Mafiriji nemafiriza, semidziyo yekudzikira-yepasi yekuchengetera imba uye yekutengeserana, yakaona inoenderera iteration mufiriji sarudzo yakatarisana ne "firiji inoshanda kuchinjika" uye "zvakatipoteredza kudzora zvinodiwa". Iwo makuru marudzi uye hunhu mumatanho akasiyana akanyatsoenderana nezvinodiwa zvemidziyo.
Early mainstream: Kushandiswa kwemafiriji eCFC ane "kunyanya kushanda asi kukuvadza kwakanyanya"
Kubva kuma1950 kusvika kuma1990, R12 (dichlorodifluoromethane) ndiyo yaive yakaperera mufiriji. Panyaya yekuchinjika kwemidziyo, iyo thermodynamic properties yeR12 yakanyatsoenderana nezvinodiwa zvepasi-tembiricha chengetedzo - ine mwero evaporation tembiricha ye -29.8 ° C, yaigona kusangana nyore nezvinodiwa tembiricha yefiriji fresh-cheeping compartments (0-8 ° C) uye makamuri echando (pasi -18 ° C). Zvakare, yaive yakasimba zvakanyanya kugadzikana kwemakemikari uye kuenderana kwakanaka nemapombi emhangura, mateko esimbi, uye mamineral ekuzora mafuta mukati mefiriji, isingawanzo kukonzera ngura kana kuvharika kwepombi, uye yaigona kuve nechokwadi chehupenyu hwesevhisi kweanopfuura makore gumi.
R12 ine kukosha kweODP ye1.0 (chiyereso cheozone-depleting potential) uye kukosha kweGWP kunosvika 8500, zvichiita kuti ive yakasimba greenhouse gasi. Nekupinda kushanda kweMontreal Protocol, kushandiswa kwenyika yose kweR12 mumafiriza achangobva kugadzirwa kwakarambidzwa zvishoma nezvishoma kubva muna 1996. Parizvino, mimwe michina yechinyakare ndiyo ichiri nemafiriji akadaro asara, uye inotarisana nedambudziko rekushaya mamwe manyuko panguva yekugadzirisa.
Shanduko nhanho: Kuganhurirwa kwe "chikamu kutsiva" neHCFCs mafiriji
Kuvhara chikamu chekubuda kweR12, R22 (difluoromonochloromethane) yakamboshandiswa kwenguva pfupi mune mamwe mafiriza ekutengesa (senge mafiriza emuchitoro madiki). Kubatsira kwayo kuri pakuti kuita kwayo thermodynamic kuri padhuze neiyo yeR12, pasina kudikanwa kwekugadziriswa kwakakosha kune compressor yefiriza uye pombi dhizaini, uye kukosha kwayo kweODP kwakaderedzwa kusvika 0.05, ichideredza zvakanyanya simba rayo rekupedza ozone.
Zvisinei, zvikanganiso zveR22 zviri pachena zvakare: kune rumwe rutivi, kukosha kwayo kweGWP inenge 1810, ichiri yemafuta emhepo yakasvibirira, iyo isingaenderani nemaitiro ekuchengetedza kwezvakatipoteredza kwenguva refu; kune rumwe rutivi, kushanda kwefriji (COP) yeR22 yakaderera kupfuura iyo yeR12, iyo ichaita kuti kuwedzerwa kwesimba rekushandisa neanenge 10% -15% kana inoshandiswa mumafiriji emumba, saka haisati yave iyo yakawanda yemafiriji edzimba. Nekuwedzera kwepasirese chikamu-kunze kweHCFCs mafiriji muna 2020, R22 yakanyatso bvisa mukushandisa mumunda wemafiriji nemafiriza.
I. Mafiriji emazuva ano: Mamiriro chaiwo ekugadzirisa maHFCs nemhando dzepasi-GWP.
Parizvino, kusarudzwa kwefiriji yemafiriji pamusika kunoratidza hunhu hwe "musiyano pakati pekushandiswa kwemhuri nekutengeserana, uye chiyero pakati pekuchengetedzwa kwezvakatipoteredza uye mutengo", inonyanya kukamurwa kuva maviri makuru marudzi, achienderana nezvinodiwa zvinoshanda zvemidziyo yakasiyana:
1.Small freezers: "Stable dominance" yemafiriji
R134a (tetrafluoroethane) ndiyo inonyanya kushandiswa mufiriji yemafiriji emazuva ano (kunyanya mhando dzine simba repasi pe200L), inodarika 70%. Yayo yakakosha kugadzirisa mabhenefiti inoratidzwa muzvikamu zvitatu: kutanga, inosangana nemaitiro ekuchengetedza kwezvakatipoteredza, ine ODP kukosha kwe0, kubvisa zvachose njodzi yekukuvadzwa kweozone layer uye kuenderana nezvinodiwa zvakakosha zvepasi rose mitemo yezvakatipoteredza; chechipiri, kushanda kwayo kwe thermodynamic kwakakodzera, ine tembiricha yekuputsika kwe -26.1 ° C, iyo, pamwe chete nepamusoro-inoshanda compressor yefiriji, inogona kudzikamisa tembiricha yekamuri yechando kubva -18 ° C kusvika -25 ° C, uye kushanda kwayo kwefiriji (COP) i8% -12% yakakwirira kupfuura iyo inogona kuderedza simba reR22; chechitatu, ine yakachengeteka yakachengeteka, yekirasi A1 refrigerants (isina chepfu uye isingabatike moto), kunyangwe kana kudonha kushoma kukaitika, hakuzokonzeri njodzi dzekuchengetedza kumhuri, uye inowirirana zvakanaka nezvikamu zvepurasitiki uye compressor yekuzora mafuta mukati mefiriji, ine yakaderera kutadza mwero.
Mukuwedzera, mamwe mafiriji emumba epakati-kusvika-epamusoro achashandisa R600a (isobutane, hydrocarbon) - firiji yakasikwa, iyo ine ODP inokosha ye0 uye GWP inokosha ye3 chete, nekushanda kwezvakatipoteredza zviri nani kupfuura R134a, uye kushanda kwayo kwefriji ndeye 5% -10% yakakwirira kudarika iyo yeR134a inogona kuderedza simba rekushandisa. Zvisinei, R600a ndeyekirasi A3 refrigerants (inopisa zvikuru), uye kana huwandu hwayo huri mumhepo hunosvika 1.8% -8.4%, inoputika kana yaiswa pamoto wakazaruka. Naizvozvo, inongogumira kushandisa mumafiriji emumba (iyo mari yekuchaja inongogumira ku50g-150g, yakaderera zvakanyanya pane iyo yemidziyo yekutengesa), uye firiji inoda kuve yakashongedzerwa nemidziyo yekuona inodzivirira kuvuza (senge ma sensors ekumanikidza) uye kuputika-proof compressors, ine mutengo 15% -20% yakakwira kupfuura iyo yeR13 yakakurumbira mhando.
2.Mafiriji ezvekutengesa / mafiriji mahombe: "Kupinda zvishoma nezvishoma" kwemafiriji eGWP akaderera.
Mafiriza ekutengeserana (akadai sesupermarket island freezers) ane zvinodiwa zvakakwirira zve "kuchengetedzwa kwezvakatipoteredza" uye "firiji kunyatsoshanda" kwemafiriji nekuda kwehukuru hwadzo (kazhinji inodarika 500L) uye yakakwirira firiji mutoro. Parizvino, sarudzo huru dzakakamurwa muzvikamu zviviri:
(1) HFCs musanganiswa: "Yakakwirira-mutoro adapta" yeR404A
R404A (musanganiswa wepentafluoroethane, difluoromethane, uye tetrafluoroethane) ndiyo yakajairika firiji yemafiriji ekutengesa asingatembirike (se -40°C mafiriza anokurumidza kuomesa nechando), anoverengera 60%. Kubatsira kwayo ndeyokuti kushanda kwayo kwefiriji pasi pemamiriro ekushisa kwepasi kwakakosha - pamhepo inoputika ye -40 ° C, iyo firiji inokwana 25% -30% yakakwirira kupfuura iyo yeR134a, iyo inogona kukurumidza kusangana nekudzika-kupisa kwekuchengetedza zvinodiwa zvefriji; uye ndeyekirasi A1 refrigerants (isina-chepfu uye isingabatike), ine mutero wemari inosvika makirogiramu akati wandei (kupfuura kure kwemafiriji emumba), pasina kunetseka nezve njodzi dzekupisa, kuchinjika kune yakakura-mutoro mashandiro emafiriza makuru.
Nekudaro, zvikanganiso zvekuchengetedza kwezvakatipoteredza zveR404A zvishoma nezvishoma zvave zvakakurumbira. Huwandu hwayo hweGWP hwakakwira se3922, ndeyemagasi egreenhouse. Parizvino, European Union nemamwe matunhu akapa mirairo yekurambidza kushandiswa kwayo (sekurambidza kushandiswa kwemafiriji neGWP> 2500 mumafiriji ekutengesa achangoburwa mushure me2022). Naizvozvo, R404A iri kutsiviwa zvishoma nezvishoma nepasi-GWP refrigerants.
(2) Mhando dzakaderera-GWP: "Nzira dzezvakatipoteredza" dzeR290 uye CO₂
Zvichipesana nemashure emitemo yakaomeswa yezvakatipoteredza, R290 (propane) uye CO₂ (R744) dzave sarudzo dziri kubuda dzemafiriza ekutengesa, achichinjika kune zvakasiyana zvinodiwa mumamiriro akasiyana:
R290 (propane): Inonyanya kushandiswa mumafiriza madiki ekutengesa (akadai seakareruka echitoro akachinjika mafiriza). Yayo ODP kukosha ndeye 0, GWP kukosha ndeye 3, ine yakanyanya kusimba kuchengetedzwa kwezvakatipoteredza; uye kushanda kwayo kwefiriji ndeye 10% -15% yakakwirira kupfuura iyo yeR404A, iyo inogona kuderedza kushandiswa kwesimba rekushanda kwemafiriji ekutengeserana (zvigadzirwa zvekutengesa zvinoshanda kwemaawa anopfuura makumi maviri pazuva, uye mari yekushandisa simba inotora chikamu chikuru). Nekudaro, R290 ndeyekirasi A3 refrigerants (inopisa zvakanyanya), uye mari yekuchaja inoda kunyatsodzorwa mukati me200g (saka inongogumira kumafiriza madiki). Pamusoro pezvo, firiza inoda kutora macompressor-e-explosion-proof, mapaipi anodzivirira kubuda (semhangura-nickel alloy pombi) uye magadzirirwo emhepo uye kupisa kupisa. Parizvino, chikamu chayo muEuropean nyore chitoro mafiriza chakapfuura 30%.
CO₂ (R744): Inonyanya kushandiswa mumafiriza ekutengesa ekupedzisira-pasi-tembiricha (se -60°C biological sample freezers). Tembiricha yaro yekubuda evaporation ndeye -78.5 ° C, inogona kuwana ultra-low-temperature kuchengetedza pasina yakaoma cascade refrigeration system; uye ine kukosha kweODP ye0 uye kukosha kweGWP kwe1, ine kuchengetedzwa kwemhoteredzo isingadzoreki, uye haina chepfu uye isingabatike, ine kuchengetedzwa kuri nani kupfuura R290. Nekudaro, CO₂ ine yakaderera yakakosha tembiricha (31.1 ° C). Kana tembiricha yakadzikama yadarika 25°C, “transcritical cycle” tekinoroji inodiwa, zvichikonzera kuti compressor pressure yefiriza isvike pa10-12MPa, zvinoda kushandiswa kwepombi dzesimbi dzisina simba repamusoro-soro uye macompressor asingapindire, nemutengo we30% -40% wakakwira kupfuura weR404A freezers. Naizvozvo, parizvino inonyanya kushandiswa mumamiriro ezvinhu ane zvakanyanyisa zvinodiwa pakuchengetedzwa kwezvakatipoteredza uye tembiricha yakaderera (senge mafiriza ezvekurapa nesainzi).
II. Mafambiro emangwana emafiriji: Yakaderera GWP uye kuchengetedzeka kwakanyanya kunove musimboti dhairekitori
Yakasanganiswa nemirairo yepasirese yezvakatipoteredza (seEU F-Gas Regulation, China's Montreal Protocol hurongwa) uye kuvandudza tekinoroji yemidziyo, mafiriji emafiriji nemafiriza acharatidza maitiro makuru matatu mune ramangwana:
Mafiriji emumba: R600a zvishoma nezvishoma inotsiva R134a - nekukura kweanopesana nekuvuza uye kuputika-uchapupu matekinoroji (senge mitsva yekuisa chisimbiso mitsetse, otomatiki leakage akachekwa zvigadziriso), mutengo weR600a uchaderera zvishoma nezvishoma (zvinotarisirwa kuti mutengo uchadonha ne30% mumakore mashanu anotevera), uye zvakanakira kuchengetedzwa kwenzvimbo. Zvinotarisirwa kuti chikamu cheR600a mufiriji yemumba chichapfuura 50% panosvika 2030, kuchitsiva R134a seyakanyanya.
Mafiriza ezvekutengesa: "Dual-track development" yeCO₂ neHFOs yakasanganiswa - ye-ultra-low-temperature commercial freezers (pazasi -40 ° C), unyanzvi hwekukura kweCO₂ hucharamba huchivandudza (zvakadai sepamusoro-kushanda transcritical cycle compressors), uye mutengo uchaderera zvishoma nezvishoma, pamwe nechikamu chinotarisirwa kudarika 40% ne2028%; yepakati-tembiricha yefiriza yekutengeserana (-25 ° C kusvika -18 ° C), R454C (musanganiswa weHFOs neHFCs, GWP≈466) ichava iyo huru, nekuita kwefiriji iri pedyo neiyo yeR404A, uye yekirasi A2L refrigerants (yakaderera chepfu uye yakaderera kudzima kwekuchengetedza kwezvakatipoteredza, isina kudzikamisa moto yekudzivirira, isina kudzikamisa moto yekudzivirira.
Kuvandudzwa kwekuchengetedza mitemo: Kubva ku "passive chengetedzo" kuenda ku "active monitoring" - zvisinei nemidziyo yemumba kana yekutengesa, remangwana refiriji masisitimu anowanzo kuve akashongedzerwa ne "akangwara leakage monitoring + otomatiki yekukurumidzira kurapwa" mabasa (senge laser leakage sensors yemafiriji emumba, maaramu ekuchengetedza uye mavhairasi ekubatanidza mafiriza ekutengesa), kunyanya kune anopisa anopisa mafiriji, senge maR2600 ekuchengetedza mafiriji, senge maR2600 ekuchengetedza anopisa. uye kukurudzira kuwanda kwakazara kweakaderera-GWP mafiriji.
III. Kukosheswa kweiyo core scenario yekufananidza
Nezvinodiwa zvevashandisi vakasiyana, misimboti inotevera inogona kuteverwa pakusarudza mafiriji efiriji:
Vashandisi vepamba: Kunyanya kupihwa kumhando dzeR600a (kuenzanisa kuchengetedzwa kwezvakatipoteredza uye kuchengetedza simba) - kana bhajeti ichibvumira (200-500 yuan yakakwirira kupfuura R134a modhi), zvakakosha kupihwa mafiriji akaiswa "R600a refrigerant". Simba ravo rekushandisa i8% -12% yakaderera pane iyo yeR134a mhando, uye ivo vanonyanya kushamwaridzana kwezvakatipoteredza; mushure mekutenga, kutarisisa kunofanirwa kubhadharwa kuti udzivise kumashure kwefiriji (uko compressor iripo) iri padyo nemoto wakazaruka, uye kugara uchitarisa kusimba kwezvisimbiso zvegonhi kuti kuderedze njodzi yekudonha.
Vanoshandisa Commerce:Sarudza maererano nezvinodiwa tembiricha (kuenzanisa mutengo uye kuchengetedzwa kwezvakatipoteredza) - mafiriza epakati-tembiricha (akadai semafiriza ezvitoro) anogona kusarudza maR290 modhi, ane mari shoma yenguva refu yekushandisa simba rekushandisa; kune ultra-low-temperature freezers (yakadai semichina yekukurumidza kutonhora), kana bhajeti yakakwana, CO₂ mienzaniso inosarudzwa, iyo inopindirana nemaitiro emitemo yezvakatipoteredza uye kudzivirira njodzi yechikamu-kunze mune ramangwana; kana yenguva pfupi yemitengo yekunzwa iri kunetseka, R454C modhi inogona kusarudzwa seshanduko, kuenzanisa kuita uye kuchengetedza kwezvakatipoteredza.
Maintenance uye kutsiva: Kunyatsoenderana nemhando yefiriji yepakutanga - kana uchichengetedza mafiriji ekare uye mafiriji, usaite zvechisimba kutsiva rudzi rwefiriji (sekutsiva R134a neR600a), nekuti mafiriji akasiyana ane zvinodiwa zvakasiyana zvecompressor lubricating mafuta uye pombi kumanikidza. Kushandiswa kwakasanganiswa kunokonzeresa kukuvara kwe compressor kana kutadza kwefiriji. Izvo zvinodikanwa kuti ubate nyanzvi kuti uwedzere mafiriji zvinoenderana nemhando yakanyorwa pane yemidziyo nameplate.
Nguva yekutumira: Aug-29-2025 Views: