Imininingwane yokupakishwa kwamakhabethe okubonisa amakhekhe edeskithophu yezentengiselwano yakha isisekelo sokubala imithwalo yamazwe ngamazwe. Phakathi kwamamodeli ajwayelekile asakazwa emhlabeni jikelele, amakhabethe amancane edeskithophu (ubude obuyimitha engu-0.8-1) anomthamo ohlanganisiwe ongaba amamitha ayi-cubic angu-0.8-1.2 kanye nesisindo esiphelele esingu-60-90 kg; amamodeli anosayizi ophakathi (amamitha angu-1-1.5) anomthamo ongama-cubic metres angu-1.2-1.8 kanye nesisindo esiphelele esingu-90-150 kg; amamodeli amakhulu enziwe ngokwezifiso (angaphezu kwamamitha angu-1.5) avame ukudlula amamitha ayi-cubic angu-2 futhi angaba nesisindo esingaphezu kuka-200 kg.
Kwezokuthutha zamazwe ngamazwe, ukuthutha ngolwandle kubalwa “ngamamitha angama-cubic”, kuyilapho ukuthutha ngendiza kubalwa ngokusekelwe enanini eliphakeme phakathi “kwamakhilogremu” noma “isisindo esilinganayo” (ubude × ububanzi × ukuphakama ÷ 5000, kanti ezinye izindiza zisebenzisa ama-6000). Uma sithatha ikhabethe lekhekhe eliphakathi elingamamitha angu-1.2 njengesibonelo, isisindo salo esilinganiselwe singama-300 kg (amamitha angama-cubic angu-1.5 × 200). Uma lithunyelwa ngendiza lisuka eShayina liya eYurophu, ukuthutha okuyisisekelo kungaba cishe ama-$3-5 ngekhilogremu, okuholela ekutheni ukuthutha ngendiza kuphela kusuka ku-$900-1500; ngolwandle ($20-40 ngemitha engama-cubic), ukuthutha okuyisisekelo kungaba ama-$30-60 kuphela, kodwa umjikelezo wokuthutha mude njengezinsuku ezingama-30-45.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, izidingo zokunemba zemishini zengeza izindleko ezengeziwe.Ngenxa yama-compressor akhelwe ngaphakathi kanye nengilazi eqinisiwe, ezokuthutha zamazwe ngamazwe kumele zihambisane nezindinganiso zokupakisha ze-ISTA 3A. Izindleko zamabhokisi ezinkuni alwa nokuthambekela ngokwezifiso zingaba ngu-$50-100 ngeyunithi ngayinye, zidlula kakhulu izindleko zokupakisha okulula kwezokuthutha zasekhaya. Amanye amazwe (njenge-Australia ne-New Zealand) nawo adinga ukuthi imishini ihambisane nezitifiketi zokubulala ukhula, kanye nezindleko ezibalelwa ku-$30-50 ngeqoqo ngalinye.
2. Umehluko Wezindleko Nezimo Ezisebenzayo Zezindlela Zokuhamba Ezinqamula Imingcele
Ezentengiselwano zomhlaba wonke, ukukhetha indlela yokuhamba kunquma ngqo izindleko zokuthutha, lapho umehluko wezindleko phakathi kwezindlela ezahlukene ufinyelela izikhathi ezingaphezu kweziyishumi:
- Imithwalo yolwandle: Kufanelekela ukuthuthwa ngobuningi (amayunithi ayi-10 noma ngaphezulu). Isitsha esigcwele (isitsha esingamamitha angu-20 singaphatha amakhabethe aphakathi nendawo angu-20-30) sisuka e-Asia siye emachwebeni amakhulu aseYurophu (eRotterdam, eHamburg) sibiza cishe u-$1500-3000, esabelwe iyunithi eyodwa singu-$50-150 kuphela; i-LCL (Umthwalo Ongaphansi Kwesitsha) ibalwa ngama-cubic metres, kanti i-Asia eya oGwini olusentshonalanga lweNyakatho Melika icishe ibe ngu-$30-50 nge-cubic meter, okuholela ekuthwalweni kwekhabethe elilodwa eliphakathi nendawo cishe u-$45-90, kodwa kunezindleko ezengeziwe zokuvula (cishe u-$20-30 ngeyunithi ngayinye).
- Ukuthutha ngendiza: Ifanele ama-oda aphuthumayo. Impahla yomoya esuka e-Asia iya eNyakatho Melika icishe ibe ngu-$4-8 ngekhilogremu, ikhabethe elilodwa eliphakathi nendawo (isisindo esingu-300 kg) elibiza u-$1200-2400, okuphindwe izikhathi ezingu-20-30 kunempahla yolwandle; impahla yomoya yangaphakathi kweYurophu (isib., iJalimane kuya eFrance) iphansi, cishe u-$2-3 ngekhilogremu, kanti izindleko zeyunithi eyodwa zehla ziye ku-$600-900.
- Ukuthuthwa komhlaba: Kukhawulelwe emazweni angomakhelwane, njengangaphakathi kwe-EU ukusuka eSpain kuya ePoland. Ukuhamba ngezimoto emhlabeni kubiza cishe u-$1.5-2 ngekhilomitha, kanti uhambo lwamakhilomitha ayi-1000 lubiza u-$150-200 ngeyunithi, kanye nesikhathi sezinsuku ezi-3-5 kanye nezindleko phakathi kwempahla yolwandle neyendiza.
Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi imithwalo yamazwe ngamazwe ayifaki izimali zokukhishwa kwempahla yamasiko. Isibonelo, e-United States, amakhabethe ekhekhe athengiswayo angeniswayo akhokhiswa intela engu-2.5%-5% (ikhodi ye-HTS 841869), kanye nemali ye-ejenti yokukhishwa kwempahla yamasiko (cishe u-$100-200 ngokuthunyelwa ngakunye), okwandisa izindleko zangempela zokufika ngo-10%-15%.
3. Ithonya lamaNethiwekhi Ezokuthutha Ezifundazweni Ekuthwaleni Izimpahla Kwesiphetho
Ukungalingani kwamanethiwekhi okuthutha emhlabeni wonke kuholela ekwehlukeni okukhulu ezindleleni zokusabalalisa izikhungo ezigcina izimpahla kuzo zonke izifunda:
Izimakethe ezivuthiwe eYurophu naseMelika: Njengoba kunengqalasizinda yezokuthutha ethuthukisiwe, izindleko zokusabalalisa kusukela emachwebeni kuya ezitolo ziphansi. E-US, kusukela ePort of Los Angeles kuya edolobheni laseChicago, imali yokuthutha emhlabeni yekhabhinethi elilodwa eliphakathi nendawo icishe ibe ngu-$80-150; eYurophu, kusukela ePort of Hamburg kuya edolobheni laseMunich, cishe ingu-€50-100 (okulingana no-$60-120), kanye nenketho yokulethwa okuhleliwe (okudinga imali eyengeziwe yesevisi engu-$20-30).
Izimakethe ezisafufusaIzindleko zokugcina ziphezulu. ENingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia (isib., eJakarta, e-Indonesia), imali yokulethwa esuka echwebeni iye edolobheni icishe ibe ngu-$100-200 ngeyunithi ngayinye, kanye nezindleko ezengeziwe ezifana nezindleko zokuthutha kanye nemali yokungena; kwezokuthutha zangaphakathi ezweni ezivela echwebeni laseLagos, eNigeria, ngenxa yezimo zomgwaqo ezimbi, umthwalo weyunithi eyodwa ungafinyelela ku-$200-300, okubalwa u-30%-50% wentengo ye-CIF yechweba.
Izindawo ezikude: Ukuthunyelwa kwezimpahla eziningi kuholela ezindleleni eziphindwe kabili. Amazwe afana neParaguay eNingizimu Melika kanye neMalawi e-Afrika adinga ukuthi izimpahla zithunyelwe ngemikhumbi emachwebeni angomakhelwane, lapho izimpahla eziphelele zekhabhinethi eyodwa ephakathi nendawo (kufaka phakathi ukuthunyelwa kwezimpahla) zifinyelela ku-$800-1500, zidlula kakhulu izindleko zokuthenga imishini ngokwayo.
4. Amasu Okulawula Izindleko Zokuthutha Emsebenzini Wokuthola Izinto Emhlabeni Wonke
Kwezohwebo zamazwe ngamazwe, ukuhlela okunengqondo kwezixhumanisi zezokuthutha kunganciphisa ngempumelelo inani lezindleko zokuthutha:
Ukuthutha okuhlanganisiwe ngobuningi: Ama-oda amayunithi ayi-10 noma ngaphezulu esebenzisa imithwalo yolwandle egcwele isitsha angonga u-30%-40% uma kuqhathaniswa ne-LCL. Isibonelo, ukuthunyelwa kusuka eShayina kuya eBrazil, i-container egcwele engamafidi angu-20 ibiza cishe u-$4000 (ekwazi ukuthwala amayunithi angu-25), kanye nesabelo seyunithi ngayinye esingu-$160; ukuthunyelwa ngamaqoqo ayi-10 ahlukene e-LCL kungaholela ekuthuthweni kweyunithi ngayinye okungaphezu kuka-$300.
Ukuhlelwa kwendlu yokugcina impahla yesifunda: Ukuqasha izindawo zokugcina impahla zaphesheya kwezilwandle ezimakethe ezibalulekile njengeNyakatho Melika neYurophu, kusetshenziswa imodeli ethi “impahla egcwele yolwandle + ukusatshalaliswa kwezindawo zokugcina impahla zaphesheya kwezilwandle”, kunganciphisa izindleko zokulethwa okukodwa kusuka ku-$150 ngeyunithi ngayinye kuya ku-$50-80. Isibonelo,I-Amazon FBAIzindawo zokugcina impahla zaseYurophu zisekela indawo yokugcina imishini ebandayo, ngentela yanyanga zonke engaba ngu-$10-15 ngeyunithi ngayinye, ephansi kakhulu kunezindleko zokuthunyelwa kwempahla kwamanye amazwe amaningi.
5. Izinkomba zezindawo zokuthutha impahla zemakethe yomhlaba wonke
Ngokusekelwe ezimweni zomhlaba wonke zokuthutha, amakhabethe okubonisa ikhekhe le-desktop yezimpahla zomhlaba wonke angafingqwa ngalezi zigaba ezilandelayo (zonke zemakhabethe aphakathi nendawo, okuhlanganisa imithwalo eyisisekelo + ukuvunyelwa kwempahla yamasiko + ukulethwa kwempahla endaweni yokugcina impahla):
- Ukuhwebelana ngaphakathi kwesifunda (isb., ngaphakathi kwe-EU, ngaphakathi kweNyakatho Melika): $150-300;
- Ukuthutha okuhamba eduze nolwandle phakathi kwezwekazi (e-Asia ukuya eNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia, eYurophu ukuya eNyakatho Afrika): $300-600;
- Ukuthuthwa kolwandle phakathi kwamazwekazi (e-Asia ukuya eNyakatho Melika, eYurophu ukuya eNingizimu Melika): $600-1200;
- Izindawo ezikude (e-Afrika engaphakathi, amazwe amancane aseNingizimu Melika): $1200-2000.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, izindleko ezengeziwe ngezikhathi ezikhethekile zidinga ukunakwa: kukho konke ukwenyuka kwentengo kaphethiloli okungu-10%, izindleko zempahla yolwandle zikhuphuka ngo-5%-8%; izindlela eziphambukayo zomzila ezibangelwa izingxabano zezwe (njengenkinga yoLwandle Olubomvu) zingaphinda kabili amazinga empahla emizileni yase-Asia-Europe, zikhulise izindleko zeyunithi eyodwa ngo-$300-500.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Septhemba 10-2025 Ukubukwa: