Mafiriji nemafiriji, semidziyo yekuchengetera zvinhu inodziya zvishoma yekushandisa mudzimba nemabhizimisi, yave ichienderera mberi nekusarudza mafiriji akavakirwa pa "kugona kuchinjika mukushanda kwefiriji" uye "zvinodiwa nemutemo wezvakatipoteredza". Mhando dzakakurumbira uye hunhu muzvikamu zvakasiyana zvinoenderana nezvinodiwa nemidziyo.
Pakutanga kushandiswa kwemaCFCs mafiriji ane "kushanda kwakanyanya asi ane njodzi huru"
Kubva kuma1950 kusvika kuma1990, R12 (dichlorodifluoromethane) ndiyo yaive refrigerant huru. Panyaya yekuchinjika kwemidziyo, hunhu hwethermodynamic hweR12 hwaienderana zvakakwana nezvinodiwa zvekuchengetedza tembiricha yakaderera - netembiricha yakajairwa ye -29.8°C, yaigona kusangana zviri nyore nezvinodiwa zvetembiricha zvezvikamu zvefiriji zvinochengetedza firiji (0-8°C) uye zvikamu zvechando (pasi pe -18°C). Uyezve, yaive yakasimba kwazvo makemikari uye inoenderana zvakanaka nemapaipi emhangura, magoko esimbi, uye mafuta ekuzora emaminerari mukati memafiriji, zvisingawanzo kukonzera ngura kana kuvharika kwemapaipi, uye yaigona kuve nechokwadi chekuti michina yacho inogara kwenguva inopfuura makore gumi.
R12 ine ODP value ye1.0 (chiyero chekukwanisa kuderedza ozone) uye GWP value yeinenge 8500, zvichiita kuti ive gasi rakasimba regreenhouse. Nekutanga kushanda kweMontreal Protocol, kushandiswa kweR12 pasi rose mumafiriji matsva kwave kuchirambidzwa zvishoma nezvishoma kubvira muna 1996. Parizvino, mimwe michina yekare chete ichiri nemafiriji akadaro akasara, uye inotarisana nedambudziko rekushaya dzimwe nzira dzekugadzirisa.
Danho rekuchinja: Miganhu yekutsiva zvishoma neHCFCs refrigerants
Kuti R12 ipere, R22 (difluoromonochloromethane) yaimboshandiswa kwenguva pfupi mune mamwe mafiriji ekutengeserana (akadai semafiriji madiki emuchitoro). Zvakanakira zvayo ndezvekuti mashandiro ayo ethermodynamic ari pedyo neR12, pasina chikonzero chekuchinja kukuru pakugadzirwa kwecompressor yefiriji uye mapaipi, uye kukosha kwayo kweODP kunoderedzwa kusvika pa0.05, zvichideredza simba rayo rekubvisa ozone zvakanyanya.
Zvisinei, zvikanganiso zveR22 zviri pachenawo: kune rumwe rutivi, kukosha kwayo kweGWP kunenge 1810, kuchiri kwemagasi akawandisa ekupisa, ayo asingaenderane nemaitiro ekuchengetedza nharaunda kwenguva refu; kune rumwe rutivi, kushanda zvakanaka kwefiriji (COP) yeR22 kwakaderera pane kweR12, izvo zvichaita kuti kushandiswa kwemagetsi kuwedzere neinenge 10%-15% kana kuchishandiswa mumafiriji emumba, saka hazvina kuva chinhu chikuru mumafiriji emumba. Nekukurumidza kubviswa kwemafiriji eHCFCs pasi rose muna 2020, R22 yakarega kushandiswa mumunda wemafiriji nemafiriji.
I. Mafiriji anowanikwa pari zvino: Kugadziriswa kweHFCs nemarudzi eGWP asina simba rakawanda
Parizvino, kusarudzwa kwezvigadziriso zvefiriji pamusika kunoratidza hunhu hwe "kusiyanisa pakati pekushandiswa kwemumba nekwemabhizinesi, uye kuenzana pakati pekuchengetedzwa kwezvakatipoteredza nemutengo", zvakanyanya kupatsanurwa mumhando mbiri huru, dzichienderana nezvinodiwa zvemichina yakasiyana:
1. Mafiriji madiki: "Kutonga kwakasimba" kwemafiriji
R134a (tetrafluoroethane) ndiyo inotonhorera zvakanyanya mumafiriji aripo (kunyanya mamodheru ane simba risingasviki 200L), inodarika 70%. Zvakanakira zvayo zvikuru zvinoratidzwa muzvikamu zvitatu: chekutanga, inosangana nezvinodiwa zvekuchengetedza nharaunda, ine ODP kukosha kwe0, ichibvisa zvachose njodzi yekukuvara kwe ozone layer uye ichitevedzera zvinodiwa zvepasi rose zvezvakatipoteredza; chechipiri, mashandiro ayo ethermodynamic akakodzera, ine tembiricha yakajairwa ye -26.1°C, iyo, pamwe chete necompressor inoshanda zvakanyanya yefiriji, inogona kusvika tembiricha yechikamu chechando kubva -18°C kusvika -25°C, uye kushanda kwayo kwefiriji (COP) kwakakwira ne8%-12% kupfuura kweR22, izvo zvinogona kuderedza kushandiswa kwesimba kwemidziyo; Chechitatu, ine kuchengetedzeka kwakavimbika, iri mumafiriji emhando yeA1 (asina chepfu uye asingabatike), kunyangwe kana paine kudonha kudiki, haizokonzere njodzi dzekuchengetedza kunharaunda yemhuri, uye inoenderana zvakanaka nezvikamu zvepurasitiki nemafuta ekuzora ari mufiriji, uye ine mwero wakaderera wekukundikana.
Pamusoro pezvo, mamwe mafiriji epamba anoshandiswa pakati nepakati kusvika pakakwirira anoshandisa R600a (isobutane, hydrocarbon) - firiji yechisikigo, ine ODP kukosha kwe0 uye GWP kukosha kwe3 chete, ine mashandiro ari nani pane zvakatipoteredza kupfuura R134a, uye kushanda kwayo mufiriji kwakakwira ne5%-10% kupfuura kweR134a, izvo zvinogona kuderedza kushandiswa kwesimba. Zvisinei, R600a ndeyemafiriji ekirasi A3 (anogona kutsva zvakanyanya), uye kana huwandu hwayo mumhepo hwasvika 1.8%-8.4%, inoputika kana yaiswa mumoto wakashama. Saka, inongogumira kushandiswa mumafiriji emumba (huwandu hwemari hunongogumira pa50g-150g, hwakaderera zvakanyanya pane hwemidziyo yekutengeserana), uye firiji inofanira kunge iine zvishandiso zvinodzivirira kubuda kwemvura (senge masensa ekumanikidza) uye macompressor asingaputike, nemari inokwira ne15%-20% kupfuura yemamodeli eR134a, saka haisati yanyatsozivikanwa.
2. Mafiriji ekutengeserana / mafiriji makuru: "Kupinda zvishoma nezvishoma" kwemafiriji asina GWP yakawanda
Mafiriji ekutengeserana (akadai semafiriji ezvitsuwa zvesupermarket) ane zvinodiwa zvakanyanya zve "kuchengetedzwa kwezvakatipoteredza" uye "kushanda zvakanaka kwefiriji" yemafiriji nekuda kwekuwanda kwawo (kazhinji anopfuura 500L) uye mutoro wakawanda wefiriji. Parizvino, sarudzo huru dzakakamurwa muzvikamu zviviri:
(1) Misanganiswa yeHFCs: "Kugadziriswa kwemutoro wakawanda" kweR404A
R404A (musanganiswa wepentafluoroethane, difluoromethane, uye tetrafluoroethane) ndiyo inochengeterwa mafiriji makuru ekutengeserana anotonhorera zvishoma (akadai se -40°C anotonhorera nekukurumidza), zvichiita 60%. Chakanakira ndechekuti mashandiro ayo ekufiriji mumamiriro ekunze akaderera akanaka - pakupisa kwe -40°C, kugona kwayo kufiriji kwakakwira ne25%-30% kupfuura kweR134a, izvo zvinogona kukurumidza kusangana nezvinodiwa zvekuchengetedza mafiriji pakunze kwekunze; uye ndeyemafiriji ekirasi A1 (asina chepfu uye asingatsvi), ane huwandu hwekuchaja hunosvika makirogiramu akati wandei (hunopfuura zvakanyanya hwemafiriji emumba), pasina kunetseka nezvenjodzi dzekuti anogona kutsva, achichinja mashandiro emafutaji makuru ane mutoro wakawanda.
Zvisinei, zvikanganiso zvekuchengetedza zvakatipoteredza zveR404A zvakatanga kuonekwa zvishoma nezvishoma. Kukosha kwayo kweGWP kwakakwira kusvika 3922, kuri kwemagasi anopisa zvakanyanya. Parizvino, European Union nedzimwe nzvimbo dzakapa mitemo yekurambidza kushandiswa kwayo (yakadai sekurambidza kushandiswa kwemafiriji ane GWP>2500 mumafiriji matsva akagadzirwa mushure megore ra2022). Saka, R404A iri kutsiviwa zvishoma nezvishoma nemafiriji ane GWP shoma.
(2) Mhando dzeGWP shoma: "Dzimwe nzira dzezvakatipoteredza" dzeR290 neCO₂
Zvichienderana nemutemo wakasimba wekuchengetedza nharaunda, R290 (propane) neCO₂ (R744) zvave sarudzo dziri kubuda dzemafiriji ekutengeserana, zvichichinja zvinoenderana nezvinodiwa zvakasiyana mumamiriro akasiyana:
R290 (propane): Inonyanya kushandiswa mumafiriji madiki ekutengeserana (senge mafiriji emuchitoro chemahara). Kukosha kwayo kweODP i0, kukosha kwayo kweGWP kunosvika 3, ine dziviriro yakasimba kwazvo yezvakatipoteredza; uye kushanda kwayo mufiriji kwakakwira ne10%-15% kupfuura kweR404A, izvo zvinogona kuderedza kushandiswa kwesimba rekushanda kwemafiriji ekutengeserana (midziyo yekutengeserana inoshanda kwemaawa anopfuura makumi maviri pazuva, uye mari yekushandisa simba inodarika chikamu chikuru). Zvisinei, R290 ndeyemafiriji ekirasi A3 (anogona kutsva zvakanyanya), uye huwandu hwekuchaja hunofanirwa kudzorwa zvakanyanya mukati me200g (saka inongogumira kumafiriji madiki). Pamusoro pezvo, firiji inofanirwa kushandisa macompressor asingaputike, mapaipi anodzivirira kudonha kwemvura (senge mapaipi emhangura-nickel alloy) uye magadzirirwo emhepo nekupisa. Parizvino, chikamu chayo mumafiriji emuchitoro chemahara eEurope chapfuura 30%.
CO₂ (R744): Inonyanya kushandiswa mumafiriji ekutengesa ane tembiricha yakaderera (senge -60°C biological sample freezers). Tembiricha yayo ye evaporation yakajairika ndeye -78.5°C, iyo inogona kuchengetedza tembiricha yakaderera zvikuru isina system yakaoma yekufiriji; uye ine ODP value ye0 uye GWP value ye1, ine dziviriro isingatsiviwe yezvakatipoteredza, uye haina chepfu uye haibati moto, ine kuchengetedzeka kuri nani pane R290. Zvisinei, CO₂ ine tembiricha yakaderera (31.1°C). Kana tembiricha yemhepo ikapfuura 25°C, tekinoroji ye "transcritical cycle" inodiwa, zvichiita kuti compressor pressure yefiriji ive yakakwira se10-12MPa, ichida kushandiswa kwemapaipi esimbi isina tsvina yakasimba uye macompressor anodzivirira kumanikidzwa kwakanyanya, nemutengo we30%-40% wakakwira kupfuura wemafiriji eR404A. Saka, parizvino inonyanya kushandiswa mumamiriro ezvinhu ane zvinodiwa zvakanyanya zvekuchengetedzwa kwezvakatipoteredza uye tembiricha yakaderera (senge mafiriji ekuongorora zvekurapa nesainzi).
II. Mafambiro emangwana ezvigadziriso zvemafiriji: GWP yakaderera uye kuchengetedzeka kwakanyanya zvinova nzira huru
Pamwe chete nemitemo yepasi rose yezvakatipoteredza (yakadai seEU F-Gas Regulation, chirongwa cheChina cheMontreal Protocol implementation plan) uye kuvandudzwa kwetekinoroji yemidziyo, mafiriji emafiriji nemafiriji acharatidza mafambiro makuru matatu mune ramangwana:
Mafiriji epamba: R600a ichitsiva R134a zvishoma nezvishoma – nekukura kwetekinoroji dzinodzivirira kubuda kwemvura uye dzisingaputike (dzakadai sezvishandiso zvitsva zvekuvhara mvura, michina inocheka kubuda kwemvura otomatiki), mutengo weR600a uchaderera zvishoma nezvishoma (zvinotarisirwa kuti mutengo uchadzikira ne30% mumakore mashanu anotevera), uye zvakanakira kuchengetedzwa kwezvakatipoteredza zvakanyanya uye kushanda zvakanaka kwefiriji zvicharatidzwa. Zvinotarisirwa kuti chikamu cheR600a mumafiriji emumba chichapfuura 50% panosvika 2030, chichitsiva R134a senzvimbo huru.
Mafiriji ekutengeserana: "Kugadzirwa kwemhando mbiri" kwemusanganiswa weCO₂ neHFOs - kune mafiriji ekutengesa ane tembiricha yakaderera (pasi pe -40°C), kukura kwehunyanzvi kweCO₂ kucharamba kuchivandudzwa (senge macompressor emagetsi anoshanda zvakanyanya), uye mutengo uchadzikira zvishoma nezvishoma, nechikamu chinotarisirwa kudarika 40% panosvika 2028; kune mafiriji ekutengesa ane tembiricha iri pakati nepakati (-25°C kusvika -18°C), R454C (musanganiswa weHFOs neHFCs, GWP≈466) uchava chinhu chikuru, nekushanda kwefiriji kuri pedyo neR404A, uye kuri mumafiriji ekirasi A2L (chepfu shoma uye kupisa kushoma), pasina zvirambidzo zvakasimba pahuwandu hwekuchaja, zvichienzanisa kuchengetedzwa kwezvakatipoteredza uye kushanda.
Maitiro ekuchengetedza akavandudzwa: Kubva pa "kudzivirira kusingashande" kusvika pa "kutarisa kuri kushanda" - pasinei nemidziyo yemumba kana yekutengeserana, masisitimu erefrigerant emangwana anowanzo kuve nemabasa e "kutarisa kuvuza kwehungwaru + kurapwa otomatiki nekukurumidza" (senge masensa ekubuda kwemhepo nelaser yemafiriji emumba, maalarm ekutarisisa uye zvishandiso zvekubatanidza mweya zvemafiriji ebhizinesi), kunyanya kumafiriji anobvira moto akadai seR600a neR290, kubvisa njodzi dzinogona kuitika kuburikidza nenzira dzehunyanzvi uye kukurudzira kufarirwa kwakazara kwemafiriji asina GWP yakawanda.
III. Kukosha kwekufananidza mamiriro ezvinhu makuru
Pakusarudza mafiriji emufiriji, nhungamiro dzinotevera dzinogona kuteverwa pakusarudza mafiriji:
Vanoshandisa dzimba: Mamodheru eR600a anonyanya kukosheswa (kuchengetedza nharaunda uye kuchengetedza simba) - kana bhajeti richibvumira (200-500 yuan yakakwira kupfuura mamodheru eR134a), mafiriji akanyorwa kuti "R600a refrigerant" ndiwo anofanira kukosheswa. Simba rawo rakaderera ne8%-12% pane remamodheru eR134a, uye ane hushamwari kune nharaunda; mushure mekutenga, kungwarira kunofanirwa kupihwa kudzivirira kuti kumashure kwefiriji (pane compressor) kuve pedyo nemoto wakavhurika, uye kugara uchitarisa kuomarara kwezvisimbiso zvemusuwo kuderedza njodzi yekubuda kwemvura.
Vashandisi vezvekutengeserana:Sarudza zvinoenderana nezvinodiwa pakupisa (mutengo wekuenzanisa uye kuchengetedzwa kwezvakatipoteredza) - mafiriji epakati nepakati (senge mafiriji emuchitoro) anogona kusarudza mamodheru eR290, ane mari shoma yekushandisa simba rekushanda kwenguva refu; kune mafiriji ekupisa kwakanyanya (senge michina inotonhora nekukurumidza), kana bhajeti yakakwana, mamodheru eCO₂ anosarudzwa, anoenderana nemaitiro emitemo yezvakatipoteredza uye anodzivisa njodzi yekudzima mune ramangwana; kana kukanganiswa kwemutengo kwenguva pfupi kuri kunetseka, mamodheru eR454C anogona kusarudzwa sechinjo, kuenzanisa mashandiro uye kuchengetedzwa kwezvakatipoteredza.
Kugadzirisa nekutsiva: Gadzirisa mhando yerefrigerant yekutanga - kana uchichengetedza mafiriji ekare nemafiriji, usatsiva mhando yerefrigerant zvisina tsarukano (sekutsiva R134a neR600a), nekuti mafiriji akasiyana ane zvinodiwa zvakasiyana zvemafuta ekuzora compressor uye kumanikidzwa kwepaipi. Kushandiswa kwakasiyana-siyana kunokonzera kukuvara kwecompressor kana kutadza kufirija. Zvakakosha kubata nyanzvi kuti dziwedzere mafiriji zvichienderana nerudzi rwakanyorwa pazita remuchina.
Nguva yekutumira: Nyamavhuvhu-29-2025 Maonero: