Waddankee ayaa bixiya armaajooyin cabitaan oo raqiis ah oo laga soo dhoofiyo suuqyada waaweyn?

Armaajooyinka bandhigyada cabitaanka ganacsiga ee suuqyada waaweyn ayaa la kulma kobac iib oo caalami ah oo joogto ah, iyadoo qiimuhu uu ku kala duwan yahay noocyada kala duwan iyo tayada qalabka oo aan iswaafaqsanayn iyo waxqabadka qaboojinta. Shirkadaha silsiladda tafaariiqda, xulashada cutubyada qaboojinta ee kharash-ool ah ayaa weli ah caqabad. Si wax looga qabto arrintan, waxaan sameynay falanqayn isbarbardhig ah oo ka dhacay afar waddan oo kala duwan oo soo dejinaya, annagoo bixinayna tixraacyo qiimaha suuqa ah si aan uga caawinno isticmaalayaasha inay sameeyaan doorashooyin wanaagsan.

1. Marka hore, gunaanadka: marka la tixgelinayo mashiinnada qaawan, Shiinuhu wuxuu bixiyaa saamiga ugu fiican ee kharashka-waxqabadka; marka la tixgelinayo wadarta kharashka, qaar ka mid ah waddamada Koonfur-bari Aasiya ayaa ah kuwo kharash-ool ah.

Soo dejiyayaal badan ayaa diiradda saaraya oo keliya 'qiimaha halbeegga qalabka', laakiin qiimaha dhabta ah ee la dejiyay wuxuu la mid yahay qiimaha mashiinka qaawan oo lagu daray canshuuraha, rarista, nadiifinta kastamka, iyo khidmadaha u hoggaansanaanta. Kala duwanaansho muhiim ah ayaa ka jirta faa'iidooyinka waddamada oo dhan. Waa kan shaxda isbarbardhigga tooska ah (xogta ugu dambeysay ee laga soo bilaabo 2025):

2. Maxay tahay sababta mashiinka qaawan ee Shiinaha uu ugu jaban yahay? Laakiin dadka qaar ayaa doorbida inay doortaan alaabada laga soo dejiyo Koonfur-bari Aasiya?

1. "Maqnaanshaha qiimaha hooseeya" ee Shiinaha: silsiladda saadka + saameynta miisaanka

Shiinaha waa soo saaraha ugu weyn adduunka ee qalabka qaboojinta ganacsiga, iyadoo noocyada sida Haier iyo KingsBottle ay ka yihiin in ka badan 30% saamiyada suuqa adduunka. Faa'iidada kharashku waxay ka timid laba qodob:

• Bisaylka silsiladda sahayda ee sare: heerka deegaan ee qaybaha asaasiga ah sida kombaresarada iyo lakabka dahaarka waa 90%, kharashka soo iibsiguna waa 25% ka hooseeya kan Thailand;
• Faa'iidooyinka siyaasadda: Khaanadaha cabitaanka ee tamarta ku shaqeeya ee buuxiya heerarka "laba-kaarboon" waxay u qalmaan kabka dhoofinta ee 15%-20% oo ka imanaya dowladda Shiinaha, iyadoo faa'iidooyinkan si toos ah looga muujinayo qiimaha mashiinka qaawan.

2. "Faa'iidada Qarsoon" ee Koonfur-bari Aasiya: Tariff + Waqtiga ku habboon

Tusaale ahaan, qaado 10 armaajo oo cabitaan ah oo loo soo dhoofiyay Indonesia si aad u xisaabiso qiimaha dhabta ah:

• Soo dejinta Shiinaha: mashiinka qaawan 159×10=1590 + canshuur 10%(159) + rarida (Shanghai-Jakarta 800) + nadiifinta kastamka 200 = wadarta guud 2749;
• Soo dejinta Thailand: Mashiinka qaawan 208×10=2080 + RCEP tariff 0 (Indonesia waa xubin ka tirsan ASEAN) + rarida (Bangkok-Jakarta 300) + nadiifinta kastamka 150 = wadarta guud $2530;

Natiijo: Soo dejinta Thailand waxay ka jaban tahay 8% Shiinaha, taas oo ah sixirka "hoos u dhigista canshuurta + gaadiidka badda".

3. Ka fogaanshaha dhibaatooyinka ka jira soo dejinta: 3 Talooyin oo lagu badbaadinayo kharashka oo ka muhiimsan 'Xulashada Dalka'

1. Marka hore hubi "xeerarka canshuurta" ee dalka bartilmaameedka ah ka hor intaadan si indho la'aan ah u dooran qiimaha jaban.

• Adeegso lambarrada HS (kabadhka cabitaanka lambarka HS: 8418.61) si aad u hubiso canshuuraha: tusaale ahaan, marka la soo dejiyo Australia, badeecadaha Shiinaha waxaa lagu soo rogi karaa canshuur 5% ah, halka badeecadaha Thailand laga dhaafayo 0 sababtoo ah RCEP. Xaaladdan, doorashada Thailand waa mid kharash-ool ah.
• Ka fogaanshaha "waajibaadka ka hortagga qashin-qubka": Mareykanku wuxuu ku soo rogay canshuuro ka hortagga qashin-qubka (ilaa 25%) qaar ka mid ah qalabka qaboojinta ee ka yimaada Shiinaha. Haddii aad beegsaneyso suuqa Mareykanka, tixgeli "qaybaha Shiinaha + isku-darka Mexico" (ku raaxayso 0 canshuur oo hoos yimaada Heshiiska Mareykanka iyo Mexico-Kanada).
• Iibsi badan (≥5 cutub): Dooro xamuulka badda ee weelasha buuxa (kootooyinka 40-foot ah waxay qaadi karaan 20 cutub, iyadoo kharashka rarista laga bilaabo Shanghai ilaa Yurub uu u dhexeeyo 2000-3000, celcelis ahaan 100-150 cutubkiiba ka dib qoondaynta kharashka).
• Dib-u-buuxinta dufcad yar: Dooro dhoofinta LCL (Ka Yar Rarka Konteenarka), oo leh qiime ku salaysan mugga (100-200 CNY/CBM), oo bixisa 80% kayd kharash ah marka loo eego rarista hawada.
• Fiiro gaar ah u yeelo kharashka dheeraadka ah: Xilliga ugu sarreeya (Juun-Agoosto), rarida waxay keeni kartaa 10%-20% PSS dheeraad ah (lacag dheeraad ah xilliga ugu sarreeya). Waxaa lagugula talinayaa inaad iibsato xilliyada aan ugu sarreyn.
• Suuqa Midowga Yurub: waa inuu u hoggaansamaa xeerarka Ecodesign (hufnaanta tamarta A+ ama ka sareeya), soosaarayaasha Shiinaha waxay u baahan yihiin inay ku bixiyaan $2000 oo dheeraad ah shahaadada, halka soosaarayaasha Thai/Malaysiyaanka ay la yimaadaan shahaado maxalli ah;
• Suuqa Mareykanka, alaabtu waa inay buuxisaa heerarka hufnaanta tamarta ee DOE iyo shahaadada xiriirka cuntada ee FDA (2000-5000), iyadoo kharashyadan lagu darayo miisaaniyadda guud.
• Suuqa Koonfur-bari Aasiya: Dalalka qaar waxay u baahan yihiin 'calaamadaha deegaanka' (tusaale ahaan, shahaadada SNI ee Indonesia). Alaab-qeybiyeyaashu waa inay hore u dhammaystiraan si looga fogaado dib u dhaca kastamka (kharashka haynta weelka: 100-300 maalintii).

2. Doorashada habka gaadiidka ee saxda ah waxay badbaadin kartaa 30% kharashka.

3. Ha iska indho tirin "kharashka u hoggaansanaanta", haddii kale badeecada waa la soo celin karaa.

IV. Talooyin Wax Ku Ool Ah: Sidee loo doortaa xaalado kala duwan?

1. Suuqyada yaryar (mugga iibka ≤5 cutub): mudnaanta siiya maraakiibta konteenarada lagu sameeyay ee Shiinaha lagu sameeyay + gaadiidka u dhow waddanka loo socdo (tusaale ahaan, gaadiidka Shiinaha ilaa Malaysia, oo ku raaxaysanaya canshuuraha RCEP), iyadoo wadarta kharashka uu ka hooseeyo 15% marka loo eego dhoofinta tooska ah;
2. Dukaamada waaweyn ee silsiladaha ah (tirada iibka ≥20 cutub): Si toos ah ula xiriir warshadaha Shiinaha si aad u habayn u sameyso (sida ku darista summada LOGO-yada, hagaajinta dhererka shelf-ka), iyadoo 10% qiimo dhimis dheeraad ah lagu sameynayo qiimaha badan, iyadoo la xirayo heerarka rarista ee weelasha buuxa;
3. Suuqyada waaweyn ee heerka sare ah (raadinta tayada): Dooro "qaybaha asaasiga ah ee Shiinaha + isku-darka Yurub" (sida kombaresarada Shiinaha + isku-darka Jarmalka), kaas oo ka fogaanaya canshuuraha sare isla markaana qaadi kara sumadda "Lagu sameeyay Yurub".

'Lacagta la awoodi karo' ee armaajooyinka cabitaanka ee dibadda laga keeno laguma go'aamiyo qiimaha mashiinka qaawan oo keliya, laakiin waxaa lagu go'aamiyaa isku-darka ugu wanaagsan ee 'mashiin qaawan + canshuur + gaadiid + u hoggaansanaanta'.

• Haddii dalka bartilmaameedka ah uusan lahayn canshuur sare oo saaran Shiinaha: dooro Shiinaha (boqorka waxqabadka kharashka);
• Suuqyada ay ku badan yihiin xubnaha RCEP, mudnaanta siiya Thailand iyo Malaysia si ay u helaan faa'iidooyinka canshuurta iyo waqtiga keenista.
• Si aad u hesho muuqaal heer sare ah, dooro shirka Yurub (inkastoo miisaaniyaddu ay labanlaabmi doonto).

Waxaa lagugula talinayaa inaad marka hore ku qaadato 1-2 maalmood baaritaanka canshuuraha iyo shuruudaha shahaadada ee waddanka bartilmaameedka ah. Kadib, la xiriir ugu yaraan saddex alaab-qeybiyeyaal si aad u hesho 'qiimo-bixin buuxda oo xirmo ah' (oo ay ku jiraan mashiinka qaawan, rarida, nadiifinta kastamka, iyo shahaadada). Isbarbardhig qiimayaasha ka hor intaadan dalban - ka dib oo dhan, suuqyada waaweyn waxay ku shaqeeyaan faa'iidooyin khafiif ah, lacag kastana waa la xisaabiyaa.