Zvigaba zvefiriji zvinowanzoreva makabhati ezvinwiwa zvesupermarket, mafiriji, makabati emakeke, nezvimwewo, ane tembiricha iri pasi pe8°C. Shamwari dzinopinda mubhizimusi repasi rose rinotonhora repasi rose dzakave nenyonganiso iyi: kutaurirana zvakajeka nezvekutakura zvinhu zvemugungwa zvemadhora zviuru zvina pamudziyo wega wega, asi mutengo wekupedzisira unoguma wasvika zviuru zvitanhatu zvemadhora.
Zvigaba zvefiriji zvakatorwa kunze kwenyika zvakasiyana nemidziyo yakajairika yakaoma. Mari yavo yekufambisa isystem inosanganiswa ye "basic fees + tembiricha yekudzora mapremium + njodzi yekuwedzera". Kutarisisa kudiki mune chero chinongedzo kunogona kutungamirira kumutengo usingadzoreki.
Zvakasanganiswa nekuverenga kwemitengo ichangoburwa kune mutengi akatengwa kunze kwenyika nyama yakaomeswa nechando, ngatijekese zvinhu izvi zvinodhura zvakavigwa kuseri kwekutakura zvinhu mugungwa kuti zvikubatsire kudzivirira mariri.
I. Mari yekufambisa: Kutakura zvinhu mugungwa ingori "muripo wekubvuma"
Ichi chikamu ndicho "chikamu chikuru" chemutengo, asi hachisi chinhu chimwe chete chekutakura zvinhu mugungwa. Pane kudaro, ine "basic kutakura + inotonhora cheni yakasarudzika yekuchaja" ine yakanyanya kusimba kusagadzikana.
1. Kutakura zvinhu mugungwa: Zvakajairika kuti cheni inotonhora iite 30% -50% inodhura kupfuura midziyo yakajairika.
Zvigaba zvefiriji zvinoda kutora nzvimbo yakatsaurwa yekambani yengarava inotonhora uye inoda kuramba ichipihwa magetsi kuchengetedza tembiricha yakaderera, saka mutengo wekutakura zvinhu wakakwira zvakanyanya kupfuura wemidziyo yakawoma yakaoma. Tichitora midziyo ye20GP semuenzaniso, kutakura zvinhu zvemugungwa zvekutakura zvinhu kubva kuEurope kuenda kuChina zvingangoita $1,600-$2,200, ukuwo midziyo yefiriji inoshandiswa nyama yakaomeswa nechando inokwira kusvika $3,500-$4,500; mukaha mumigwagwa yeSoutheast Asia iri pachena, nemidziyo yakajairwa inodhura madhora mazana masere nemakumi maviri nemazana maviri, uye midziyo ine firiji yakapetwa kaviri kusvika pamadhora zviuru zviviri nemazana masere nemakumi mashanu.
Zvinofanira kuonekwa pano kuti mutsauko wemutengo wakakurawo kune zvakasiyana-siyana zvekudzivirira kwekushisa zvinodiwa: nyama yechando inoda kutonhora nguva dzose kwe -18 ° C kusvika -25 ° C, uye mari yaro yekushandisa simba ndeye 20% -30% yakakwirira kudarika yemukaka mufiriji midziyo ine tembiricha ye0 ° C-4 ° C.
2. Machaji ekuwedzera: Mitengo yemafuta nemwaka zvinogona kuita kuti mari iite "roller coaster"
Ichi chikamu ndicho chinonyanya kupfuudza bhajeti, uye ese "mashandisirwo akaomarara" ayo makambani ekufambisa anogona kuwedzera pamadiro:
- Bunker Adjustment Factor (BAF/BRC): Iyo firiji system yemidziyo ine firiji inoda kushanda nguva dzose, uye kushandiswa kwemafuta kwakakwira zvakanyanya kupfuura kwemidziyo yakajairika, saka chikamu chemafuta ekuwedzera chakakwira zvakare. Muchikamu chechitatu chegore ra2024, mafuta ekuwedzera pamudziyo angangoita $400- $800, achiverengera 15% -25% yezvese zvinotakura zvinhu. Semuenzaniso, MSC nguva pfupi yadarika yakazivisa kuti kutanga kubva munaKurume 1, 2025, muripo wekudzoreredza mafuta pazvinhu zvefiriji zvinotumirwa kuUnited States uchawedzerwa, zvichitevera kushanduka kwemitengo yemafuta epasi rose.
- Peak Season Surcharge (PSS): Mari iyi haidzivisiki panguva yemitambo kana mwaka yekukohwa munzvimbo dzekugadzira. Semuenzaniso, mukati memwaka wepamusoro wekutengesa kunze kwemichero yeChile muzhizha rekumaodzanyemba kwehemisphere, midziyo yefiriji inotumirwa kuUnited States ichachajwa muripo wemwaka wepamusoro we$500 pamudziyo mumwe; mwedzi miviri pamberi peMutambo weChirimo muChina, mwero wekutakura wemidziyo yefiriji kubva kuEurope kuenda kuChina unowedzera zvakananga ne30% -50%.
- Equipment surcharge: Kana midziyo yepamusoro yefiriji ine humidity control inoshandiswa, kana kuti pre-cooling services inodiwa, kambani yekutumira ichabhadhara imwe mari yekushandisa michina ye $ 200- $ 500 pamudziyo, iyo inowanzoitika pakutengesa michero yepamusoro.
II. Ports uye tsika clearance: Inonyanya kujaira kune "yakavanzika mari"
Vanhu vazhinji vanongoverengera mutengo vasati vasvika pachiteshi, asi vasingatarise "mutengo wenguva" wegaba refiriji rinogara pachiteshi - mutengo wemazuva ese wekugara mugaba refiriji unopetwa 2-3 kupfuura wemudziyo wakajairika.
1. Demurrage + detention: “Muurayi wenguva” wemidziyo ine firiji
Makambani ekutumira anowanzo kupa nguva yemahara yemidziyo yemazuva 3-5, uye nguva yekuchengetedza yemahara pachiteshi ndeye 2-3 mazuva. Kana yadarika nguva yakatarwa, mari yacho inopetwa kaviri zuva nezuva. 100% yechikafu chinotengwa kunze kwenyika chinofanirwa kuongororwa uye kuvharirwa. Kana chiteshi chakazara, demurrage chete inogona kusvika 500-1500 yuan pazuva, uye muripo wehusungwa wemidziyo yefiriji inotodhura, madhora zana-mazana pazuva.
Mutengi akatora nyama yakaomeswa nechando kubva kuFrance. Nekuda kweruzivo rwusina kururama pamusoro pechitupa chekwakabva, kubvumidzwa kwetsika kwakanonoka kwemazuva 5, uye demurrage + muripo wekuvharirwa chete unodhura kupfuura 8,000 RMB, iyo yaive ingangoita 20% kupfuura yaitarisirwa.
2. Customs clearance uye kuongororwa: Mari yekuteerera haigone kuchengetwa
Ichi chikamu imari yakatemwa, asi kutarisisa kunofanirwa kubhadharwa kune "chaiyo chiziviso" kudzivirira imwe mari:
- Muripo wenguva dzose: Mari yekuzivisa yetsika (200-500 yuan patikiti), muripo wekuzivisa yekuongorora (300-800 yuan patiketi), uye muripo webasa rekuongorora (500-1000 yuan) ndiwo wakajairwa. Kana kuchengetwa kwechinguva mutsika-inotariswa inotonhorera yekuchengetedza ichidikanwa, mari yekuchengetedza ye300-500 yuan pazuva ichawedzerwa.
- Tariffs uye kukosha-yakawedzerwa mutero: Ichi ndicho "chikamu chikuru" chemutengo, asi chinogona kuchengetwa kuburikidza nekutengeserana zvibvumirano. Semuenzaniso, uchishandisa fomu yeFOMU E yeRCEP, Thai durians inogona kutengwa kunze kwenyika pasina mutero; Zvigadzirwa zvemukaka zveAustralia zvinogona kuita kuti mutero wavo udzikiswe zvakananga kusvika pa0 nechitupa chekwakabva. Pamusoro pezvo, iyo HS kodhi inofanirwa kuve yakarurama. Semuenzaniso, ice cream yakarongedzwa pasi pe2105.00 (ine mutero we6%) inogona kuchengetedza zviuru zvemadhora mumitero pamudziyo uchienzaniswa nekuiswa pasi pe0403 (ine mutero we10%).
III. Mari yekubatsira: Inoratidzika sediki, asi ichiwedzera kusvika pamari inoshamisa
Mari yega yega yezvibatanidza izvi haina kukwirira, asi inowedzera, kazhinji inoverengera 10% -15% yemari yese.
1. Kurongedza uye mari yekushanda: Kubhadhara kuchengetedza kutsva
Zvinhu zvefiriji zvinoda hunyoro-uchapupu uye kuvhundutsa-kurongedza kwakakosha. Semuenzaniso, vacuum packaging yenyama yakaomeswa inogona kuderedza vhoriyamu ne30%, iyo isingango chengetedza kutakura chete asiwo inochengetedza kutsva, asi muripo wekurongedza i $100- $ 300 pamudziyo. Pamusoro pezvo, maforklift ehunyanzvi anotonhora anodiwa pakurodha nekuburitsa, uye muripo wekushanda wakakwira 50% kupfuura wezvinhu zvakajairika. Kana zvinhu zvichitya kubhuroka uye zvichida kuiswa kwechiedza chemaoko, muripo unozowedzera.
2. Inishuwarenzi premium: Kupa dziviriro ye "zvinhu zvinoparara"
Kamwe kutaridzika kwekushisa kwezvinhu zvefiriji kukakundikana, kuchava kurasikirwa zvachose, saka inishuwarenzi haigoni kuponeswa. Kazhinji, inishuwarenzi inotorwa pa 0.3% -0.8% yezvinhu zvakakosha. Semuyenzaniso, pa$50,000 yenyama yakaomeswa nechando, muripo unosvika $150-$400. Kune nzira dzakareba dzakadai seSouth America neAfrica, mari yekubhadhara ichakwira kusvika kudarika 1%, nokuti nguva yakareba yekufambisa, inowedzera njodzi yekudzivirira kupisa.
3. Mari yekufambisa yepamba: Mutengo wemamaira yekupedzisira
Zvekufambisa kubva pachiteshi kuenda kumukati menyika inotonhorera, kutakurwa kwemarori efiriji kwakakwira ne40% kupfuura emarori akajairwa. Semuyenzaniso, mari yekufambisa ye20GP mugaba unefiriji kubva kuShanghai Port kuenda kunzvimbo inotonhora yekuchengetera muSuzhou i1,500-2,000 yuan. Kana iri kumatunhu epakati nekumadokero, imwe 200-300 yuan pamakiromita zana ichawedzerwa, uye mari yekutyaira isina chinhu inofanirawo kuverengerwa.
IV. Unyanzvi hunoshanda hwekudzora mutengo: 3 nzira dzekuchengetedza 20% yemitengo
Mushure mekunzwisisa kuumbwa kwemutengo, kutonga kwemutengo kunogona kuitwa nenzira yakarongeka. Hedzino dzimwe nzira dzakasimbiswa:
1. Sarudza LCL yemabhechi madiki uye kusaina zvibvumirano zvenguva refu zvezvikwata zvakakura:
Kana huwandu hwekutakura huri pasi pe5 cubic metres, LCL (Isingasviki Container Load) inochengetedza 40% -60% yekutakura zvichienzaniswa neFCL. Kunyange zvazvo nguva yekushanda iri 5-10 mazuva zvishoma nezvishoma, inokodzera mirairo yekuedza; kana vhoriyamu yegore negore inodarika midziyo ye50, saina chibvumirano chenguva refu zvakananga nekambani yekutumira kuti uwane 5% -15% discount.
2. Nyatsodzora tembiricha uye nguva yekudzikisa kutambisa simba:
Isa hushoma hunodiwa tembiricha zvichienderana nehunhu hwezvinhu. Semuenzaniso, mabhanana anogona kuchengetwa pa13 ° C, uye hapana chikonzero chekudzikisa kusvika ku0 ° C; Batanidza nekambani yekubvisa tsika pamberi pekugadzirira zvinhu usati wasvika pachiteshi, kudzvanya nguva yekuongorora kusvika mukati mezuva rimwe, uye kudzivirira demurrage.
3. Shandisa tekinoroji kuderedza mutengo:
Isa GPS yekudzora tembiricha yekutarisa pamidziyo ine firiji kuti uchengetedze shanduko yekushisa munguva chaiyo, kudzivirira kurasikirwa zvachose nekuda kwekutadza kwemidziyo; shandisa automated warehousing system, iyo inogona kuderedza mari yekushandisa yekuchengetedza inotonhora ne10% -20%.
Chekupedzisira, pfupiso: Kuverenga mutengo kunofanirwa kusiya "nzvimbo inochinjika"
Mutengo wemitengo yemidziyo yefiriji inotengeswa kunze kwenyika inogona kupfupikiswa se: (Basic gungwa kutakura + mabheji) + (Port fees + custom clearance fees) + (Packaging + inishuwarenzi + mubhadharo wekufambisa wepamba) + 10% inoshanduka bhajeti. Chikamu ichi che10% chakakosha kugadzirisa nyaya dzechimbichimbi dzakaita sekukwidzwa kwemafuta edzimotokari uye kunonoka kubviswa kwemitengo.
Mushure mezvose, musimboti wekutakura kweketani inotonhora "kuchengetedza kutsva". Panzvimbo yekuve anonyima nemitengo inodiwa, zviri nani kuderedza mari yakavanzika kuburikidza nekuronga kwakaringana - kuchengetedza kunaka kwezvinhu ndiko kuchengetedza zvakanyanya mutengo.
Nguva yekutumira: Nov-12-2025 Views: