Iziqandisi neziqandisi, njengemishini yokugcina izinga lokushisa eliphansi lokusetshenziswa kwasekhaya nokuhweba, kubone ukuphindaphindwa okuqhubekayo ekukhetheni iziqandisi okugxile “ekushintsheni kokusebenza kwesiqandisi” kanye “nezidingo zokulawula imvelo”. Izinhlobo nezimpawu ezijwayelekile ezigabeni ezahlukene zihambisana kakhulu nezidingo zemishini.
Early mainstream: Ukusetshenziswa kweziqandisi ze-CFCs “ezisebenza kahle kakhulu kodwa zilimaze kakhulu”
Kusukela ngeminyaka yawo-1950 kuya ko-1990, i-R12 (dichlorodifluoromethane) kwakuyisiqandisi esivamile ngokuphelele. Mayelana nokuguquguquka kwemishini, izakhiwo ze-thermodynamic ezingu-R12 zifanelana ngokuphelele nezidingo zokugcina izinga lokushisa eliphansi - nezinga lokushisa elijwayelekile lokuhwamuka kuka -29.8°C, lingahlangabezana kalula nezidingo zokushisa zezindawo zokugcina iziqandisi ezisanda kufakwa (0-8°C) kanye nezindawo eziqandisayo (ngezansi -18°C). Ngaphezu kwalokho, ibinokuqina okuqinile kwamakhemikhali futhi ihambisana kahle kakhulu namapayipi ethusi, amagobolondo ensimbi, namafutha okugcoba amaminerali ngaphakathi kweziqandisi, okungavamile ukubangela ukugqwala noma ukuvaleka kwamapayipi, futhi yayingaqinisekisa ukuphila komsebenzi wezinto zokusebenza iminyaka engaphezu kwe-10.
I-R12 inenani le-ODP elingu-1.0 (isilinganiso samandla okunciphisa i-ozone) kanye nenani le-GWP elilinganiselwa ku-8500, okuyenza ibe igesi ebamba ukushisa enamandla. Ngokuqala ukusebenza kweSivumelwano saseMontreal, ukusetshenziswa komhlaba wonke kuka-R12 kumafriji asanda kukhiqizwa kuye kwavinjelwa kancane kancane kusukela ngo-1996. Njengamanje, imishini ethile emidala kuphela esenalezi ziqandisi ezisele, futhi ebhekene nenkinga yokuthi ayikho enye imithombo lapho ilungiswa.
Isigaba soshintsho: Imikhawulo "yokushintsha ingxenye" ngeziqandisi zama-HCFC
Ukuvala ukuphuma kwe-R12, i-R22 (i-difluoromonochloromethane) yake yasetshenziswa kafushane kwezinye iziqandisi ezithengiswayo (njengamafriji amancane esitolo). Inzuzo yayo iwukuthi ukusebenza kwayo kwe-thermodynamic kusondele kulokho kwe-R12, ngaphandle kwesidingo sokuguqulwa okuphawulekayo kokwakhiwa kwe-compressor kanye nepayipi yesiqandisi, futhi inani layo le-ODP lehla laya ku-0.05, okwenza buthaka ngokuphawulekayo amandla ayo okuqeda i-ozone.
Kodwa-ke, ukushiyeka kuka-R22 nakho kusobala: ngakolunye uhlangothi, inani layo le-GWP lilinganiselwa ku-1810, lisengaphansi kwamagesi abamba ukushisa aphezulu, angahambisani nendlela yesikhathi eside yokuvikela imvelo; ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukusebenza kahle kweziqandisi (COP) ka-R22 kungaphansi kwaleyo ka-R12, okuzoholela ekwenyukeni kokusetshenziswa kukagesi cishe ngo-10% -15% uma isetshenziswa eziqandisini zasendlini, ngakho-ke ayizange ibe yinsakavukela yeziqandisi zasendlini. Ngokusheshisa ukukhishwa kweziqandisi ze-HCFC ngo-2020, u-R22 usehoxile ekufakeni isicelo emkhakheni weziqandisi namafriji.
I. Iziqandisi ezivamile zamanje: Ukuzijwayeza kwe-Scenario-specific of HFCs kanye nezinhlobo eziphansi ze-GWP
Njengamanje, ukukhethwa kwesiqandisi seziqandisi emakethe kubonisa izici "zomehluko phakathi kokusetshenziswa kwendlu nokuhweba, nokulinganisela phakathi kokuvikelwa kwemvelo kanye nezindleko", ikakhulukazi ihlukaniswe yaba izinhlobo ezimbili ezijwayelekile, ezivumelana nezidingo zokusebenza zemishini ehlukene:
1.Amafriji amancane: “Ukubusa okuzinzile” kweziqandisi
I-R134a (i-tetrafluoroethane) iyifriji ejwayeleke kakhulu eziqandisini zamanje (ikakhulukazi amamodeli anamandla angaphansi kuka-200L), okubalelwa ngaphezu kuka-70%. Izinzuzo zayo eziyinhloko zokuzivumelanisa nezimo zibonakala ezicini ezintathu: okokuqala, ihlangabezana nezindinganiso zokuvikela imvelo, enenani le-ODP elingu-0, isusa ngokuphelele ingozi yokulimala kongqimba lwe-ozone futhi ihambisane nezidingo eziyisisekelo zemithetho yezemvelo yomhlaba wonke; okwesibili, ukusebenza kwayo kwe-thermodynamic kufanelekile, ngezinga lokushisa elijwayelekile lokuhwamuka kwe -26.1 ° C, okuthi, kanye ne-compressor esebenza kahle kakhulu yesiqandisi, ingakwazi ukufeza ngokuzinzile izinga lokushisa legumbi lokuqandisa ukusuka ku -18°C kuya ku -25°C, kanye nokusebenza kahle kwesiqandisi (COP) kuphakeme ngo-8% -12% ngaphezu kwalokho okungase kunciphise amandla ka-R22; okwesithathu, inokuphepha okuthembekile, okungokweziqandisi zekilasi A1 (ezingenabuthi futhi ezingashi), ngisho noma kwenzeka ukuvuza okuncane, ngeke kubangele izingozi zokuphepha endaweni yomndeni, futhi inokuhambisana kahle nezingxenye zepulasitiki kanye namafutha okugcoba nge-compressor ngaphakathi kwesiqandisi, ngenani eliphansi lokuhluleka.
Ukwengeza, ezinye iziqandisi zasendlini ezisezingeni eliphezulu ziyosebenzisa u-R600a (isobutane, i-hydrocarbon) – isiqandisi semvelo, esinenani le-ODP elingu-0 kanye nenani le-GWP elingu-3 kuphela, elisebenza kangcono kakhulu kwezemvelo kuno-R134a, futhi ukusebenza kahle kwesiqandisi kuphezulu ngo-5% -10% kunalelo lika-R134a, elinganciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla ka-R134a. Kodwa-ke, u-R600a ungokweziqandisi ze-class A3 (ezivutha kakhulu), futhi lapho umthamo wazo emoyeni ufinyelela ku-1.8% -8.4%, uzoqhuma lapho ubhekene nelangabi elivulekile. Ngakho-ke, kunqunyelwe kuphela ukusetshenziswa eziqandisini zasendlini (inani elikhokhiswayo likhawulelwe ngokuqinile ku-50g-150g, liphansi kakhulu kunalelo lemishini yokuthengisa), futhi isiqandisi sidinga ukuhlonyiswa ngamadivaysi okubona ukuvuza (njengezinzwa zokucindezela) kanye nama-compressor-proof compressors, anezindleko eziphakeme ngo-15% -20% ngaphezu kwalezo ezingathandwanga ngokuphelele ngamamodeli angama-R13.
2. Iziqandisi zezentengiselwano / iziqandisi ezinkulu: “Ukungena kancane kancane” kweziqandisi ezine-GWP ephansi
Iziqandisi zezentengiselwano (ezifana neziqandisi zaseziqhingini zesuphamakethe) zinezidingo eziphakeme “zokuvikela imvelo” kanye “nokusebenza kahle kwesiqandisi” seziqandisi ngenxa yomthamo wazo omkhulu (ngokuvamile ongaphezu kuka-500L) nomthwalo wesiqandisi ophezulu. Njengamanje, ukukhetha okujwayelekile kuhlukaniswe izigaba ezimbili:
(1) Izingxube ze-HFCs: “Ukujwayela komthwalo ophezulu” we-R404A
I-R404A (ingxube ye-pentafluoroethane, i-difluoromethane, kanye ne-tetrafluoroethane) iyisiqandisi esivamile seziqandisi ezishibhile ezithengiswayo (ezifana -40°C neziqandisi ezibanda ngokushesha), ezibalelwa ku-60%. Inzuzo yayo ukuthi ukusebenza kwayo kwesiqandisi ngaphansi kwezimo eziphansi zokushisa kuvelele - ekushiseni kokuhwamuka kwe--40 ° C, umthamo wesiqandisi uphakeme ngo-25% -30% kunalowo we-R134a, ongahlangabezana ngokushesha nezidingo zokugcina izinga lokushisa eliphansi lamafriji; futhi ingeyeziqandisi zekilasi A1 (ezingenabuthi futhi ezingashi), ezinenani elikhokhiswayo elifinyelela kumakhilogremu amaningana (elidlula kude le leleziqandisi zasendlini), ngaphandle kokukhathazeka ngezingozi zokuvutha, ukuzivumelanisa nokusebenza komthwalo omkhulu wamafriji amakhulu.
Kodwa-ke, ukushiyeka kokuvikelwa kwemvelo kwe-R404A kuye kwabonakala kancane kancane. Inani layo le-GWP liphezulu njenge-3922, elingamagesi aphezulu abamba ukushisa. Okwamanje, i-European Union nezinye izifunda zikhiphe imithethonqubo yokukhawulela ukusetshenziswa kwayo (njengokwenqabela ukusetshenziswa kweziqandisi ezine-GWP>2500 kumafriji asanda kukhiqizwa okuthengisa ngemva kuka-2022). Ngakho-ke, i-R404A kancane kancane ithathelwa indawo iziqandisi ezine-GWP ephansi.
(2) Izinhlobo ze-GWP ephansi: “Izindlela ezihlukile zemvelo” zama-R290 kanye ne-CO₂
Uma kubhekwa isizinda semithetho eqinisiwe yezemvelo, u-R290 (propane) kanye ne-CO₂ (R744) seziphenduke izinketho ezisafufusa zamafriji ezentengiselwano, ezivumelana nezidingo ezahlukene ezimeni ezahlukene:
R290 (propane): Isetshenziswa kakhulu kumafriji amancane okuthengisa (njengamafriji avundlile esitolo). Inani layo le-ODP lingu-0, inani le-GWP lilinganiselwa ku-3, elinokuvikelwa kwemvelo okunamandla ngokwedlulele; futhi ukusebenza kahle kwayo kwesiqandisi kuphakeme ngo-10% -15% kunaleyo ye-R404A, enganciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla okusebenza kweziqandisi zezentengiselwano (imishini yezentengiselwano isebenza amahora angaphezu kwangu-20 ngosuku, futhi izindleko zokusetshenziswa kwamandla zenza ingxenye enkulu). Kodwa-ke, u-R290 ngoweziqandisi zekilasi A3 (ezivutha kakhulu), futhi inani lokushaja lidinga ukulawulwa ngokuqinile ngaphakathi kwama-200g (ngakho-ke kukhawulelwe kumafriji amancane kuphela). Ngaphezu kwalokho, isiqandisi sidinga ukusebenzisa ama-compressor angaqhumisi, amapayipi avimbela ukuvuza (njengamapayipi alloy e-copper-nickel) kanye nemiklamo yokukhipha umoya neyokuqeda ukushisa. Njengamanje, ingxenye yayo kumafriji esitolo esithenga kalula aseYurophu idlule ama-30%.
I-CO₂ (R744): Isetshenziswa kakhulu kumafriza ezentengiselwano anezinga lokushisa eliphansi kakhulu (njengama- -60°C amasampula ebhayoloji amasampula amafriji). Izinga layo lokushisa elijwayelekile lokuhwamuka lingu-78.5°C, elingafinyelela isitoreji sezinga lokushisa eliphansi kakhulu ngaphandle kwesistimu yefriji ye-cascade eyinkimbinkimbi; futhi inenani le-ODP elingu-0 kanye nenani le-GWP elingu-1, elinokuvikelwa kwemvelo okungenakushintshwa, futhi ayinabo ubuthi futhi ayinakushi, ngokuphepha okungcono kuno-R290. Nokho, i-CO₂ inezinga lokushisa eliphansi elibucayi (31.1°C). Uma izinga lokushisa lendawo lingaphezu kuka-25°C, kudingeka ubuchwepheshe “be-transcritical cycle”, okuholela ekucindezelekeni kwe-compressor yesiqandisi ukuphakama kube ngu-10-12MPa, okudinga ukusetshenziswa kwamapayipi ensimbi engenasici anamandla aphezulu kanye nama-compressor amelana nokucindezela okuphezulu, okunendleko engu-30% -40% ephakeme kunaleyo yamafriza engu-R404A. Ngakho-ke, okwamanje isetshenziswa kakhulu ezimeni ezinezidingo eziphakeme kakhulu zokuvikelwa kwemvelo namazinga okushisa aphansi (njengamafriji ocwaningo lwezokwelapha nolwesayensi).
II. Amathrendi esikhathi esizayo weziqandisi: I-GWP ephansi nokuphepha okuphezulu kuba yizikhombisi-ndlela
Kuhlanganiswe nemithethonqubo yezemvelo yomhlaba wonke (efana ne-EU F-Gas Regulation, uhlelo lokuqalisa lwe-Montreal Protocol yaseChina) kanye nokuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe bemishini, iziqandisi zamafriji neziqandisi zizobonisa amathrendi amathathu amakhulu esikhathini esizayo:
Iziqandisi zasendlini: U-R600a oshintsha kancane kancane u-R134a - ngokuvuthwa kobuchwepheshe bokunqanda ukuvuza kanye nokuvikela ukuqhuma (njengemigqa emisha yokuvala, imishini yokusika yokuvuza okuzenzakalelayo), izindleko zika-R600a zizokwehla kancane kancane (kulindeleke ukuthi izindleko zehle ngo-30% eminyakeni engu-5 ezayo), kanye nokuvikelwa kwemvelo okuphakeme kanye nezinzuzo zako zizogqanyiswa ukuvikela okuphezulu kwesiqandisi. Kulindeleke ukuthi ingxenye yama-R600a eziqandisini zasendlini izokweqa ama-50% ngo-2030, ithathe indawo ka-R134a njengejwayelekile.
Iziqandisi ezentengiselwano: “Ukuthuthukiswa kwethrekhi ekabili” yezingxube ze-CO₂ kanye ne-HFOs – kumafriji ezentengiselwano asezingeni eliphansi kakhulu (ngaphansi kuka-40°C), ukuvuthwa kobuchwepheshe kwe-CO₂ kuzoqhubeka nokuba ngcono (njengama-compressor omjikelezo we-transcritical asebenza kahle kakhulu), futhi izindleko zizokwehla kancane kancane, nengxenye okulindeleke ukuthi idlule u-4020% ngo-2028; eziqandisini ezishibhile ezishibhile ezimaphakathi (-25°C kuya ku-18°C), u-R454C (ingxube yama-HFO nama-HFC, i-GWP≈466) izoba yinsakavukela, ukusebenza kwesiqandisi kusondele kulokho kuka-R404A, futhi okuyingxenye yeziqandisi zekilasi A2L (ubuthi obuphansi kanye nemikhawulo ephansi yokushaja enanini elisebenzayo, nokulinganisela okuqinile kwemvelo).
Amazinga okuphepha athuthukisiwe: Kusukela “ekuvikelekeni okungenzi lutho” kuye “ekuqapheni okusebenzayo” - kungakhathalekile ukuthi iyini impahla yasendlini noma yokuthengisa, amasistimu efriji akusasa azofakwa imisebenzi "yokuqapha ukuvuza okuhlakaniphile + nokwelashwa kwezimo eziphuthumayo okuzenzakalelayo" (njengezinzwa zokuvuza kwe-laser eziqandisini zasendlini, ama-alamu okugxilisa ingqondo kanye nemishini yokuxhuma umoya wokungenisa umoya eziqandisini), ikakhulukazi eziqandisini ezingaba yingozi, njenge-R2600a engase ibe yingozi yokuphepha, njenge-R2600a zokuphepha ezingaba yingozi. futhi ikhuthaze ukuthandwa okuphelele kweziqandisi ezine-GWP ephansi.
III. Okubalulekile kokumataniswa kwesimo esiyinhloko
Ngezidingo zabasebenzisi abahlukene, izimiso ezilandelayo zingalandelwa lapho kukhethwa iziqandisi:
Abasebenzisi basekhaya: Okubaluleke kakhulu kunikezwa amamodeli angama-R600a (ukulinganisa ukuvikelwa kwemvelo nokonga amandla) - uma isabelomali sivuma (amayuan angama-200-500 ngaphezu kwamamodeli angama-R134a), kufanele kunikezwe kuqala iziqandisi ezibhalwe “isiqandisi esingu-R600a”. Amandla awasebenzisayo angaphansi ngo-8% -12% kunalawo amamodeli angu-R134a, futhi ayayiphatha kahle imvelo; ngemuva kokuthenga, kufanele kuqashelwe ukugwema ngemuva kwesiqandisi (lapho i-compressor ikhona) iseduze namalangabi avulekile, futhi njalo uhlole ukuqina kwezimpawu zomnyango ukuze unciphise ingozi yokuvuza.
Abasebenzisi bezentengiso:Khetha ngokwezidingo zokushisa (izindleko zokulinganisa nokuvikela indawo ezungezile) - iziqandisi ezisezingeni lokushisa eliphakathi (njengamafriza esitolo alula) zingakhetha izinhlobo zama-R290, ezinezindleko eziphansi zokusebenzisa amandla esikhathi eside; eziqandisini ezinokushisa okuphansi kakhulu (ezifana nemishini yokuqandisa ngokushesha), uma isabelomali sanele, amamodeli we-CO₂ ayakhethwa, ahambisana nokuthambekela kwemithetho yemvelo futhi agweme ingozi yokuphuma esikhathini esizayo; uma ukuzwela kwezindleko zesikhashana kuwukukhathazeka, amamodeli e-R454C angakhethwa njengenguquko, ukulinganisa ukusebenza nokuvikelwa kwemvelo.
Isondlo nokushintshwa: Qondanisa ngokuqinile uhlobo lwesiqandisi sasekuqaleni - lapho unakekela iziqandisi ezindala neziqandisi, ungashintshi ngokuzenzakalelayo uhlobo lwesiqandisi (njengokushintsha u-R134a ufake u-R600a), ngoba iziqandisi ezihlukene zinezidingo ezihlukene ze-compressor lubricate oil kanye nomfutho wepayipi. Ukusetshenziswa okuxubile kuzodala ukulimala kwe-compressor noma ukwehluleka kwesiqandisi. Kuyadingeka ukuthintana nochwepheshe ukuze wengeze iziqandisi ngokohlobo olumakwe ku-nameplate yemishini.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Aug-29-2025 Ukubukwa: