Avo vari mubhizinesi rekutumira kunze makabati ezvinwiwa ane musuwo mumwe chete kuEU vanonzwisisa kuti CE certification ndiyo "pasipoti" yezvigadzirwa kuti zvipinde mumusika weEU zviri pamutemo. Zvisinei, vazhinji vanonyorera kekutanga vanowanzo sangana nekunonoka kwecertification kana kutorasikirwa neodha nekuda kwemagwaro asina kukwana kana kuti asingatevedzere mitemo. Muchokwadi, nekutevera nzira chaiyo uye kugadzirira zvinhu zvinoenderana nekutarisa, maitiro ecertification anogona kuenderera mberi zvakanaka.
Chekutanga, zvakakosha kunzwisisa kuti makabati ezvinwiwa ane musuwo mumwe chete anowira pasi pemidziyo yefiriji. Chitupa cheCE chinoda kutevedzera mirairo mitatu mikuru: Low Voltage Directive (LVD), Electromagnetic Compatibility Directive (EMC), uye Energy Efficiency Directive (ERP). Zvigadzirwa zvine mafiriji zvinofanirwawo kuzadzisa zvinodiwa neFGas Regulation. Magwaro ese anofanirwa kugadzirirwa maererano nekutevedzera mirairo iyi—hapana zvimwe zvinosara.
I. Magwaro Akakosha: Mafaira Ekutanga Akakosha, Hapana Anogona Kusiyiwa
Magwaro aya ndiwo anoumba hwaro hwechitupa cheCE. Kunyangwe kusarudza kuzvizivisa kana chitupa neNotified Body, zvese zvinhu zvinofanirwa kupihwa zvizere uye kusimbiswa kuti ndezvechokwadi uye zvinoshanda.
1. Magwaro eZvitupa zveKambani uye Ruzivo rweMakambani
Magwaro aya anonyanya kusimbisa mamiriro ebhizinesi repamutemo rekambani uye muridzi wezvigadzirwa kudzivirira gakava repfuma yepfungwa. Anosanganisira zvakanyanya:
Kopi yerezinesi rebhizinesi rekambani (yakanyorwa nechisimbiso chepamutemo chekambani), ichisimbisa chinangwa chebhizinesi ichi chinosanganisira kugadzirwa kana kutengeswa kwemidziyo yefriji;
Chitupa chekunyoresa chiratidzo chekutengeserana (kana zvichibvira), zvichitsanangura zvakajeka kuva muridzi wechigadzirwa kudzivirira njodzi dzinotevera dzekutyorwa kwemutemo;
Ruzivo rweMumiriri Akatenderwa weEU (runosungirwa kumakambani asiri eEU), kusanganisira zita remumiriri, kero, ruzivo rwekuonana naye, uye chibvumirano chekubvumidza. Izvi zvinoshanda sehumbowo hwakakosha kune vatongi veEU kuti vaongorore mutoro;
Fomu reKunyorera Chitupa cheCE, rinoda kuzadzwa kwakarurama kweruzivo rwakakosha senge zita rechigadzirwa, modhi, zvirevo, mirairo inoshanda, uye zviyero.
2. Magwaro Ehunyanzvi (TCF): Chinhu Chinokosha paKupa Chitupa
Magwaro ehunyanzvi anoshanda sehumbowo hukuru hunoratidza kuti chigadzirwa chinotevedzera mitemo yeEU. Anofanira kuchengetwa kwemakore gumi kuti aongororwe, sezvo vane masimba ekutonga eEU vanogona kuita ongororo dzakajeka chero nguva. Magwaro ehunyanzvi emakabati ezvinwiwa ane musuwo mumwe chete anofanira kusanganisira zvinotevera:
Tsananguro yakadzama yechigadzirwa: Inosanganisira zita rechigadzirwa, modhi, mabasa aro, mashandisirwo aro, nzvimbo yekushanda (semuenzaniso, tembiricha uye hunyoro zvinoshanda), uye inonyatsosiyanisa mhando dzechigadzirwa mukati mechikamu chechigadzirwa (kana zvichibvira);
Dhizaini uye Madhirowa eZvivako: Fukidza madhayagiramu ezvivako zvemakanika, madhirama emagetsi, marongero epaneru yekudzora, machati emafambiro efiriji, nezvimwewo. Madhirowa anofanira kushandisa zviratidzo zveEuropean standard, kunyora zvakajeka saizi, nhamba dzezvikamu, uye hukama hwekubatana. Kana madhirowa akagoverwa mumamodeli akasiyana-siyana, izvi zvinofanirwa kutaurwa zvakajeka;
Bhuku reZvinhu (BOM): Nyora zvikamu zvese zvechigadzirwa nemazita, modhi, tsanangudzo, uye ruzivo rwemutengesi. Kunyanya kune zvikamu zvakakosha zvemagetsi (semuenzaniso, macircuit breakers, macontactors, mota, macompressor) uye zvikamu zvefiriji, sanganisira nhamba dzechitupa chekutevedzera zvinodiwa;
Mushumo weKuongorora Njodzi: Ziva njodzi dzinogona kuitika panguva yekugadzira nekushandisa chigadzirwa (semuenzaniso, kuvhunduka kwemagetsi, moto, kubatwa kwemuchina, kudonha kwemufiriji) zvichibva paEN ISO 12100, zvichitsanangura matanho ekudzora njodzi akashandiswa uye mhedzisiro yekusimbisa;
Magwaro eMaitiro Ekugadzira: Isa tsananguro dzemafambiro ekugadzira, nzvimbo dzakakosha dzekudzora maitiro, uye mwero wekudzora mhando kuratidza maitiro akajairwa ekugadzira.
3. Mishumo Yekuyedza Chigadzirwa: Humbowo Hwakasimba Hwekutevedzera Mutemo
Mishumo yebvunzo inofanirwa kuburitswa nemarabhoritari anozivikanwa neEU (semuenzaniso, TÜV, SGS) kana Notified Bodies, zvinhu zvebvunzo zvichienderana nemirairo inoshanda uye zviyero zvakabatana. Makabati ezvinwiwa ane musuwo mumwe chete anofanira kupedzisa bvunzo huru dzinotevera uye kupa mishumo:
Mushumo weKuedza Kuchengetedza LVD Low Voltage Safety: Zvichibva pa EN 60335-1 (Kuchengetedzwa Kwakazara kweMidziyo Yemumba) uye EN 60335-2-24 (Zvinodiwa Zvakanyanya zveMidziyo Inotonhorera). Zvinhu zvekuedza zvinosanganisira bvunzo yekudzivirira kupisa (1500V/1 miniti isina kuputsika), bvunzo yemagetsi inobuda (≤0.75mA), uye bvunzo yekuramba ichidzika pasi kuti ive nechokwadi chekuchengetedzwa kwemagetsi;
Mushumo weKuedza Kuenderana kweElectromagnetic muEMC: Zvichibva paEN 55014-1 (Kubuda Kwemhepo) uye EN 61000-3-2 (Harmonic Current), inofanira kusangana nemiganhu yakaita semwaranzi ≤30dBμV/m mubhendi re30MHz–1GHz uye kushanduka kwevoltage yecompressor start/stop ≤10%, zvichidzivirira kukanganiswa kweelectromagnetic nemimwe michina;
Mushumo weKuedza Kushanda Nesimba reERP: Maererano neEN 62552, inofanira kuwana chiyero cheA+ kana chepamusoro chekushandisa simba. Mitemo mitsva ya2025 inoda kushandiswa kwesimba panguva yakatarwa ≤1.0W;
Chitupa Chekutevedzera Mutemo weF-Gas: Kana chigadzirwa chichishandisa mafiriji ane fluorinated, ipa humbowo hwekuti kukosha kweGWP yefriji kuri
Zvitupa Zvinoenderana Nezvinodiwa Nezvikamu Zvikuru: Makopi emagwaro echitupa cheCE ezvikamu zvakakosha zvakaita semacompressor, mota, uye macircuit breaker, zvichiva nechokwadi chekuti zvikamu izvi zvinoenderana nezvinodiwa neEU.
4. Chiziviso Chekutevedzera Mutemo (DoC): Kuzvipira Kwekambani Kutevedzera Mutemo
Chiziviso Chekutevedzera Mutemo gwaro repamutemo rakasainwa nemugadziri kana Mumiriri Akatenderwa weEU, rinoshanda semashoko ekupedzisira achisimbisa kuti chigadzirwa chinosangana nezvinodiwa nemirairo yeEU. Rinofanira kusanganisira zvinhu zvinotevera zvakakosha:
Zita remugadziri, kero, uye ruzivo rweMumiriri Akatenderwa weEU (kune makambani asiri eEU);
Zita rechigadzirwa, modhi, uye nhamba yeserial (kana zvichibvira);
Rondedzero yemirairo yeEU inoshanda (semuenzaniso, LVD, EMC, ERP) uye nhamba dzakajairwa dzakabatana;
Zita remunhu akasaina, chinzvimbo, uye zuva rekusaina, zvakanamirwa nechisimbiso chepamutemo chekambani.
II. Zvimwe Zvekushandisa Zvinotsigira: Gadzirira Zvichienderana Nehunhu Hwechigadzirwa
Kupfuura zvinhu zvakakosha, mamwe mamiriro ezvinhu akakosha anogona kuda mamwe magwaro kudzivirira kunonoka kwezvitupa nekuda kwezvinhu zvisipo:
Bhuku reVashandisi veChigadzirwa: Rinofanira kunge riine mutauro wepamutemo weEU (semuenzaniso, Chirungu, ChiGerman, ChiFrench), rine gwara rekuisa, maitiro ekushandisa, nzira dzekugadzirisa, uye yambiro dzekuchengetedza (semuenzaniso, "Vana havafanirwe kukwira," "Dzivisa Zuva Rakananga"), uye mirairo yekurasa marara. Bhuku rekushandisa rinofanira kuratidza kero yeMumiriri Akatenderwa weEU;
Label yeChigadzirwa uye Mienzaniso yeKurongedza: Label dzinofanira kuratidza zvakajeka zita rechigadzirwa, modhi, ruzivo rwemugadziri, CE marking (saizi ≥5mm, yakajeka uye inogara kwenguva refu), label yekuyera mashandiro esimba, nezvimwewo. Madhirowa ekugadzira mapakeji anofanira kusanganisira zviratidzo zvekuchengetedza uye matanho ekutakura;
Magwaro eSisitimu Yekutarisira Hunhu: Zvakadai sechitupa cheISO 9001, mishumo yekuongorora hunhu hwemukati, nezvimwewo. Zvinosungirwa kune zvigadzirwa zvine njodzi huru kana pakusarudza chitupa cheModule D/E;
Chirevo Chekusiyana Kwechigadzirwa CheSeries: Paunenge uchisimbisa mhando dzakasiyana dzemamodheru, tsanangura zvakajeka musiyano wechimiro, zvikamu, uye mashandiro kudzivirira kusabvumidzwa kwechitupa nekuda kwemhando dzakasiyana dzisina kugadziriswa.
III. Gwaro reKudzivirira Misungo ra2025: Zvikanganiso Zvausingambofi wakaita
Vatengesi vazhinji vanotadza kuwana zvitupa kwete nekuda kwezvinhu zvisina kukwana, asi nekuda kwekusatevedzera mitemo. Zvichibva pamitemo yazvino, heano matambudziko matatu anowanzoitika:
Mutauro wemagwaro usingatevedzeri mitemo: Magwaro ehunyanzvi kana mabhuku ekushandisa asina kunyorwa mumutauro wepamutemo weEU, kana shanduro dzisina kururama. Ichi ndicho chikonzero chinowanzo rambidzwa. Tinokurudzira kuti zvinhu zviongororwe nesangano rehunyanzvi rekushandura;
Mishumo yebvunzo isiriyo: Mishumo inoburitswa nemarabhoritari asina kukodzera, kana zvinhu zvebvunzo zvisingabatanidzi mirairo yese inoshanda. Tinokukurudzira kuti usimbise pachine nguva kana rabhoritari ine CNAS accreditation kana EU Notified Body status;
Kuchengetwa kwemafaira ehunyanzvi kusingatevedzeri mitemo: Kukundikana kuchengeta magwaro kwemakore gumi anodiwa, kana kusawirirana pakati pezvinyorwa zvakanyorwa uye zvirevo zvechigadzirwa chaicho. Masangano ekutonga eEU anogona kuwana matambudziko akadaro panguva yekutarisa, zvingangotungamira mukudzoserwa kwechigadzirwa uye faindi.
IV. Mibvunzo Inowanzo bvunzwa: Kugadzirisa Zvinokunetsa
Mubvunzo wekutanga: Makabati ezvinwiwa ane musuwo mumwe chete anogona kuwana chitupa cheCE kuburikidza nekuzvizivisa?
A: Ehe. Makabati ezvinwiwa ane musuwo mumwe chete anowira pasi pemidziyo yemumba ine njodzi shoma uye anogona kushandisa modhi yekuzvizivisa (Module A). Hapana kubatanidzwa kweNotified Body kunodiwa; makambani anogona kuita bvunzo uye kupa zviziviso ega. Zvisinei, kune zvigadzirwa zvakaoma kana zvinodiwa nevatengi, chitupa kuburikidza neNotified Body chinogona kusarudzwa kuti chiwedzere kuvimbika.
Mubvunzo wechipiri: Ndeipi nguva yekushanda kwechitupa cheCE?
A: Hapana nguva yakatarwa yekushanda. Zvisinei, kana dhizaini yechigadzirwa kana maitiro ekugadzira akachinja, kana kana mirairo kana zviyero zveEU zvakakodzera zvikagadziriswa, kutevedzera zvinodiwa kunofanirwa kuongororwazve. Magwaro echitupa uye zvirevo zvinofanirwa kuvandudzwa sezvinodiwa.
Mubvunzo wechitatu: Maitiro ekupa chitupa anotora nguva yakareba sei mushure mekunge zvinhu zvagadzirwa?
A: Kana mamiriro ezvinhu akagadzikana, modhi yekuzvizivisa inotora mavhiki angangoita gumi nemaviri. Kana Body Yakaziviswa ikabatanidzwa pakuyedzwa nekuongorora, kutenderera kwacho kunosvika mavhiki makumi matatu nematanhatu, zvichienderana nekuoma kwechigadzirwa uye kushanda zvakanaka kwerabhoritari.
Muchidimbu, musimboti wezvitupa zveCE zvemakabati ezvinwiwa ane musuwo mumwe chete "kukwana, kururama, uye kutevedzera mitemo." Nekutarisa pamirairo mitatu mikuru - LVD, EMC, uye ERP - uye kuunganidza magwaro ese akakosha akadai semafaira ehunyanzvi, mishumo yebvunzo, uye kuzivisa kwekutevedzera zvinoenderana nerondedzero, uku uchinyatsoteerera ruzivo rwekudzivirira matambudziko, chitupa chinogona kuwanikwa zvinobudirira. Kana uchiri nemibvunzo nezvezvinodiwa zvekugadzirira zvinhu, zvinokurudzirwa kubvunza sangano rezvitupa rehunyanzvi pachine nguva kuti udzivise kutambisa nguva nezvinhu nekuda kwekusagadzirira.
Nguva yekutumira: Ndira-04-2026 Maonero: