POE/PAG).

Hana a me nā noi:

ʻO R600a i kēia manawa ka mea hoʻoheheʻe nui i loko o nā pahu hau hale hou ma ʻEulopa a me ʻAmelika ʻĀkau. ʻO kona kūlana hoʻomaha kiʻekiʻe (COP 5-10% kiʻekiʻe ma mua o R134a) e hōʻemi i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ikehu, e hoʻohālikelike me nā kūlana EU Energy Label a me US ENERGY STAR®. ʻO kona GWP haʻahaʻa hoʻi e hoʻokō pono i nā lula hoʻokuʻu.

Nā manaʻo palekana a me ka hoʻokomo ʻana:

ʻO ka Flammability ka pilikia nui o R600a. No ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana i ka pōʻino, hoʻopaʻa nā mea hana i ka nui o ka uku i loko o nā pahu hau (maʻamau ≤150 grams) a hoʻohana i nā mea pahū (e laʻa, nā mea hoʻopaʻa paʻa, nā ʻāpana uila ʻole). Pono nā ʻenehana i ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa kūikawā no ka mālama ʻana i nā leaks, no ka mea, ʻo ka mahu R600a i hoʻopaʻa ʻia he lapalapa.

Nā Luʻi: Pono ka hoʻolālā a me ka lawelawe ʻana i ke ahi wela kiʻekiʻe; kūpono ʻole me nā aila POE/PAG.

3. R290 (Propane)

ʻAno Kemikō: ʻO ka wai kalapona maʻemaʻe (HC, mea hoʻoheheʻe maoli)

Nā mea kiko'ī:

• ODP: 0 (palekana ozone)
• GWP: 3 (e like me R600a, ka hopena o ke aniau haahaa loa)
• Papa Palekana ASHRAE: A3 (hiki loa i ke ahi, ha'aha'a ka 'awa'awa—'oi a'e ka wela ma mua o R600a, me ka ikehu ho'ā ha'aha'a)
• Paʻi Hana: Medium-haʻahaʻa (ʻoi aku ma mua o R600a, haʻahaʻa ma mua o R134a)
• Hoʻohālikelike: Hana me ka ʻaila mineral a i ʻole nā ​​lubricant AB.

Hana a me nā noi:

Hāʻawi ʻo R290 i ka maikaʻi hoʻoluʻu maikaʻi loa - ʻo kāna COP he 10-15% kiʻekiʻe ma mua o R134a, no laila kūpono ia no ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i ka ikehu. Hoʻohana ʻia ia i loko o nā pahu hau liʻiliʻi a liʻiliʻi i ka hale, nā pahu hau liʻiliʻi, a me kekahi mau mea hoʻonaninani hōʻike pāʻoihana (kahi i kaupalena ʻia ka nui o ka uku). Ma nā wahi e like me ka EU, ua hoʻonui ʻia ʻo ia ma ke ʻano he pani pololei no R134a i nā hiʻohiʻona hou.

Kūlana Palekana & Hoʻoponopono:

E like me R600a, pono ka ʻā ʻana o R290 i nā ana palekana: nā palena uku (≤150 grams no nā pahu hau hale), nā ʻōnaehana ʻike leak, a me nā mea hiki ʻole ke puhi i loko o ka pahu hau. Ua hoʻokō piha ʻia me ka EU F-Gas Regulation a me US EPA SNAP, me ka ʻole o nā hoʻolālā haʻahaʻa ma muli o kāna GWP haʻahaʻa.

Nā Luʻi: ʻOi aku ka ʻoi aku o ke ahi ma mua o R600a; koi ʻoi aku ka ikaika o ka hoʻāʻo palekana i ka wā hana.

4. R404a (Hui o R125, R134a, R143a)

ʻAno Kemika: Kokoke-azeotropic HFC hui ʻia (he nui nā HFC i hui ʻia e hoʻohālike i nā waiwai o kahi pahu hau hoʻokahi)

Nā mea kiko'ī:

• ODP: 0 (palekana ozone)
• P
• Papa Palekana ASHRAE: A1 (ʻaʻole hiki ke puhi ʻia, ʻona haʻahaʻa)
• Pumi Hana: Kiʻekiʻe (hoʻopaʻa ʻia no nā ʻōnaehana wela haʻahaʻa)
• Hoʻohālikelike: Hana pū me nā lubricants POE.

Hana a me nā noi:

ʻO R404a ka mea maʻamau gula no ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i nā mea kūʻai aku, ʻo ia hoʻi nā hale paʻakai hele wāwae, nā pahu hōʻikeʻike supermarket, a me nā pahu hau ʻoihana e hana ana ma -20°C a -40°C. ʻO kona hiki ke hoʻoluʻu kiʻekiʻe a me ka paʻa i nā mahana haʻahaʻa i kūpono no kēia mau noi.

Kūlana Hoʻoponopono & Kaiapuni:

ʻO ka GWP kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe loa o R404a ua alakaʻi i kona hoʻopau kokoke loa i ʻEulopa a me ʻAmelika ʻĀkau. Ma lalo o ka EU F-Gas Regulation, ua pāpā ʻia kona hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea hana hou i ka makahiki 2020, a ua kaupalena ʻia kāna hoʻopuka / lawe ʻana. I ka US, ua helu ka EPA iā R404a ma ke ʻano he "mea nui-GWP" a pono ke pani ʻia me nā mea haʻahaʻa-GWP (e laʻa, R452A, R513A) i nā ʻōnaehana hou. Noho ʻia i loko o nā pahu hau kalepa kahiko akā ke hoʻopau ʻia nei ma o ka retrofits.

Nā Luʻi: Kāohi GWP; maikaʻi ʻole ka ikaika o ka ikehu i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā mea hou aʻe; hāʻawi nui i ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke aniau.

5. R507 (Hui o R125 & R143a)

ʻAno Kemika: Azeotropic HFC hui ʻia (hui ʻia e paila/condense i ka mahana hoʻokahi, e like me ka pahu hau maʻemaʻe)

Nā mea kiko'ī:

• ODP: 0 (palekana ozone)
• GWP: 3,985 (kokoke like me R404a, kiʻekiʻe loa)
• Papa Palekana ASHRAE: A1 (ʻaʻole hiki ke puhi ʻia, ʻona haʻahaʻa)
• Pihi Hana: Kiʻekiʻe (ʻoi aʻe ma mua o R404a)
• Hoʻohālikelike: Hana pū me nā lubricants POE.

Hana a me nā noi:

He hoahānau pili ʻo R507 o R404a, i hoʻolālā ʻia no ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i ka pāʻoihana haʻahaʻa (e laʻa, nā pahu hau hohonu, nā pahu hōʻike meaʻai paʻa) kahi e koi ʻia ai ka hoʻoluʻu mau ma -30°C a -50°C. ʻO kona ʻano azeotropic, ʻaʻole ia e hoʻokaʻawale i nā ʻāpana i ka wā leaks, e hoʻomaʻamaʻa i ka mālama ʻana-he mea maikaʻi ma mua o nā huila azeotropic kokoke e like me R404a.

Kūlana Hoʻoponopono & Kaiapuni:

E like me R404a, ua alakaʻi ka GWP kiʻekiʻe o R507 i nā hoʻoponopono koʻikoʻi. Ua pāpā ka EU F-Gas Regulation i kona hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea hana hou i 2020, a ua koho ka US EPA iā ia he "mea hopohopo" ma lalo o SNAP. Ke pani ʻia nei e nā mea koho haʻahaʻa-GWP e like me R448A (GWP = 1,387) a me R449A (GWP = 1,397) i nā noi kalepa.

Nā Luʻi: GWP kiʻekiʻe loa; ʻaʻole hiki ke ola lōʻihi ma lalo o nā lula hoʻokuʻu honua; kaupalena i nā ʻōnaehana hoʻoilina.

ʻOkoʻa nā kumu kūʻai o nā mea hoʻoheheʻe like ʻole. ʻO kēia ka papa kuhikuhi o Iune 2025:

Nānā Hoʻohālikelike o nā mea hoʻoheheʻe

Hōʻuluʻulu ka papa ma lalo i nā ʻokoʻa koʻikoʻi ma waena o nā refrigerants ʻelima, e hōʻike ana i ko lākou kūpono no nā hihia hoʻohana kikoʻī:

Nā ʻano hoʻoponopono a me nā loli ʻoihana

Ke alakaʻi ʻia nei ka mākeke refrigerant honua e ʻelua mau pahuhopu nui: ka hoʻopau ʻana i nā mea hoʻopau ozone-depleting (i loaʻa no ka hapa nui o nā refrigerants) a me ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i ka ʻeaea (ka manaʻo o kēia manawa). Ma ʻEulopa a me ʻAmelika ʻĀkau, ke hoʻolalelale nei nā lula i ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā koho haʻahaʻa-GWP:

• Hoʻoponopono EU F-Gas: Manaʻo i ka hōʻemi ʻana o ka HFC he 79% e 2030 (hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā pae 2015) a pāpā i nā mea hoʻoheheʻe kiʻekiʻe-GWP (GWP> 2,500) i nā mea hoʻoheheʻe hou.
• US EPA SNAP: Hoʻopaʻa inoa i nā mea hoʻoheheʻe haʻahaʻa-GWP (e laʻa, R600a, R290, R452A) ma ke ʻano he "ʻae" no ka hapa nui o nā noi a pāpā i nā koho GWP kiʻekiʻe (e laʻa, R404a, R507) i nā ʻōnaehana hou.

No nā mea kūʻai, ʻo ia ke ʻano:

• E hoʻohana wale ʻia nā pahu hau hale hou iā R600a a i ʻole R290 (ma muli o ko lākou GWP haʻahaʻa a me ka hana kiʻekiʻe).
• E hoʻololi ka pahu hau pāʻoihana i nā huila haʻahaʻa-GWP (e laʻa, R448A, R454C) a i ʻole nā ​​mea hoʻoheheʻe kūlohelohe e like me CO₂ (R744) no nā ʻōnaehana nui.
• Pono nā pahu hau kahiko e hoʻohana ana iā R134a, R404a, a i ʻole R507 i ka hoʻokuʻu pono ʻana a i ʻole ka hoʻoponopono hou ʻana e hoʻokō i nā lula.

ʻO ke koho ʻana i ka pahu hau kūpono no ka pahu hau e pili ana i ke kaupaona ʻana i ʻehā mau kumu: ka hopena o ke kaiapuni (ODP/GWP), palekana (flammability/toxicity), hana (efficiency/pressure), a me ka hoʻokō kānāwai. No ka nui o nā noi hou:

• ʻO R600a a me R290 nā koho maikaʻi loa no nā pahu hau o ka hale, e hāʻawi ana i ka GWP ultra-haʻahaʻa a me ka hana kiʻekiʻe (me nā hana palekana e hoʻoponopono i ka flammability).
• ʻO R404a a me R507 ka mea kahiko no nā ʻōnaehana hou, i kaupalena ʻia i nā lako kalepa hoʻoilina a hiki i ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana a i ʻole ke pani hou ʻana.
• ʻO R134a kahi koho hoʻololi, e hoʻoneʻe mālie ʻia no ka makemake o nā mea hoʻoheheʻe kūlohelohe.

I ka paʻa ʻana o nā lula a me ka holomua ʻana o ka ʻenehana, e hoʻomau ka ʻoihana i ka mea mua i nā mea hoʻoheheʻe kūlohelohe a me nā hui haʻahaʻa-GWP-e hōʻoia i ka maikaʻi o nā ʻōnaehana refrigeration no ka wā lōʻihi. No nā ʻenehana a me nā mea kūʻai aku, ʻo ka hoʻomau ʻana i ka ʻike e pili ana i kēia mau ʻokoʻa ke kī i ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ke kuleana a me ka hoʻokō.

Nā Puna: ASHRAE Handbook—Refrigeration (2021), IPCC Sixth Assessment Report (2022), EU F-Gas Regulation (EC No 517/2014), US EPA SNAP Program (2023).