Impahla yolwandle ekuhwebeni kwamanye amazwe isebenza njengesiteshi sokuthutha esibalulekile somhlaba wonke, enikeza izinzuzo ezinkulu zezindleko uma kuqhathaniswa nempahla yomoya—ikakhulukazi ezintweni ezinkulu njengezinto zokupholisa iziphuzo zetafula ezineminyango emithathu. Ukuthumela lokhu e-US kungenzeka kuphela ngempahla yolwandle. Yiqiniso, izindleko azilula njengentengo “ehlanganisa konke.” Kusukela ekuthathweni kuya ekulethweni ezindaweni zokuthengisa zase-US, inqubo ihilela okungenani izigaba eziyisithupha, ngasinye sinezindleko ezihlobene. Izindleko ezifihliwe, ikakhulukazi, yizo ezingadala ukweqiwa kwesabelomali.
I. Izindleko Zokuqala: Kusukela Embonini/Endlini Yokugcina Impahla Kuya Echwebeni
Lokhu kuhlanganisa izindleko eziyisisekelo ngaphambi kokuthunyelwa kwempahla olwandle, okugxile kakhulu “ekuhambiseni ikhabhinethi echwebeni.” Kuqukethe izinto ezintathu eziyinhloko:
1. Imali Yokuthutha Yokuthutha Nokuthutha Okufushane: Uma ikhabhinethi itholakala efektri yasekhaya noma endaweni yokugcina impahla yangasese, hlela ukuthutha iloli liye echwebeni eliseduze lapho uvela khona (isib. iNingbo, iShanghai, iShenzhen). Ikhabhinethi yeziphuzo ejwayelekile eneminyango emithathu inesisindo esingaba ngu-200-300kg (440-660 lbs) futhi ithatha cishe ama-cubic metres angu-2.2-2.5 (ama-cubic feet angu-74-84) (ubukhulu obuvamile: 180*70*190cm / 71*27*74 amayintshi). Njengoba ihlukaniswa njengempahla encane, ukuthutha okufushane (isib., ngaphakathi kwerediyasi engu-100km) kuvame ukubiza ama-¥500-1500 (US$65-200), kuye ngebanga nokuthi ukulayisha/ukukhipha i-forklift kuyadingeka yini (ama-¥200-500 engeziwe / $27-70 ngesibonelo ngasinye). Uma kuthunyelwa noma kulethwa ibanga elide emachwebeni ase-US angaphakathi nezwe, kunconywa ama-pallet enziwe ngokhuni afakwe uthuli (imithetho yase-US idinga uthuli ukuze kufakwe uthuli ukuze kugwenywe ukuboshwa kwempahla yasekhaya), kufakwe u-300-500 RMB/iyunithi. Isitifiketi esisemthethweni ngemva kothuli sivimbela izinkinga zokususwa kwempahla yasekhaya.
3. Izindleko zechweba: Lapho ufika echwebeni, kusebenza izimali ezengeziwe zokugcina, ukubhukha, amadokhumenti, njll. Izimali zokugcina ezijwayelekile: ¥20-50/imitha yama-cubic/ngosuku (uma izimpahla zifika kusenesikhathi futhi zidinga isitoreji sesikhashana). Izimali zokubhukha: ¥300-800/ibhili. Izimali zemibhalo (B/L, uhlu lokupakisha, njll.): ¥200-500. Inani elilinganiselwayo: ¥500-1500. Amanani ayahlukahluka kancane ngokwechweba.
II. Izimpahla Zasolwandle + Izindleko Ezingeziwe: Ingxenye Eguquguqukayo Kakhulu
Lokhu kwakha ingxenye enkulu kakhulu yezindleko zokuthumela, ngamanani athonywa kakhulu yizinkathi zonyaka, imigqa yokuthumela, kanye nezindlela zokuhamba. Kunezinketho ezimbili eziyinhloko zokuthumela, ngayinye inemiphumela ehlukile yezindleko:
1. Ukuthunyelwa komthwalo ongaphansi kwesitsha (i-LCL): Kufanelekile ukuthunyelwa kuphela izitsha ezijwayelekile ezingu-1-2 uma isitsha esigcwele singadingeki. Ukukhokhisa kusekelwe "kumthamo" (izimpahla ezilula/ezinkulu azikalwa). Isitsha esijwayelekile esineminyango emi-3 sinomthamo ongaba amamitha ayi-cubic angu-2.3. Amanani e-LCL emakethe yamanje asukela ku-800-1500 RMB/cubic meter, okuholela ezindlekweni zokuthutha olwandle ngesitsha ngasinye ezingaba ngu-1840-3450 RMB. Qaphela: I-LCL ihilela "izimali zokuhlanganisa" (500-1000 RMB ngokuthunyelwa ngakunye) kanye "nezimali zokulayisha ichweba lokuya kulo" (okuzoxoxwa ngakho kamuva). Qinisekisa lezi zindleko nomthumeli wakho wezimpahla kusengaphambili.
2. Umthwalo Ogcwele Wesitsha (i-FCL): Kubiza kakhulu ukuthunyelwa okukhulu (isb., amayunithi angu-5+). Kwisitsha esijwayelekile se-GP esingamamitha angu-20 (esiphatha cishe ama-cubic metres angu-28), imithwalo yolwandle ibiza cishe u-$2,000–4,000 ngesitsha ngasinye (okulingana no-¥14,000–28,000 RMB). Lokhu kulinganiselwa ku-¥500–1,000 ngekhabethe elime mpo, okushibhile kakhulu kune-LCL. Kodwa-ke, imfuneko encane yokuthunyelwa ngesitsha ngasinye iphakeme.
3. Izindleko Ezingeziwe Eziphoqelekile: Lezi "zindleko ezifihliwe" zivame ukunganakwa, ikakhulukazi okuhlanganisa i-Bunker Adjustment Factor (BAF) kanye ne-Currency Adjustment Factor (CAF), ezihlanganisa cishe u-10%-20% wezindleko zokuthutha olwandle. Ngesikhathi sezinkathi ezimatasa (isb., izinyanga ezintathu ngaphambi kukaKhisimusi e-US), imigqa yokuthumela ibeka i-Peak Season Surcharge (PSS), ngokuvamile u-$500-$2,000 ngokuthunyelwa ngakunye. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amazinga okuthutha olwandle ahluka kakhulu phakathi kwamachweba ahlukene okuya kuwo e-US (isb., eLos Angeles, eNew York, eHouston). I-Port of Los Angeles iyona edumile kakhulu futhi inikeza amanani aphansi kakhulu, kanti i-Port of New York ivame ukubiza ngo-10%-15%.
III. Ukususwa Kwempahla Yentela + Ukuthathwa Kwesitsha: Kubiza Kakhulu Futhi Kuvame Ukuba Nezinkinga
Lapho izimpahla zifika echwebeni lase-US, azikwazi ukulandwa ngokushesha. Le nqubo ihilela izindleko eziyinkimbinkimbi kanye nemithethonqubo yentela, futhi ukuphathwa kabi kungaholela ezijezisweni ezengeziwe:
1. Izimali zokukhishwa kwentela: Kumelwe ziphathwe ngumthengisi wendawo waseMelika, obiza cishe u-$200–500 ngokuthunyelwa ngakunye (okulingana no-RMB 1,400–3,500), kufaka phakathi izimali zokumemezela kanye nezindleko zokucubungula intela. Qaphela: Iziqandisi zeziphuzo ezineminyango emithathu zihlukaniswa njengezinto zikagesi futhi zidinga isitifiketi se-FDA (okuphoqelekile kuzinto zikagesi zokuxhumana zokudla zase-US) kanye nesitifiketi semvelaphi. Ukungabikho kwanoma yimuphi umbhalo kungabangela ukuhlolwa, kubangele ezinye izimali ezingu-$300–1000 (uma kungenhlanhla).
2. Izindleko ze-Port: Kubandakanya Izindleko Zokuphatha I-Terminal (THC), izimali zemibhalo, kanye nezimali ze-Automated Manifest System (AMS), ezifinyelela cishe ku-$300–800 ngokuthunyelwa ngakunye (RMB 2,100–5,600). Ngokuthunyelwa kwe-LCL (okungaphansi komthwalo wesikhongozeli), kusebenza imali eyengeziwe yokunciphisa umthwalo ($200–500 ngokuthunyelwa ngakunye); Ukuthunyelwa kwe-FCL (umthwalo wesikhongozeli esigcwele) akukhokhisi le nkokhelo.
3. Imali Yokulanda Izitsha Nezokuthutha Ezingaphakathi: Ngemva kokususwa kwentela, izitsha kumele zithathwe esigungwini bese zilethwa endaweni oya kuyo. ELos Angeles njengechweba lokuya kulo, izimali zokulanda izitsha zingaba ngu-$100–300 ngohambo ngalunye. Ukuthutha okude ukusuka echwebeni kuya emadolobheni angaphakathi e-US (isb., eChicago, eDallas) kubiza cishe u-$1–2 ngemayela. Isibonelo, ukuthunyelwa kusuka eLos Angeles kuya eChicago (cishe amamayela angu-2,000) kubiza izindleko zokuhamba ezingu-$2,000–4,000 (RMB 14,000–28,000). Uma kulethwa esitolo sedolobha, kusebenza imali eyengeziwe yokulethwa edolobheni ($300–800).
IV. Umshwalense + Intela: Ukugwema Ukulahlekelwa Kwezezimali Okungalindelekile
Nakuba kungezona "izindleko zokuhamba" kuphela, lezi "izindleko zokuvikela" ezibalulekile ezithwala ingozi enkulu uma zingafakwanga:
1. Umshwalense Wasolwandle: Ubalwa ku-0.3%-0.8% wenani lezimpahla. Kwikhabethe leziphuzo elineminyango emithathu elilinganiselwa ku-¥5,000-10,000 ngeyunithi ngayinye, izindleko zomshwalense zicishe zibe ngu-¥15-80 ngeyunithi ngayinye. Kunconywa kakhulu ukuthenga. Kuhlanganisa izimangalo zokulahlekelwa ngenxa yeziphepho, ukuminyana kwempahla, noma umonakalo wempahla ngesikhathi sokuthunyelwa; ngaphandle kwalokho, uthwala izindleko eziphelele.
2. Imisebenzi Yokungenisa E-US: Ama-cooler okuphuza ahlukaniswa ngokuthi “imishini yokuqandisa.” Ikhodi ye-US Harmonized System (HS) ehambisanayo inezinga lentela elicishe libe ngu-2.5%-5% (kuya ngesigaba sokugcina sentela). Uma kubalwa ngokusekelwe enanini, isibonelo, iyunithi enenani elingu-¥8,000 ifaka intela engaba ngu-¥200-400 ngeyunithi ngayinye. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezinye izifundazwe zikhokhisa intela yokuthengisa (6%-10%), njengeCalifornia neNew York. Qinisekisa izinqubomgomo zesifundazwe oya kuso kusengaphambili.
V. Izindleko Ezifihliwe Ezivame Kakhulu Ukuchitha Imali Eningi
1. Imali Yokunciphisa Ukungcola/Ukukhishwa Kwempahla: Uma izimpahla zingalandwanga echwebeni izinsuku ezingaphezu kweziyi-7 ngemva kokufika, kusebenza imali yokunciphisa ukungcola ($50–200/ngosuku). Uma uhluleka ukubuyisa isitsha ngaphakathi kwesikhathi esibekiwe somthwali (ngokuvamile izinsuku eziyi-7–14) kuholela emalini yokukhipha ukungcola ($30–100/ngosuku). Lezi zindleko ziyanda ngokubambezeleka, ngakho-ke qiniseka ukuthi amalungiselelo okuhlanza aqedwa kusenesikhathi.
2. Imali Yokulungisa Ukupakisha Okungahambisani Nomthetho: Uma ama-pallet okhuni engenawo uphethiloli noma ukupakisha kungaphephile ngokwanele, okubangela umonakalo wempahla, i-US Customs ingagunyaza ukuvuselelwa kabusha. Lokhu kubiza imali engaba ngu-$500–$2,000 ngesinye isikhathi futhi kubangela ukubambezeleka okukhulu.
3. Izindleko ezengeziwe zokuthumela impahla: Uma ukhetha ukuthumela impahla, buza ngokucacile mayelana "namanani afaka konke" kanye "nezimali ezingafakiwe" ukuze ugweme izindleko ezingalindelekile njengokuthi "izimali zokuphatha" noma "izimali ezisheshisiwe" phakathi nenqubo. Kunconywa ukusayina inkontileka ebhaliwe echaza yonke imininingwane yezindleko.
Ngamafuphi, ukuthumela ikhabethe elilodwa leziphuzo elineminyango emithathu e-US (njengesibonelo eLos Angeles) kubiza izindleko eziphelele ezingaba ngu-¥12,000–20,000 (ezihlanganisa ukuphathwa kwempahla yasekhaya, imithwalo yasolwandle, ukususwa kwempahla yamasiko, kanye nokuthuthwa kwempahla emifushane e-US). Izindleko zikhuphuka ngo-30%–50% zokulethwa emadolobheni ase-US angaphakathi nezwe. Hlela kusengaphambili inyanga eyodwa kuya kwezimbili, khetha umthumeli wempahla othembekile, ucacise zonke izimali, futhi ulungiselele amadokhumenti aphelele okususwa kwempahla yamasiko ukuze ugweme ukweqiwa kwesabelomali kanye nezingozi zokuboshwa kwempahla yamasiko.
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