Kunzwisisa Kusiyanisa Pakati Pemhando dzeRefrigerant dzeFiriji

Midziyo yemazuva ano yefiriji yakakosha pakuchengetedza chikafu, asi mafiriji akadai seR134a, R290, R404a, R600a, uye R507 anosiyana zvakanyanya pakushandisa. R290 inowanzoshandiswa mumakabhati ezvinwiwa zvefiriji, nepo R143a ichiwanzo shandiswa mumakabhati madiki edoro. R600a inowanzochengeterwa michina yekuomesa nechando.

Mafiriji ndiwo anoraramisa mafiriji masisitimu, anoita kuti mafiriji atore kupisa uye achengetedze tembiricha yemukati inotonhorera. Nekudaro, haazi ese mafiriji anogadzirwa akaenzana-awo makemikari kuumbwa, kukanganisa kwezvakatipoteredza, kuchengetedza profiles, uye kuita zvinosiyana zvakanyanya. Kune vatengi, matekinoroji, uye nyanzvi dzeindasitiri muEurope neNorth America, kunzwisisa mutsauko uyu kwakakosha, kunyanya pakati pekumanikidza kwekudzora kudzikisa kuburitsa gasi rinopisa uye kuchengetedza ozone layer.

Core Kuongorora Maitiro eRefrigerants

Usati wanyura mumhando dzega, zvakakosha kutsanangura metrics anonyanya kukosha kune mafiriji application. Aya maitiro anozivikanwa pasi rese muindasitiri yeHVAC/R (Kupisa, Kufefetedza, Air Conditioning, Refrigeration) uye sarudzo dzekutonga pasi rose:

• ODP (Ozone Depletion Potential): Chiyero chekuti chinhu chinokuvadza zvakadini ozone layer. Mucherechedzo ndeye R11 (yazvino yakarambidzwa firiji), ine ODP ye 1. Chiyero che0 chinoreva kuti refrigerant haina ozone-depleting effects.
• GWP (Global Warming Potential): Chiyero chekubatsira kwechinhu mukushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze mumakore zana, zvichienzaniswa necarbon dioxide (CO₂, GWP = 1). Hwaro hwepasi hweGWP hunoiswa pamberi pasi pemitemo yakaita seEU F-Gas Regulation uye US EPA's SNAP (Significant New Alternatives Policy).
• ASHRAE Safety Classification: Chiyero (ASHRAE 34-2022) chinoyera mafiriji nekupisa (Kirasi 1: isingabatike; Chikamu 2L: chinopisa zvishoma; Kirasi 2: chinopisa moto; Kirasi 3: chinopisa zvakanyanya) uye chepfu (Kirasi A: huturu hushoma; Kirasi B: huturu hwepamusoro). Mazhinji mafiriji efiriji anowira muKirasi A.
• Thermodynamic Performance: Inosanganisira kutonhora kwakanaka (COP, kana Coefficient of Performance, uko yakakwirira = inoshanda zvakanyanya), kushanda nesimba (inofanirwa kuenderana nefiriji compressor dhizaini), uye tembiricha yemhando (inokodzera mafiriji epakati-tembiricha kana mafiriza akadzikama).
• Kugarisana: Inoshanda nefiriji compressor lubricant (semuenzaniso, mineral oil, POE mafuta) uye zvinhu (semuenzaniso, seals, hoses) kudzivirira kukuvara kwehurongwa.

Individual Refrigerant Analysis

Imwe neimwe firiji ine simba rakasiyana uye inogumira, ichiita kuti ive yakakodzera kune chaiwo makesi ekushandisa-kubva kumafiriji epamba kusvika kune ekutengesa mafiriza. Pazasi pane kutsanangurwa kwakadzama kwemhando yega yega.

1. R134a (Tetrafluoroethane)

Kemikari Type: Pure hydrofluorocarbon (HFC)

Zvidimbu zvakakosha:

• ODP: 0 (ozone-yakachengeteka)
• GWP: 1,430 (pamwe neIPCC Yechitanhatu Yekuongorora Chirevo, 100-year horizon)
• ASHRAE Chengetedzo Kirasi: A1 (isingabatike, yakaderera chepfu)
• Kushanda Kudzvinyirira: Pakati (kuenzaniswa nemamwe mafiriji)
• Kugarisana: Inoshanda nePOE (polyol ester) kana PAG (polyalkylene glycol) lubricant.

Kuita & Zvishandiso:

R134a yakabuda muma1990 sechinotsiva R12 (CFC ine ODP yakakwira, yave kurambidzwa pasi peMontreal Protocol). Yakave chikafu mumafiriji emumba, zvinwiwa zvidiki zvinotonhorera, uye mafiriji anotakurika nekuda kwehunhu hwayo husingabatike uye kubatanidza nyore muhurongwa huripo. Kutonhodza kwaro (COP) kuri pakati nepakati—kunokwanirana netembiricha yefiriji (2–8°C yekamuri itsva, -18°C yemafiriza) asi yakaderera pane mafiriji chaiwo akaita seR600a.

Regulatory & Environmental Status:

Nepo R134a iri ozone-yakachengeteka, yakakwira GWP yakakonzera kurambidzwa muEurope neNorth America. Pasi peEU F-Gasi Regulation (EC No 517/2014), kushandiswa kweR134a mumidziyo mitsva yefiriji kwakaderedzwa kubva 2020, paine kumwe kudzikiswa kwakarongwa. Iyo inoramba yakajairika mumafiriji ekare asi iri kutsiviwa neakaderera-GWP dzimwe nzira mumhando nyowani.

Zvinetso: Yakakwira GWP inoganhura kwenguva refu kugona; kushanda kwakaderera kudarika mafiriji echisikigo.

2. R600a (Isobutane)

Chemical Type: Pure hydrocarbon (HC, "natural refrigerant" yakabva mupetroleum/gasi)

Zvidimbu zvakakosha:

• ODP: 0 (ozone-yakachengeteka)
• GWP: 3 (inokonzeresa mamiriro ekunze-imwe yepasi pasi iripo)
• ASHRAE Chengetedzo Kirasi: A3 (inopisa zvakanyanya, yakaderera muchetura)
• Operating Pressure: Yakaderera (inoda compressors yakagadzirirwa yakaderera-kudzvanywa masisitimu)
• Kugarisana: Inoshanda nemamineral oil kana alkylbenzene (AB) lubricant (kwete POE/PAG).

Kuita & Zvishandiso:

R600a ikozvino ndiyo inonyanya kushandiswa mufiriji mumafiriji emazuva ano emuEurope neNorth America. Kutonhora kwayo kwakanyanya (COP 5-10% yakakwirira kupfuura R134a) inoderedza kushandiswa kwesimba, kuenderana neEU Energy Label uye US ENERGY STAR® zviyero. Yayo yakaderera GWP inoita kuti ienderane zvizere nemitemo yakasimba yekuburitsa.

Chengetedzo & Kuisa Mafungiro:

Kupisa ndiko kunetsa kweR600a. Kuti vaderedze njodzi, vagadziri vanomisa saizi yayo yekuchaja mumafiriji (kazhinji ≤150 gramu) uye vanoshandisa zvinhu zvinoputika-zvinoputika (semuenzaniso, macompressor akavharwa, zvikamu zvemagetsi zvisingapisi). Vanamazvikokota vanoda kudzidziswa kwakasarudzika kubata kudonha, sezvo yakanyudzwa R600a mhute inopfuta.

Zvinetso: Kupisa kwakanyanya kunoda kuchengetedza-yakatarisana dhizaini uye kubata; haienderane nemafuta ePOE/PAG.

3. R290 (Propane)

Kemikari Type: Pure hydrocarbon (HC, yefiriji yechisikigo)

Zvidimbu zvakakosha:

• ODP: 0 (ozone-yakachengeteka)
• GWP: 3 (yakafanana neR600a, yakanyanya-yakaderera mamiriro ekunze)
• ASHRAE Chengetedzo Kirasi: A3 (inopfuta zvakanyanya, muchetura wakaderera-inopfuta zvishoma pane R600a, ine simba rekudzikisira rakaderera)
• Operating Pressure: Pakati-pasi (yakakwirira kupfuura R600a, yakaderera pane R134a)
• Kuenderana: Inoshanda nemafuta emamineral kana AB lubricant.

Kuita & Zvishandiso:

R290 inopa kutonhora kwakanyanya - COP yayo iri 10-15% yakakwira kupfuura R134a, zvichiita kuti ive yakakodzera kufiriji isingashande nesimba. Inoshandiswa mumafiriji emumba madiki kusvika epakati, mini-mafiriji, uye mamwe ekutengesa ekuratidzira anotonhorera (apo saizi yekuchaja ishoma). Munzvimbo dzakaita seEU, iri kuwedzera kugamuchirwa seyakatsiva yakananga R134a mumamodheru matsva.

Chengetedzo & Mamiriro Ekutonga:

Kufanana neR600a, kupisa kweR290 kunoda matanho akasimba ekuchengetedza: miganho yekuchaja (≤150 magiramu emafiriji epamba), masisitimu ekuona pakudonha, uye zvinhu zvisingabatike mukati mefiriji. Inonyatsoenderana neEU F-Gas Regulation uye US EPA SNAP, isina hurongwa-pasi nekuda kwekuderera kwayo GWP.

Zvinetso: Kupisa kwepamusoro kupfuura R600a; inoda zvakanyanya kuomarara kuongororwa kwekuchengetedza panguva yekugadzira.

4. R404a (Musanganiswa weR125, R134a, R143a)

Kemikari Type: Pedyo-azeotropic HFC musanganiswa (maHFC akawanda akasanganiswa kutevedzera zvimiro zvefiriji imwe chete)

Zvidimbu zvakakosha:

• ODP: 0 (ozone-yakachengeteka)
• GWP: 3,922 (yakanyanya kukwirira-imwe yemafiriji anonyanya kukanganisa mamiriro ekunze)
• ASHRAE Chengetedzo Kirasi: A1 (isingabatike, yakaderera chepfu)
• Operating Pressure: Yakakwira (yakagadziridzwa kune yakaderera-tembiricha masisitimu)
• Kuenderana: Inoshanda nePOE lubricant.

Kuita & Zvishandiso:

R404a yaimbova mwero wegoridhe wefiriji yekutengesa, kusanganisira mafiriza ekufamba-famba, makesi ekuratidzira ezvitoro zvikuru, uye mafiriji emaindasitiri anoshanda pa -20°C kusvika -40°C. Kutonhora kwayo kwepamusoro uye kugadzikana pakudziya kwakadzika kwakaita kuti ive yakanaka kune aya maapplication.

Regulatory & Environmental Status:

R404a's yekupedzisira-yakakwirira GWP yakatungamira kune yayo pedyo-yakazara chikamu-kunze muEurope neNorth America. Pasi peEU F-Gasi Regulation, kushandiswa kwayo mumidziyo mitsva kwakarambidzwa muna 2020, uye kupinza kwayo / kunze kwenyika kunorambidzwa zvakanyanya. MuUS, EPA yakanyora R404a se "yakakwirira-GWP chinhu" uye inoda kutsiviwa neyepasi-GWP dzimwe nzira (semuenzaniso, R452A, R513A) muhurongwa hutsva. Inoramba iri mumafiriji ekare ekutengesa asi iri kubviswa kuburikidza nekudzorera.

Zvinetso: Prohibitive GWP; urombo husina simba hwesimba kana uchienzaniswa nezvinotsiva zvemazuva ano; inobatsira zvikuru mukushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze.

5. R507 (Musanganiswa weR125 & R143a)

Kemikari Type: Azeotropic HFC musanganiswa (misanganiswa inofashaira/inodonhedza patembiricha imwe chete, sefiriji yakachena)

Zvidimbu zvakakosha:

• ODP: 0 (ozone-yakachengeteka)
• GWP: 3,985 (inoda kufanana neR404a, yepamusoro-soro)
• ASHRAE Chengetedzo Kirasi: A1 (isingabatike, yakaderera chepfu)
• Operating Pressure: Yakakwira (yakakwira zvishoma pane R404a)
• Kuenderana: Inoshanda nePOE lubricant.

Kuita & Zvishandiso:

R507 ihama yepedyo yeR404a, yakagadzirirwa firiji yekutengeserana yepasi-tembiricha (semuenzaniso, mafiriza akadzika, makesi ekutaridza chikafu akaomeswa nechando) apo kutonhora kunoenderana -30°C kusvika -50°C kunodiwa. Yayo azeotropic hunhu inoreva kuti haina kupatsanurwa kuita zvikamu panguva yekudonha, kurerutsa kugadzirisa - mukana pamusoro pepedyo-azeotropic musanganiswa seR404a.

Regulatory & Environmental Status:

Kunge R404a, R507's yakakwira GWP yakatungamira kune yakasimba mitemo. EU F-Gas Regulation yakarambidza kushandiswa kwayo mumidziyo mitsva muna 2020, uye US EPA yakazvidoma se "chinhu chinonetsa" pasi peSNAP. Iri kutsiviwa nedzimwe nzira dzakaderera-GWP dzakadai seR448A (GWP = 1,387) uye R449A (GWP = 1,397) mumashandisirwo ekutengeserana.

Matambudziko: Yakanyanya kukwirira GWP; hapana kwenguva refu inogoneka pasi pemitemo yepasi rose yekuburitsa; inogumira kumasisitimu enhaka.

Maitiro emitengo yemafiriji akasiyana anosiyana. Iyi ndiyo chati yemaitiro kubva munaJune 2025:

Kuenzanisa Overview yeRefrigerants

Tafura iri pazasi inopfupikisa misiyano yakakosha pakati pemafiriji mashanu, ichiratidza kukodzera kwavo kune chaiwo mashandisiro ekushandisa:

Regulatory Trends & Industry Shifts

Musika wepasi rose wefiriji uri kufambiswa nezvinangwa zviviri zvakakura: kubvisa ozone-depleting zvinhu (zvinowanikwa kune mazhinji mafiriji) uye kudzikisa kuburitswa kwegasi regreenhouse (iyo yazvino tarisiro). MuEurope neNorth America, mirau iri kusimudzira shanduko kune yakaderera-GWP sarudzo:

• EU F-Gas Regulation: Inorayira kuderedza 79% mukushandiswa kweHFC ne2030 (ichienzaniswa nemazinga e2015) uye inorambidza high-GWP refrigerants (GWP> 2,500) mumichina mitsva yefiriji.
• US EPA SNAP: Inonyora pasi-GWP mafiriji (semuenzaniso, R600a, R290, R452A) se“inogamuchirika” kune akawanda maapplication uye inorambidza yakakwira-GWP sarudzo (semuenzaniso, R404a, R507) mumasisitimu matsva.

Kune vatengi, izvi zvinoreva:

• Mafiriji matsva emumba anongoda kushandisa R600a kana R290 chete (nekuda kwekuderera kweGWP uye kugona kwakanyanya).
• Firiji yekutengeserana ichachinja kune yakaderera-GWP misanganiswa (semuenzaniso, R448A, R454C) kana mafiriji echisikigo seCO₂ (R744) yemasisitimu makuru.
• Mafiriji ekare anoshandisa R134a, R404a, kana R507 achada kuraswa kwakafanira kana kudzokororwa kuti aenderane nemirau.

Kusarudza firiji yakakodzera yefiriji kunoenderana nekuenzanisa zvinhu zvina: kukanganisa kwezvakatipoteredza (ODP/GWP), kuchengetedzwa (kupisa / huturu), kuita (kugona / kudzvanywa), uye kutevedzera mutemo. Kune akawanda emazuva ano maapplication:

• R600a neR290 ndiyo yakanakisa sarudzo dzemafiriji epamba, ichipa yakaderera-yakaderera GWP uye nepamusoro-soro (ine matanho ekuchengetedza ekugadzirisa kupisa).
• R404a uye R507 hazvichashandi kune masisitimu matsva, anoganhurirwa kumidziyo yekutengeserana yenhaka kusvika yadzoserwa kana kutsiva.
• R134a isarudzo yekuchinja, zvishoma nezvishoma ichibviswa mukufarira mafiriji chaiwo.

Sezvo mitemo inosimbisa uye teknolojia inofambira mberi, iyo indasitiri icharamba ichinyanya kuisa mafiriji echisikigo uye yakaderera-GWP yakasanganiswa-kuve nechokwadi chekuti mafiriji masisitimu ese ari maviri anoshanda uye akasimba kwenguva refu. Kune matekinoroji nevatengi, kugara uine ruzivo nezve misiyano iyi yakakosha pakuita sarudzo, dzinoenderana.

Zvinyorwa: ASHRAE Handbook—Refrigeration (2021), IPCC Sixth Assessment Report (2022), EU F-Gas Regulation (EC No 517/2014), US EPA SNAP Program (2023).