Kutakura zvinhu mugungwa mukutengeserana kwepamuganhu kunoshanda senzira yakakosha yekufambisa zvinhu pasi rose, ichipa mabhenefiti akawanda emutengo kana tichienzanisa nekutakura zvinhu mudenga—kunyanya pazvinhu zvakakura zvakaita sema "countertop drink coolers" ane magonhi matatu. Kutumira zvinhu izvi kuUS kunogoneka chete kuburikidza nekutakura zvinhu mugungwa. Ehe, mitengo haisi nyore se "mitengo inosanganisira zvese." Kubva pakutora zvinhu kusvika pakutumira zvinhu munzvimbo dzekutengesa muUS, maitiro acho anosanganisira matanho matanhatu, rimwe nerimwe riine mari yakabatana nayo. Mari dzakavanzwa, kunyanya, ndidzo dzinogona kukonzera kuwanda kwebhajeti.
I. Mari Yekutanga: Kubva kuFekitori/Warehouse kusvika kuPort
Izvi zvinofukidza mari yekutanga isati yatakurwa nengarava, kunyanya yakatarisana ne "kuendesa makabhineti kuchiteshi chengarava." Ine zvinhu zvitatu zvakakosha:
1. Mari yekutakura zvinhu uye yekufambisa zvinhu zvipfupi: Kana kabhineti iri pafekitori yemumba kana mudura repachivande, ronga kutakurwa kwemotokari kuenda kuchiteshi chiri pedyo chawakabva (semuenzaniso, Ningbo, Shanghai, Shenzhen). Kabhineti yezvinwiwa ine mikova mitatu inorema inosvika 200-300kg (440-660 lbs) uye inorema 2.2-2.5 cubic metres (74-84 cubic feet) (hukuru hwakajairika: 180*70*190cm / 71*27*74 inches). Yakarongwa semitoro yakareruka, kutakurwa kwezvishoma (semuenzaniso, mukati me100km radius) kunowanzoita ¥500-1500 (US$65-200), zvichienderana nedaro uye kana kurodha/kuburitsa zvinhu zveforklift kuchidikanwa (¥200-500 / $27-70 pachiitiko chimwe nechimwe). Pakutumira kana kutumira zvinhu kure kure kuUS, mapallet emapuranga akaputirwa mushonga anokurudzirwa (mitemo yeUS inoda kuti paki yemapuranga iputirwe mushonga wekupisa fodya), zvichiwedzera 300-500 RMB/yuniti. Chitupa chepamutemo mushure mekuputirwa mushonga wekupisa fodya chinodzivirira matambudziko ekubviswa kwemafuta.
3. Mari yechiteshi: Kana wasvika pachiteshi, mari yekuwedzera inoshandiswa pakuchengeta, kubhuka, magwaro, nezvimwewo. Mari yekuchengeta yakajairika: ¥20-50/cubic meter/zuva (kana zvinhu zvikasvika nekukurumidza uye zvichida kuchengetwa kwenguva pfupi). Mari yekubhuka: ¥300-800/bhiri. Mari yemagwaro (B/L, runyorwa rwekurongedza, nezvimwewo): ¥200-500. Huwandu hwese hunofungidzirwa: ¥500-1500. Mitengo inosiyana zvishoma zvichienderana nechiteshi.
II. Mari yekutakura zvinhu mugungwa + Mari yekuwedzera: Chinhu Chinonyanya Kuoma
Iyi ndiyo chikamu chikuru chemari yose yekutumira, nemitengo ichikanganiswa zvakanyanya nemwaka, nzira dzekutumira, uye nzira dzekutakura. Pane sarudzo mbiri huru dzekutumira, imwe neimwe ine mhedzisiro yakasiyana yemutengo:
1. Kutumira zvinhu zvisina mutoro (LCL): Zvakakodzera kutumira zvinhu 1-2 chete kana zvinhu zvakazara zvisina basa. Kubhadharisa kunoenderana ne "huwandu" (zvinhu zvakareruka/zvine huremu hazviyerwi). Chinhu chine magonhi matatu chine huwandu hunosvika 2.3 cubic metres. Mitengo yeLCL yemusika iripo inotangira pa800-1500 RMB/cubic metres, zvichikonzera kuti mitengo yekutakura zvinhu mugungwa ive inenge 1840-3450 RMB. Cherechedza: LCL inosanganisira "mari yekubatanidza" (500-1000 RMB pakutumira) uye "mari yekuburutsa zvinhu pachiteshi chekuenda" (ichakurukurwa gare gare). Simbisa mitengo iyi nemuridzi wezvinhu wako pachine nguva.
2. Mutoro Wemidziyo Yakazara (FCL): Inodhura zvishoma kana zvinhu zvakawanda zvichitumirwa (semuenzaniso, mayuniti mashanu zvichikwira). Kune mudziyo weGP wemhando yepamusoro une 20-foot GP (une 28 cubic metres), mutengo wekutakura zvinhu mugungwa unodhura madhora zviuru zviviri kusvika zviuru zvina ($2,000–4,000 pamudziyo mumwe chete) (zvakaenzana ne¥14,000–28,000 RMB). Izvi zvinosvika paavhareji ye¥500–1,000 pamudziyo mumwe chete, zvakachipa zvakanyanya pane LCL. Zvisinei, zvinodiwa pakutakura zvinhu pamudziyo mumwe chete zvakakwirira.
3. Mari Yekuwedzera Inodiwa: "Mari dzakavanzwa" idzi dzinowanzo furatirwa, kunyanya dzinosanganisira Bunker Adjustment Factor (BAF) neCurrency Adjustment Factor (CAF), izvo pamwe chete zvinosvika 10%-20% yemari yekutakura zvinhu mugungwa. Munguva dzemwaka wepamusoro-soro (semuenzaniso, mwedzi mitatu Kisimusi isati yasvika muUS), ngarava dzinoisa Peak Season Surcharge (PSS), inowanzoita $500-$2,000 pakutumira zvinhu. Pamusoro pezvo, mitengo yekutakura zvinhu mugungwa inosiyana zvakanyanya pakati penzvimbo dzakasiyana dzekuenda kuUS (semuenzaniso, Los Angeles, New York, Houston). Port of Los Angeles ndiyo yagara iripo uye inopa mitengo yakaderera, nepo Port of New York inowanzo kudhura ne10%-15%.
III. Kubviswa Kwemari Mutero + Kutorwa Kwemakontena: Zvinodhura Uye Zvinosangana Nematambudziko
Zvinhu hazvigone kutorwa nekukasika kana zvasvika pachiteshi cheUS. Maitiro aya anosanganisira mitengo yakaoma uye mitemo yemitero, uye kusabatwa zvakanaka kunogona kukonzera mimwe mitongo:
1. Mari dzekubvisa zvinhu kubva mumitero: Inofanira kubatwa nemutengesi wemitero wekuUS, inodhura mari inosvika $200–500 pakutumira (yakaenzana neRMB 1,400–3,500), kusanganisira mari yekuzivisa nezvezvinhu uye mari yekugadzirisa zvinhu kubva mumitero. Cherechedza: Mafiriji ezvinwiwa ane mikova mitatu anoiswa muchikamu chemidziyo uye anoda chitupa cheFDA (chinosungirwa kushandiswa pamidziyo yekudya yekuUS) uye Chitupa Chekutanga. Kushaikwa kwemagwaro ese kunogona kukonzera kuongororwa, zvichikonzera mari yekuwedzera ye $300–1000 (kana zvisina rombo rakanaka).
2. Mari dzePort: Kusanganisira Mari dzeTerminal Handling (THC), mari dzemagwaro, uye mari dzeAutomated Manifest System (AMS), dzinosvika $300–800 pakutumira (RMB 2,100–5,600). Kune zvinhu zvinotumirwa neLCL (zvishoma pane zvinotakura container), imwe mari yekuwedzera ($200–500 pakutumira) inoshanda; FCL (mutoro wecontainer yakazara) haibhadhare muripo uyu.
3. Mari yekutakura macontainer uye mari yekufambisa mukati menyika: Mushure mekubviswa kwemari yemitero, macontainer anofanira kutorwa kubva kuchiteshi uye kuendeswa kunzvimbo yaanoenda. Kune Los Angeles sechiteshi chekuenda, mari yekutora macontainer inosvika $100–300 parwendo rumwe chete. Kutakura kwenguva refu kubva pachiteshi kuenda kumaguta emukati menyika eUS (semuenzaniso, Chicago, Dallas) kunodhura anenge $1–2 pakiromita imwe neimwe. Semuenzaniso, kutumira kubva kuLos Angeles kuenda kuChicago (anenge makiromita 2,000) kunobhadharisa mari yekufambisa ye $2,000–4,000 (RMB 14,000–28,000). Kana zvikaendeswa kuchitoro chepakati peguta, imwe mari yekutumira muguta ($300–800) inoshanda.
IV. Inishuwarenzi + Mitero: Kudzivirira Kurasikirwa Kwemari Kusingatarisirwi
Kunyange zvazvo zvisiri "mari yekufambisa" chete, idzi i "mari dzekudzivirira" dzinokosha dzine njodzi huru kana dzikasiiwa:
1. Inishuwarenzi yeMarine: Yakaverengerwa pa0.3%-0.8% yemutengo wezvinhu. Kune kabhineti yezvinwiwa ine magonhi matatu ine mutengo weinenge ¥5,000-10,000 payuniti, inishuwarenzi inodhura inosvika ¥15-80 payuniti. Kutenga kunokurudzirwa zvikuru. Inofukidza zvichemo zvekurasikirwa nekuda kwemadutu, kupwanyika kwevhu, kana kukuvara kwemidziyo panguva yekutumira; zvikasadaro, iwe unobhadhara mari yese.
2. Mabasa Ekupinda Munyika muUS: Mafiriji ezvinwiwa anoiswa muchikamu che "midziyo yemufiriji." Kodhi yeUS Harmonized System (HS) inoenderana ine mutero weinenge 2.5%-5% (zvichienderana nekurongwa kwekupedzisira kwemitengo). Kana ikaverengwa zvichibva pamutengo, semuenzaniso, yuniti ine mutengo we¥8,000 inobhadharisa mutero weinenge ¥200-400 payuniti. Pamusoro pezvo, mamwe matunhu anobhadharisa mutero wekutengesa (6%-10%), senge California neNew York. Simbisai mitemo yenyika yekuenda pachine nguva.
V. Mari Dzisina Kuvigwa Dzinowanzoita Kuti Ushandise Mari Yakawandisa
1. Mari yekubvisa zvinhu/Kubvisa zvinhu: Kana zvinhu zvikaramba zvisina kutorwa pachiteshi kwemazuva anopfuura manomwe mushure mekusvika, mari yekubvisa zvinhu inoshanda ($50–200/zuva). Kune zvinhu zvese zviri mumidziyo (FCL), kusadzosa mudziyo mukati menguva yakatarwa yemutakuri (kazhinji mazuva 7–14) kunosanganisira mari yekubvisa zvinhu ($30–100/zuva). Mari idzi dzinowedzera nekunonoka, saka iva nechokwadi chekuti gadziriro dzekubvisa zvinhu mumidziyo dzinoitwa nevatengi dzinoitwa pachine nguva.
2. Mari yeKugadzirisa Pakurongedza Pasina Kutevedzera Mutemo: Kana mapallet emapuranga asina fumigation kana kuti mapacket asina kuchengetedzeka zvakakwana, zvichikonzera kukuvara kwemidziyo, US Customs inogona kurayira kuti pave nemutengo wekugadzirisa patsva. Izvi zvinobhadharisa mari inosvika $500–$2,000 pachiitiko chimwe nechimwe uye zvinokonzera kunonoka kukuru.
3. Mari yekuwedzera yekutumira zvinhu: Pakusarudza kutakura zvinhu, bvunza zvakajeka nezve "mitengo inosanganisira zvese" uye "mari dzisingabatanidzwi" kudzivirira mari dzisingatarisirwi dzakadai se "mari yekubata zvinhu" kana "mari dzinokurumidza" pakati pekuita zvinhu. Zvinokurudzirwa kusaina chibvumirano chakanyorwa chinotsanangura zvese zvinodiwa.
Muchidimbu, kutumira kabhineti imwe chete yezvinwiwa ine mikova mitatu kuUS (semuenzaniso kuLos Angeles) kunodhura mari inosvika ¥12,000–20,000 (inosanganisira kutakura zvinhu mudzimba, kutakura zvinhu mugungwa, kubvisa zvinhu mumigwagwa, uye kutakura zvinhu mumigwagwa yeUS). Mari inokwira ne30%–50% yekutumira zvinhu kumaguta emuUS ari mukati menyika. Ronga mwedzi 1-2 pachine nguva, sarudza mutengesi wezvinhu akavimbika, tsanangura mari dzese, uye gadzirira magwaro akazara ekubvisa zvinhu mumigwagwa yeUS kudzivirira kuwandisa kwemari uye njodzi dzekusungwa kwemitengo yeUS.
Nguva yekutumira: Zvita-29-2025 Maonero: