Amafriji namafriji, njengemishini yokugcina esezingeni eliphansi lokushisa yokusetshenziswa kwasekhaya nakwezentengiselwano, abone ukuphindaphinda okuqhubekayo ekukhetheni amafriji kugxile “ekuzivumelaniseni kahle nokusebenza kahle kwefriji” kanye “nezidingo zomthetho wemvelo”. Izinhlobo ezijwayelekile nezici ezigabeni ezahlukene zihambisana kakhulu nezidingo zemishini.
Okujwayelekile kwasekuqaleni: Ukusetshenziswa kwama-refrigerant e-CFC “asebenza kahle kakhulu kodwa anobungozi obukhulu”
Kusukela ngawo-1950 kuya kowama-1990, i-R12 (i-dichlorodifluoromethane) yayiyi-refrigerant eyinhloko ngokuphelele. Ngokuqondene nokuzivumelanisa nezimo kwemishini, izakhiwo ze-thermodynamic ze-R12 zazihambisana kahle nezidingo zokugcina izinga lokushisa eliphansi - ngokushisa okujwayelekile kokuhwamuka okungu--29.8°C, yayingahlangabezana kalula nezidingo zokushisa zezindawo zokugcina iziqandisi (0-8°C) kanye nezindawo zokuqandisa (ngaphansi kuka-18°C). Ngaphezu kwalokho, yayinokuqina kwamakhemikhali okunamandla kakhulu kanye nokuhambisana okuhle kakhulu namapayipi ethusi, amagobolondo ensimbi, namafutha okugcoba amaminerali ngaphakathi kweziqandisi, okungabangeli ukugqwala noma ukuvaleka kwamapayipi, futhi yayingaqinisekisa impilo yokusebenza kwemishini iminyaka engaphezu kwe-10.
I-R12 inenani le-ODP elingu-1.0 (isilinganiso samandla okuqeda i-ozone) kanye nenani le-GWP elingaba ngu-8500, okwenza kube yigesi enamandla yokushisa. Ngokuqala kokusebenza kwe-Montreal Protocol, ukusetshenziswa komhlaba wonke kwe-R12 kumafriji asanda kukhiqizwa kuye kwavinjelwa kancane kancane kusukela ngo-1996. Njengamanje, imishini emidala kuphela eseneziqandisi ezinjalo ezisele, futhi ibhekene nenkinga yokungabi khona kwemithombo ehlukile ngesikhathi sokulungiswa.
Isigaba sokuguquka: Imikhawulo "yokushintshwa kwengxenye" ngama-refrigerant e-HCFC
Ukuze kuqedwe ukususwa kwe-R12, i-R22 (i-difluoromonochloromethane) yake yasetshenziswa isikhashana kwezinye iziqandisi zezentengiselwano (njengeziqandisi ezincane zesitolo). Inzuzo yayo iwukuthi ukusebenza kwayo kwe-thermodynamic kuseduze nokwe-R12, ngaphandle kwesidingo sokuguqulwa okuphawulekayo kumklamo we-compressor kanye nepayipi lesiqandisi, futhi inani layo le-ODP lehliswa libe ngu-0.05, okwenza buthaka kakhulu amandla ayo okuqeda i-ozone.
Kodwa-ke, ukushiyeka kwe-R22 nakho kusobala: ngakolunye uhlangothi, inani layo le-GWP licishe libe ngu-1810, lisasebenza kumagesi aphezulu okushisa, angahambisani nomkhuba wokuvikela imvelo wesikhathi eside; ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukusebenza kahle kwefriji (i-COP) ye-R22 kuphansi kune-R12, okuzoholela ekwandeni kokusetshenziswa kwamandla cishe ngo-10%-15% uma kusetshenziswa eziqandisini zasekhaya, ngakho-ke akukabi yinto eyinhloko eziqandisini zasekhaya. Ngokuqedwa okusheshayo komhlaba wonke kweziqandisini ze-HCFC ngo-2020, i-R22 ngokuyisisekelo iyeke ukusetshenziswa emkhakheni weziqandisini namafriji.
I. Ama-refrigerant ajwayelekile amanje: Ukuguqulwa kwesimo esithile kwama-HFC kanye nezinhlobo ze-GWP eziphansi
Njengamanje, ukukhethwa kweziqandisi zeziqandisi emakethe kubonisa izici "zokwehlukanisa phakathi kokusetshenziswa kwasekhaya nokwezentengiselwano, kanye nokulinganisela phakathi kokuvikelwa kwemvelo kanye nezindleko", okuhlukaniswe kakhulu ngezinhlobo ezimbili ezijwayelekile, ezivumelana nezidingo zokusebenza zemishini ehlukene:
1. Amafriji amancane: “Ukubusa okuzinzile” kwamafriji
I-R134a (tetrafluoroethane) iyisiqandisi esivame kakhulu kumafriji amanje (ikakhulukazi amamodeli anamandla angaphansi kuka-200L), abiza ngaphezu kuka-70%. Izinzuzo zayo eziyinhloko zokuzivumelanisa nezimo zibonakala ezicini ezintathu: okokuqala, ihlangabezana nezindinganiso zokuvikela imvelo, ngenani le-ODP elingu-0, isusa ngokuphelele ingozi yokulimala kongqimba lwe-ozone futhi ihambisane nezidingo eziyisisekelo zemithethonqubo yezemvelo yomhlaba wonke; okwesibili, ukusebenza kwayo kwe-thermodynamic kufanelekile, ngokushisa okujwayelekile kokuhwamuka okungu--26.1°C, okuthi, kanye ne-compressor esebenza kahle kakhulu yesiqandisi, kungafinyelela izinga lokushisa lendawo yokuqandisa kusukela ku--18°C kuya ku--25°C, futhi ukusebenza kwayo kokuqandisa (COP) kuphakeme ngo-8%-12% kunokwe-R22, okunganciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kwemishini; okwesithathu, inokuphepha okuthembekile, okungokweziqandisi zeklasi A1 (ezingenabo ubuthi futhi ezingashisi), noma ngabe kuvela ukuvuza okuncane, ngeke kubangele izingozi zokuphepha endaweni yomndeni, futhi ihambisana kahle nezingxenye zepulasitiki kanye namafutha okugcoba e-compressor ngaphakathi kwesiqandisi, ngesilinganiso sokuhluleka esiphansi.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezinye iziqandisi zasekhaya eziphakathi nendawo kuya kweziphezulu zizosebenzisa i-R600a (i-isobutane, i-hydrocarbon) – i-refrigerant yemvelo, enenani le-ODP elingu-0 kanye nenani le-GWP elingu-3 kuphela, esebenza kangcono kakhulu endaweni yemvelo kune-R134a, futhi ukusebenza kwayo kahle kwe-refrigerant kuphakeme ngo-5%-10% kune-R134a, okunganciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla. Kodwa-ke, i-R600a ingeyeziqandisi zeklasi A3 (ezivutha kakhulu), futhi lapho ukugcwala kwayo emoyeni kufinyelela ku-1.8%-8.4%, izoqhuma uma ivezwa ilangabi elivulekile. Ngakho-ke, kunqunyelwe ukusetshenziswa kuphela eziqandisini zasekhaya (inani lokushaja linqunyelwe ku-50g-150g, elingaphansi kakhulu kunelemishini yezentengiselwano), futhi isiqandisi sidinga ukuhlonyiswa ngamadivayisi okuthola ukuvuza (njengezinzwa zokucindezela) kanye nama-compressor angaqhumi, ngezindleko eziphakeme ngo-15%-20% kunezamamodeli e-R134a, ngakho-ke asikakathandwa ngokugcwele.
2. Amafriji ebhizinisi / amafriji amakhulu: “Ukungena kancane kancane” kwamafriji ane-GWP ephansi
Amafriji ebhizinisi (njenge-supermarket island freezers) anezidingo eziphakeme "zokuvikela imvelo" kanye "nokusebenza kahle kwefriji" kwamafriji ngenxa yomthamo wawo omkhulu (ngokuvamile angaphezu kuka-500L) kanye nomthwalo omkhulu wefriji. Njengamanje, izinketho ezivamile zihlukaniswe ngezigaba ezimbili:
(1) Izingxube ze-HFC: “Ukulungiswa komthwalo ophezulu” kwe-R404A
I-R404A (ingxube ye-pentafluoroethane, i-difluoromethane, kanye ne-tetrafluoroethane) iyisiqandisi esiyinhloko samafriji asezingeni eliphansi lokuhweba (njengeziqandisi eziqandisa ngokushesha -40°C), ezibalelwa cishe ku-60%. Inzuzo yayo ukuthi ukusebenza kwayo kwesiqandisi ngaphansi kwezimo zokushisa okuphansi kuyamangalisa - ekushiseni kokuhwamuka okungu-40°C, umthamo wesiqandisi uphakeme ngo-25%-30% kunowe-R134a, okungahlangabezana ngokushesha nezidingo zokugcina izinga lokushisa eliphansi lamafriji; futhi ingeyeziqandisi zesigaba A1 (ezingenabo ubuthi futhi ezingashisi), ngenani lokushaja elifinyelela kumakhilogremu amaningana (elidlula kakhulu eleziqandisi zasekhaya), ngaphandle kokukhathazeka ngezingozi zokusha, ezivumelanisa nokusebenza okuphezulu kwamafriji amakhulu.
Kodwa-ke, ukushiyeka kokuvikelwa kwemvelo kwe-R404A kuye kwaba okuvelele kancane kancane. Inani layo le-GWP liphezulu njengo-3922, elivela kumagesi aphezulu okushisa. Njengamanje, i-European Union nezinye izifunda zikhiphe imithetho yokunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwayo (njengokuvimbela ukusetshenziswa kwama-refrigerant ane-GWP>2500 kuma-freezer asanda kukhiqizwa ebhizinisini ngemva kuka-2022). Ngakho-ke, i-R404A ithathelwa indawo kancane kancane ngama-refrigerant ane-GWP ephansi.
(2) Izinhlobo ze-GWP ephansi: “Izindlela zemvelo” ze-R290 kanye ne-CO₂
Ngaphansi kwesizinda semithethonqubo eqinile yezemvelo, i-R290 (propane) kanye ne-CO₂ (R744) seziyizinketho ezintsha zamafriji ebhizinisi, ezivumelana nezidingo ezahlukene ezimweni ezahlukene:
R290 (i-propane): Isetshenziswa kakhulu kumafriji amancane ezentengiselwano (njengamafriji avundlile esitolo esilula). Inani layo le-ODP lingu-0, inani le-GWP licishe libe ngu-3, ngokuvikelwa kwemvelo okunamandla kakhulu; futhi ukusebenza kahle kwayo kokuqandisa kuphakeme ngo-10%-15% kune-R404A, okunganciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla okusebenza kwamafriji ezentengiselwano (imishini yezentengiselwano isebenza amahora angaphezu kwangu-20 ngosuku, futhi izindleko zokusetshenziswa kwamandla zibalwa ngesilinganiso esiphezulu). Kodwa-ke, i-R290 ingeyamafriji ekilasini A3 (angasha kakhulu), futhi inani lokushaja lidinga ukulawulwa ngokuqinile ngaphakathi kwama-200g (ngakho-ke likhawulelwe kumafriji amancane kuphela). Ngaphezu kwalokho, ifriji idinga ukusebenzisa ama-compressor angaqhumi, amapayipi okulwa nokuvuza (njengemibhobho ye-copper-nickel alloy) kanye nemiklamo yokungenisa umoya nokushisa. Njengamanje, isilinganiso sayo kumafriji ezitolo zaseYurophu sidlule u-30%.
I-CO₂ (R744): Isetshenziswa kakhulu kumafriji ebhizinisi anezinga lokushisa eliphansi kakhulu (njengeziqandisi zesampula yezinto eziphilayo -60°C). Izinga lokushisa layo elijwayelekile lokuhwamuka lingu-78.5°C, elingafinyelela isitoreji esisezingeni lokushisa eliphansi kakhulu ngaphandle kohlelo oluyinkimbinkimbi lokuqandisa i-cascade; futhi inenani le-ODP elingu-0 kanye nenani le-GWP elingu-1, elinokuvikelwa kwemvelo okungenakufakwa esikhundleni, futhi alinabo ubuthi futhi alishi, elinokuphepha okungcono kune-R290. Kodwa-ke, i-CO₂ inezinga lokushisa eliphansi kakhulu (31.1°C). Lapho izinga lokushisa elizungezile lidlula ama-25°C, kudingeka ubuchwepheshe "bomjikelezo oguquguqukayo", okuholela ekutheni ingcindezi ye-compressor yefriji ibe phezulu njenge-10-12MPa, okudinga ukusetshenziswa kwamapayipi ensimbi engagqwali enamandla aphezulu kanye nama-compressor amelana nokucindezela okuphezulu, ngezindleko eziphakeme ngo-30%-40% kunezamafriji e-R404A. Ngakho-ke, okwamanje isetshenziswa kakhulu ezimweni ezinezidingo eziphezulu kakhulu zokuvikelwa kwemvelo kanye namazinga okushisa aphansi (njengeziqandisi zocwaningo lwezokwelapha nezesayensi).
II. Izitayela zesikhathi esizayo zama-refrigerant: I-GWP ephansi kanye nokuphepha okuphezulu kuba yiziqondiso eziyinhloko
Kuhlanganiswe nemithethonqubo yezemvelo yomhlaba wonke (njenge-EU F-Gas Regulation, uhlelo lokuqaliswa kweProtocol yase-China yaseMontreal) kanye nokuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe bemishini, ama-refrigerant eziqandisi nama-freezer azobonisa izitayela ezintathu ezinkulu esikhathini esizayo:
Iziqandisi zasekhaya: I-R600a ithatha indawo ye-R134a kancane kancane – ngokuvuthwa kobuchwepheshe bokulwa nokuvuza kanye nokuvikela ukuqhuma (njengezicucu ezintsha zokuvala, amadivayisi okusika ukuvuza okuzenzakalelayo), izindleko ze-R600a zizoncipha kancane kancane (kulindeleke ukuthi izindleko zehle ngo-30% eminyakeni emi-5 ezayo), futhi izinzuzo zayo zokuvikelwa kwemvelo okuphezulu kanye nokusebenza kahle kakhulu kwefriji zizogqanyiswa. Kulindeleke ukuthi ingxenye ye-R600a eziqandisini zasekhaya izodlula u-50% ngo-2030, ithathe indawo ye-R134a njengento esetshenziswa kakhulu.
Amafriji ebhizinisi: “Ukuthuthukiswa kwezindlela ezimbili” kwezingxube ze-CO₂ kanye ne-HFO – kumafriji ebhizinisi asezingeni eliphansi kakhulu (ngaphansi kuka-40°C), ukuvuthwa kobuchwepheshe kwe-CO₂ kuzoqhubeka nokuthuthuka (njenge-compressors yomjikelezo we-transcritical esebenza kahle kakhulu), futhi izindleko zizoncipha kancane kancane, kanti isilinganiso kulindeleke ukuthi sidlule u-40% ngo-2028; kumafriji ebhizinisi asezingeni eliphakathi nendawo (-25°C kuya ku-18°C), i-R454C (ingxube ye-HFO kanye ne-HFC, i-GWP≈466) izoba yinto eyinhloko, ngokusebenza kwefriji okuseduze nokwe-R404A, futhi okungokweziqandisi zeklasi le-A2L (ubuthi obuphansi kanye nokusha okuncane), ngaphandle kwemingcele eqinile enanini lokushaja, ukulinganisela ukuvikelwa kwemvelo kanye nokusebenza kahle.
Izindinganiso zokuphepha ezithuthukisiwe: Kusukela “ekuvikeleni okungenamsebenzi” kuya “ekuqapheni okusebenzayo” – kungakhathaliseki ukuthi imishini yasekhaya noma yezentengiselwano iyasebenza yini, izinhlelo ze-refrigerant zesikhathi esizayo ngokuvamile zizohlonyiswa ngemisebenzi “yokuqapha ukuvuza okuhlakaniphile + ukwelashwa okuphuthumayo okuzenzakalelayo” (njengezinzwa zokuvuza nge-laser zamafriji asekhaya, ama-alamu okuhlushwa kanye namadivayisi okuxhumanisa umoya kumafriji amabhizinisi), ikakhulukazi kumafriji avuthayo njenge-R600a kanye ne-R290, ukuze kuqedwe izingozi zokuphepha ezingaba khona ngezindlela zobuchwepheshe futhi kukhuthazwe ukuthandwa okuphelele kwamafriji aphansi e-GWP.
III. Ukubaluleka kokufanisa isimo esiyinhloko
Ngezidingo zabasebenzisi abahlukene, izimiso ezilandelayo zingalandelwa lapho kukhethwa amafriji esiqandisini:
Abasebenzisi basekhaya: Kunikezwa kuqala amamodeli e-R600a (ukulinganisela ukuvikelwa kwemvelo nokonga amandla) – uma isabelomali sivuma (ama-yuan angu-200-500 angaphezulu kwamamodeli e-R134a), kufanele kunikezwe kuqala amafriji abhalwe ukuthi “i-refrigerant ye-R600a”. Ukusetshenziswa kwawo kwamandla kuphansi ngo-8%-12% kunokwamamodeli e-R134a, futhi anobungani nemvelo; ngemva kokuthenga, kufanele kuqashelwe ukugwema ukuthi ingemuva lesiqandisi (lapho i-compressor ikhona) libe seduze namalangabi avulekile, futhi kuhlolwe njalo ukuqina kwezivalo zomnyango ukuze kuncishiswe ingozi yokuvuza.
Abasebenzisi bezentengiselwano:Khetha ngokwezidingo zokushisa (izindleko zokulinganisela kanye nokuvikelwa kwemvelo) – amafriji aphakathi nendawo (njengeziqandisi zasesitolo) angakhetha amamodeli e-R290, anezindleko eziphansi zokusetshenziswa kwamandla okusebenza kwesikhathi eside; kumafriji aphansi kakhulu (njengemishini yokuqandisa ngokushesha), uma isabelomali sanele, amamodeli e-CO₂ ayathandwa, ahambisana nomkhuba wemithethonqubo yemvelo futhi agweme ingozi yokuphela kwesikhathi esikhathini esizayo; uma ukuzwela kwezindleko zesikhathi esifushane kuyinkinga, amamodeli e-R454C angakhethwa njengoshintsho, ukulinganisela ukusebenza kanye nokuvikelwa kwemvelo.
Ukulungiswa nokufakwa esikhundleni: Qondanisa ngokuqinile uhlobo lokuqala lwesiqandisi – uma ugcina iziqandisi ezindala namafriji, ungashintshi uhlobo lwesiqandisi ngokungenanjongo (njengokufaka esikhundleni se-R134a nge-R600a), ngoba iziqandisi ezahlukene zinezidingo ezahlukene zamafutha okugcoba e-compressor kanye nomfutho wepayipi. Ukusetshenziswa okuxubile kuzobangela umonakalo we-compressor noma ukwehluleka kwesiqandisi. Kubalulekile ukuxhumana nochwepheshe ukuze wengeze iziqandisi ngokohlobo oluphawulwe ku-nameplate yemishini.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Agasti-29-2025 Ukubukwa: