Magadzirirwo emabhokisi emakabati ekutengesa edhisiki anoumba hwaro hwekuverenga kutakura zvinhu pasi rose. Pakati pemamodeli makuru ari kutenderera pasi rose, makabati madiki edhisiki (akareba mita 0.8-1) ane huwandu hwakasungirirwa hwemamita angangoita 0.8-1.2 uye huremu hwemamita 60-90; mamodheru epakati nepakati (mita 1-1.5) ane huwandu hwemamita 1.2-1.8 uye huremu hwemamita 90-150; mamodheru makuru akagadzirwa nemaoko (anopfuura mamita 1.5) anowanzo pfuura mamita 2 uye anogona kurema anopfuura 200 kg.
Mukutakura zvinhu pasi rose, kutakurwa kwemugungwa kunoverengwa ne "cubic metres", nepo kutakurwa kwemudenga kuchiverengwa zvichibva pamutengo wepamusoro pakati pe "makirogiramu" kana "dimensional weight" (hurefu × width × height ÷ 5000, nedzimwe ndege dzinoshandisa 6000). Tichitora kabhineti yemakeke yepakati ye1.2-meter semuenzaniso, huremu hwayo hunosvika 300 kg (1.5 cubic metres × 200). Kana ikatumirwa nendege kubva kuChina kuenda kuEurope, kutakurwa kwekutanga kunosvika madhora matatu kusvika mashanu pakg, zvichikonzera kutakurwa kwemudenga chete kubva pamadhora mazana mapfumbamwe kusvika zana nemakumi mashanu (900-1500); negungwa ($20-40 pa cubic mita), kutakurwa kwekutanga kunongova madhora makumi matatu kusvika makumi matanhatu (30-60), asi kutenderera kwekutakura kunosvika mazuva makumi matatu kusvika makumi mana nemashanu (30-45).
Pamusoro pezvo, zvinodiwa nemazvo zvemidziyo zvinowedzera mari yekuwedzera.Nekuda kwema compressor akavakirwa mukati uye magirazi anodziya, kutakurwa kwenyika dzese kunofanirwa kutevedzera mitemo yekurongedza yeISTA 3A. Mutengo wemabhokisi emapuranga anodzivirira kutsvedza unenge $50-100 payuniti imwe neimwe, zvichipfuura mutengo wekurongedza kuri nyore kwekutakura kwemumba. Dzimwe nyika (dzakadai seAustralia neNew Zealand) dzinodawo kuti michina iperekedzwe nezvitupa zvekufuridzira, nemari inosvika $30-50 pabhachi imwe neimwe.
2. Musiyano weMutengo uye Mamiriro Anoshanda eNzira dzeKutakura Dziri Mhiri kweMhiri kweMhiri
Mukutengeserana kwenyika dzese, sarudzo yenzira yekufambisa inosarudza zvakananga mitengo yekutakura, nemusiyano wemitengo pakati penzira dzakasiyana uchisvika kanopfuura kagumi:
- Mitoro yemugungwa: Yakakodzera kutakurwa kwemidziyo yakawanda (mayuniti gumi kana kupfuura). Mudziyo wakazara (mudziyo une 20-foot unogona kutakura makabati epakati nepakati 20-30) kubva kuAsia kuenda kumachiteshi makuru eEurope (Rotterdam, Hamburg) unodhura madhora angangoita $1500-3000, unopihwa kuyuniti imwe chete imadhora $50-150 chete; LCL (Mutoro weContainer Ushoma) inoverengerwa nemamita ekubikira, neAsia kuWest Coast yeNorth America inosvika $30-50 pamita yekubikira, zvichikonzera kutakura kabhineti imwe chete yepakati inosvika $45-90, asi nemari yekuwedzera yekuburitsa zvinhu (inenge $20-30 payuniti).
- Kutakura zvinhu nendege: Yakakodzera kuodha nekukurumidza. Kutakura zvinhu nendege kubva kuAsia kuenda kuNorth America kunosvika $4-8 pa kg, nekabhineti imwe chete yepakati nepakati (huremu hwe300 kg) inodhura $1200-2400, ka20-30 kupfuura kutakurwa kwezvinhu negungwa; kutakurwa kwezvinhu nendege mukati meEurope (semuenzaniso, Germany kuenda kuFrance) kwakaderera, kunenge $2-3 pa kg, nemitengo yeyuniti imwe chete ichiderera kusvika $600-900.
- Kutakurwa kwenyika: Inongogumira kunyika dziri pedyo, dzakadai sedziri mukati meEU kubva kuSpain kuenda kuPoland. Kutakurwa kwenyika kunodhura mari inosvika $1.5-2 pakiromita, rwendo rwemakiromita chiuru rwuchidhura $150-200 pakiromita, nenguva yemazuva matatu kusvika mashanu uye mitengo pakati pekutakura zvinhu mugungwa nemundege.
Zvakakosha kuziva kuti zvinhu zvinotakura zvinhu kunze kwenyika hazvibatanidzi mari yekubvisa zvinhu kubva kune dzimwe nyika. Semuenzaniso, muUnited States, makabati emakeke ekutengeserana anopinzwa munyika anobhadhariswa muripo we2.5%-5% (HTS code 841869), pamwe nemari yemumiriri wekubvisa zvinhu kubva kune dzimwe nyika (inenge $100-200 pakutumira), zvichiwedzera mutengo chaiwo wekusvika panzvimbo yacho ne10%-15%.
3. Kupesvedzera kweRegional Logistics Networks paTerminal Freight
Kusarongeka kwema network epasi rose ekutakura zvinhu kunotungamira mumisiyano yakakura mumitengo yekugovera terminal munzvimbo dzakasiyana:
Misika yevanhu vakuru muEurope neAmerica: Nezvivakwa zvekutakura zvinhu zvakagadziridzwa zvakanaka, mari yekugovera zvinhu kubva kumachiteshi kuenda kuzvitoro yakaderera. MuUS, kubva kuPort of Los Angeles kuenda kudhorobha reChicago, muripo wekutakura zvinhu pasi pekabhineti imwe chete yepakati ungangoita $80-150; muEurope, kubva kuPort of Hamburg kuenda kudhorobha reMunich, ungangoita €50-100 (yakaenzana ne $60-120), nesarudzo yekutumira zvinhu zvakarongwa (zvinoda muripo webasa we $20-30).
Misika iri kusimukiraMari yekufamba netsoka yakakwira. MuSoutheast Asia (semuenzaniso, Jakarta, Indonesia), muripo wekutumira zvinhu kubva kuchiteshi kuenda kuguta unenge $100-200 pachikamu chimwe nechimwe, pamwe nemari yekuwedzera yakadai semitero yekupinda; mukutakura zvinhu kubva kuchiteshi cheLagos, Nigeria, nekuda kwemamiriro emigwagwa asina kunaka, mutoro wemotokari imwe chete unogona kusvika $200-300, zvichiita kuti ive 30%-50% yemutengo wechiteshi cheCIF.
Nzvimbo dziri kure: Kutengeswa kwezvinhu zvakawanda kunoita kuti mitengo iwedzere kaviri. Nyika dzakadai seParaguay muSouth America neMalawi muAfrica dzinoda kuti zvinhu zvitumirwe kuburikidza nezviteshi zviri pedyo, nekutakura zvinhu zvese zvekabhineti imwe chete yepakati nepakati (kusanganisira kutengeswa kwezvinhu) zvichisvika $800-1500, zvichipfuura mutengo wekutenga michina yacho pachayo.
4. Nzira dzeKudzora Mari dzeMidziyo muKutsvaga Zvinhu Pasirose
Mukutengeserana kwenyika dzese, kuronga zvine musoro kwezvirongwa zvekufambisa zvinhu kunogona kuderedza zvinobudirira huwandu hwemari yekutakura zvinhu:
Kutakurwa kwevanhu vakawanda: Maodha emayuniti gumi kana kupfuura achishandisa zvinhu zvekutakura zvinhu mugungwa zvinogona kuchengetedza 30%-40% zvichienzaniswa neLCL. Semuenzaniso, kutumira zvinhu kubva kuChina kuenda kuBrazil, tangi rakazara rine 20-foot rinodhura mari inosvika $4000 (rinokwanisa kutakura zvinhu makumi maviri nemashanu), nemutengo we $160 payuniti; kutumira zvinhu muzvikamu gumi zvakasiyana zveLCL kwaizoguma nekutakura zvinhu zvinodarika $300 payuniti.
Kurongeka kwenzvimbo yekuchengetera zvinhu: Kurenda matura ekuchengetera zvinhu kunze kwenyika mumisika mikuru yakadai seNorth America neEurope, uchishandisa modhi ye "full container sea shipment + overseas warehouse distribution", kunogona kuderedza mari yekutumira zvinhu imwe chete kubva pamadhora zana nemakumi mashanu ($150) payuniti imwe neimwe kusvika pamadhora makumi mashanu kusvika makumi masere ($50-80). Semuenzaniso,Amazon FBAMatura ekuEurope anotsigira kuchengetera michina inotonhorera, ine rendi yemwedzi wega wega inosvika $10-15 payuniti imwe neimwe, yakaderera zvikuru pane mutengo wekutumira zvinhu zvakawanda kune dzimwe nyika.
5. Referensi yeMigwagwa Yekutakura Zvinhu Mumusika Wepasi Pose
Zvichienderana nemamiriro ekunze kwenyika, makabati ekuratidza macake epasi rose anogona kupfupikiswa muzvikamu zvinotevera (zvese zvemakabati epakati nepakati, kusanganisira kutakura zvinhu zvishoma + kubvumidzwa kwemitero + kutumirwa kwezviteshi):
- Kutengeserana kwemukati medunhu (semuenzaniso, mukati meEU, mukati meNorth America): $150-300;
- Kutakurwa kwepasi pegungwa (kuenda kuAsia kuenda kuSoutheast Asia, kuenda kuEurope kuenda kuNorth Africa): $300-600;
- Kutakurwa kwegungwa pakati pemakondinendi (kuAsia kuenda kuNorth America, Europe kuenda kuSouth America): $600-1200;
- Nzvimbo dziri kure (mukati meAfrica, nyika diki dzeSouth America): $1200-2000.
Uyezve, mari yekuwedzera munguva dzakakosha inoda kutariswa: pakuwedzera kwe10% kwemitengo yemafuta, mitengo yekutakura zvinhu mugungwa inokwira ne5%-8%; nzira dzinotsauka dzinokonzereswa nekusawirirana kwezvematongerwo enyika (senge dambudziko reGungwa Dzvuku) dzinogona kuwedzera mitengo yekutakura zvinhu kaviri panzira dzeAsia-Europe, zvichiwedzera mutengo weyuniti imwe chete ne$300-500.
Nguva yekutumira: Gunyana-10-2025 Maonero: