Matangi emufiriji anowanzoreva makabati ezvinwiwa emuzvitoro zvikuru, mafiriji, makabati emakeke, nezvimwewo, ane tembiricha iri pasi pe8°C. Shamwari dziri mubhizinesi rekutengesa zvinhu zvinotonhora pasi rose dzakambova nekuvhiringidzika uku: zviri pachena kuti vari kutaurirana nezvekutakura zvinhu mugungwa zvemadhora zviuru zvina ($4,000) patangi rimwe nerimwe, asi mutengo wekupedzisira wava kusvika pamadhora zviuru zvitanhatu ($6,000).
Matangi emufiriji anounzwa kunze kwenyika akasiyana nematangi emufiriji akajairwa. Mari dzekufambisa dzawo ihurongwa hwakabatana hwe "mari dzekutanga + mari yemubhadharo wekutonga tembiricha + mari yekuwedzera njodzi". Kukanganisa kudiki pane chero kubatana kunogona kukonzera kuti mari isashande zvakanaka.
Pamwe chete nekuverenga mitengo yenyama yechando yekuEurope inotengeswa nemutengi, ngatitsanangurei mitengo yezvinhu izvi zvakavanzwa kuseri kwekutakura zvinhu mugungwa kuti zvikubatsirei kudzivirira misungo yemitengo.
I. Mari huru yekufambisa: Kutakura zvinhu mugungwa ingori "mari yekupinda"
Chikamu ichi ndicho "chikamu chikuru" chemutengo, asi hachisi chinhu chimwe chete chekutakura zvinhu mugungwa. Asi, chine "mari yekutakura zvinhu zvepakutanga + mari yekuwedzera inotonhorera" ine kusagadzikana kwakanyanya.
1. Kutakura zvinhu mugungwa: Zvakajairika kuti zvinhu zvinotonhora zvidhure ne30%-50% kupfuura zvinhu zvakajairika.
Matangi emufiriji anofanira kugara munzvimbo yekambani yengarava yakatsaurirwa kutonhora uye anoda magetsi anoramba achishandiswa kuti arambe achishanda zvakanaka, saka huwandu hwezvinhu zvinotakura hwakakwira zvakanyanya kupfuura hwematangi akajairwa akaoma. Tichitora matangi e20GP semuenzaniso, huwandu hwezvinhu zvinotakura mugungwa kubva kuEurope kuenda kuChina hunosvika $1,600-$2,200, nepo matangi emufiriji anoshandiswa pakugadzira nyama yakaomeswa nechando achikwira zvakananga kusvika $3,500-$4,500; musiyano uripo munzira dzekuSoutheast Asia uri pachena, matangi akajairwa achidhura $800-$1,200, uye matangi emufiriji achipetwa kaviri kusvika $1,800-$2,500.
Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa pano kuti musiyano wemitengo wakakurawo pazvinodiwa zvakasiyana zvekudzora tembiricha: nyama yakaomeswa nechando inoda tembiricha inogara iripo kubva -18°C kusvika -25°C, uye mari yekushandisa simba rayo yakakwira ne20%-30% kupfuura yemidziyo yemukaka inochengeterwa mufiriji ine tembiricha ye0°C-4°C.
2. Mari yekuwedzera: Mitengo yemafuta nemwaka zvinogona kuita kuti mitengo ive "roller coaster"
Chikamu ichi ndicho chinonyanya kudarika bhajeti, uye zvese izvi "mari inoshandiswa zvakanyanya" iyo makambani ekutakura zvinhu anogona kuwedzera paanenge achida:
- Bunker Adjustment Factor (BAF/BRC): Sisitimu yekutonhodza yemidziyo yemufiriji inofanira kushanda nguva dzose, uye kushandiswa kwemafuta kwakakwira zvikuru kupfuura kwemidziyo yakajairika, saka chikamu chekuwedzera kwemafuta chakakwirawo. Muchikamu chechitatu chegore ra2024, kuwedzera kwemafuta pamudziyo mumwe chete kwaive kungangoita $400-$800, zvichiita kuti ive 15%-25% yezvese zvinotakura. Semuenzaniso, MSC ichangobva kuzivisa kuti kutanga kubva munaKurume 1, 2025, muripo wekudzosa mafuta wezvinhu zvemufiriji zvinotumirwa kuUnited States uchawedzerwa, zvichitevera kuchinja kwemitengo yemafuta epasi rose.
- Peak Season Surcharge (PSS): Mari iyi haidzivisike panguva yemitambo kana mwaka yekukohwa munzvimbo dzinogadzirwa. Semuenzaniso, munguva yekutengeswa kwemichero yeChile yakawanda muzhizha rekumaodzanyemba kwehemisphere, magaba efiriji anotumirwa kuUnited States achabhadhariswa mari yemwaka wepamusoro yemadhora mazana mashanu ($500) pagaba rega rega; mwedzi miviri Mutambo weChirimo usati waitwa muChina, mwero wekutakura magaba efiriji kubva kuEurope kuenda kuChina unowedzera zvakananga ne30%-50%.
- Mari yekuwedzera yemidziyo: Kana midziyo yemufiriji yepamusoro ine hunyoro hwepamusoro ikashandiswa, kana kuti mabasa ekutonhodza asati aitwa, kambani yekutumira zvinhu ichabhadharisa mari yekuwedzera yekushandisa michina ye$200-$500 pamudziyo, izvo zvinowanzoitika kana uchitenga michero yepamusoro.
II. Kubviswa kwezviteshi zvepachiteshi nekubhadhariswa kwemitero: Zvinonyanya kukonzera "mari dzakavanzwa"
Vanhu vazhinji vanongoverenga mutengo vasati vasvika pachiteshi, asi vanofuratira "mutengo wenguva" wemudziyo wakachengetwa mufiriji unogara pachiteshi - mutengo wezuva nezuva wemudziyo wakachengetwa mufiriji unopfuura kaviri kana katatu wemudziyo wakajairika.
1. Kusagadzikana + kuvharirwa: "Muurayi wenguva" wemakontena ari mufiriji
Makambani ekutakura zvinhu anowanzopa nguva yemahara yekontena yemazuva matatu kusvika mashanu, uye nguva yekuchengetera zvinhu pachiteshi mazuva maviri kusvika matatu. Kana zvapfuura nguva yakatarwa, muripo unopetwa kaviri pazuva. 100% yechikafu chinotengwa kunze kwenyika chinofanira kuongororwa uye kuvharirwa. Kana chiteshi chakazara, mari yekubvisa zvinhu inogona kusvika 500-1500 yuan pazuva, uye muripo wekuchengetedza zvinhu mufiriji unodhura zvakanyanya, 100-200 madhora pazuva.
Mutengi akatenga nyama yakaomeswa nechando kubva kuFrance. Nekuda kweruzivo rusina kururama pamusoro pechitupa chekwakabva, kubvumidzwa kwemitero kwakanonoka kwemazuva mashanu, uye muripo wekubvisa mitero + wekuchengetedza chete waidhura mari inodarika 8,000 RMB, iyo yaive inodarika 20% kupfuura zvaitarisirwa.
2. Kubviswa kwemitero nekuongorora: Mari yekutevedzera mitemo haigone kuponeswa
Chikamu ichi chinoshandiswa zvakagadzika, asi kungwarira kunofanira kupihwa pa "kuzivisa kwakarurama" kudzivirira mari yekuwedzera:
- Mari dzenguva dzose: Mari yekuzivisa nezvemitengo (200-500 yuan patikiti), mari yekuzivisa nezvekuongorora (300-800 yuan patikiti), uye mari yebasa rekuongorora (500-1000 yuan) ndizvo zvakajairika. Kana kuchengetwa kwenguva pfupi munzvimbo inotonhorera inotariswa nemitero yemitero kuchidikanwa, mari yekuchengetedza ye300-500 yuan pazuva ichawedzerwa.
- Mitero nemutero wekuwedzera kukosha: Ichi ndicho "chikamu chikuru" chemutengo, asi chinogona kuponeswa kuburikidza nezvibvumirano zvekutengeserana. Semuenzaniso, uchishandisa chitupa cheFORM E cheRCEP, madurian ekuThailand anogona kupinzwa kunze kwenyika asingabhadharwe mutero; zvigadzirwa zvemukaka zvekuAustralia zvinogona kuderedzwa zvakananga kusvika pa0 nechitupa chekwakabva. Pamusoro pezvo, kodhi yeHS inofanira kunge yakarurama. Semuenzaniso, ice cream yakarongwa pasi pe2105.00 (ine mutero we6%) inogona kuchengetedza zviuru zvemadhora mumitero pamudziyo mumwe kana zvichienzaniswa nekurongwa pasi pe0403 (ine mutero we10%).
III. Mari dzekubatsira: Dzinoita sediki, asi dzichiwedzera kusvika pahuwandu hunoshamisa
Mari yekubatanidza iyi haisi yakakwira, asi inobatanidzwa, kazhinji ichiita 10%-15% yemutengo wese.
1. Mari yekurongedza nekushandisa: Kubhadhara kuchengetedza hunyoro
Zvinhu zviri mufiriji zvinoda kurongedza kwakakosha kunodzivirira hunyoro uye kusingavhunduke. Semuenzaniso, kurongedza nyama yakaomeswa nechando kunogona kuderedza huwandu ne30%, izvo zvinochengetedza kutakurwa kwezvinhu chete asiwo zvinochengetedza kutsva, asi muripo wekurongedza i$100-$300 pamudziyo mumwe chete. Pamusoro pezvo, maforklift ehunyanzvi echando anodiwa pakurodha nekuburitsa zvinhu, uye muripo wekushanda wakakwira ne50% kupfuura wezvinhu zvakajairika. Kana zvinhu zvichitya kudonha uye zvichida kuiswa nemaoko, muripo uchawedzera zvakanyanya.
2. Inishuwarenzi yemubhadharo: Kupa dziviriro kune "zvinhu zvinoora"
Kana kudzora tembiricha yezvinhu zviri mufiriji kwakundikana, kuchava kurasikirwa kukuru, saka inishuwarenzi haigone kuponeswa. Kazhinji, inishuwarenzi inotorwa pa0.3%-0.8% yemutengo wezvinhu. Semuenzaniso, panyama yakaomeswa nechando inokosha $50,000, mari yacho inosvika $150-$400. Panzira refu dzakadai seSouth America neAfrica, mari yacho ichakwira kusvika pa1%, nekuti kana nguva yekufambisa yakareba, njodzi yekudzora tembiricha inowedzera.
3. Muripo wekufambisa mumba: Mutengo wemakiromita ekupedzisira
Pakutakura kubva pachiteshi kuenda kunzvimbo inotonhorera yemukati menyika, kutakura kwemarori ane firiji kwakakwira ne40% kupfuura kwemarori akajairwa. Semuenzaniso, muripo wekutakura mudziyo we20GP une firiji kubva kuShanghai Port kuenda kunzvimbo inotonhorera yeSuzhou i1,500-2,000 yuan. Kana iri kumatunhu epakati nekumadokero, imwe yuan 200-300 pamakiromita zana ichawedzerwa, uye muripo wekutyaira usina chinhu unofanirawo kuverengerwa.
IV. Unyanzvi hwekushandisa pakudzora mitengo: nzira nhatu dzekuchengetedza 20% yemari
Mushure mekunzwisisa kuumbwa kwemutengo, kudzora mutengo kunogona kuitwa nenzira yakarongeka. Heano mamwe maitiro akaongororwa:
1. Sarudza LCL yemabhechi madiki uye saina zvibvumirano zvenguva refu zvemabhechi makuru:
Kana huwandu hwezvinhu zviri mukutakura husingasviki 5 cubic metres, LCL (Chishoma pane Container Load) inochengetedza 40%-60% yekutakura zvinhu zvichienzaniswa neFCL. Kunyangwe kushanda kwenguva kuchinonoka nemazuva 5-10, yakakodzera maodha ekuyedza; kana huwandu hwekubhuka hwegore negore huchidarika 50 containers, saina chibvumirano chenguva refu zvakananga nekambani yekutumira zvinhu kuti uwane 5%-15% discount.
2. Dzora tembiricha nenguva nemazvo kuti uderedze marara esimba:
Gadza tembiricha inodiwa zvichienderana nehunhu hwezvinhu zvacho. Semuenzaniso, mabhanana anogona kuchengetwa pa13°C, uye hapana chikonzero chekuadzikisa kusvika pa0°C; batana nekambani yekubvisa zvinhu pachine nguva kuti ugadzirire zvinhu usati wasvika pachiteshi, dzvanya nguva yekuongorora kusvika mukati mezuva rimwe chete, uye usanyanya kunonoka.
3. Shandisa tekinoroji kuderedza mitengo:
Isa GPS yekutarisisa tembiricha pamidziyo yefiriji kuti urambe uchitevera shanduko dzetembiricha panguva chaiyo, uchidzivirira kurasikirwa zvachose nekuda kwekutadza kwemidziyo; shandisa system yekuchengetera zvinhu otomatiki, iyo inogona kuderedza mari yekushandisa yekuchengetedza zvinhu zvinotonhora ne10%-20%.
Pakupedzisira, pfupiso: Kuverenga mutengo kunofanira kusiya "nzvimbo inochinjika"
Fomura yemutengo wemakontena anoiswa mufiriji anotorwa kunze kwenyika inogona kupfupikiswa seizvi: (Mari yekutakura zvinhu mugungwa + muripo wekuwedzera) + (Mari yekufambisa + muripo wekubvisa zvinhu mumigwagwa) + (Kurongedza + inishuwarenzi + muripo wekutakura zvinhu mudzimba) + 10% bhajeti rinochinjika. Iyi 10% yakakosha pakugadzirisa njodzi dzakadai sekuwedzera kwemitengo yemafuta uye kunonoka kubvisa zvinhu mumigwagwa.
Pamusoro pezvose, chinangwa chikuru chekutakura zvinhu zvinotonhora ndechekuchengetedza zvinhu zvitsva. Pane kungogumira pakubhadhara mari inodiwa, zviri nani kuderedza mari yakavanzika kuburikidza nekuronga nemazvo - kuchengetedza mhando yezvinhu ndiko kunochengetedza mari zvakanyanya.
Nguva yekutumira: Mbudzi-12-2025 Maonero: