Izitsha eziqandisiwe ngokuvamile zibhekisela kumakhabethe eziphuzo ezitolo ezinkulu, iziqandisi, amakhabethe ekhekhe, njll., anezinga lokushisa elingaphansi kuka-8°C. Abangane ababandakanyeka ebhizinisini lomhlaba wonke elingeniswayo elibandayo bonke babe nalokhu kudideka: kusobala ukuthi baxoxisana ngomthwalo wasolwandle ongu-$4,000 ngesitsha ngasinye, kodwa izindleko zokugcina zigcina sezifinyelela ku-$6,000.
Izitsha ezifakwe esiqandisini ezingenisiwe zihlukile ezitsheni ezomile ezivamile. Izindleko zazo zokuhamba ziyisistimu ehlanganisiwe "yezimali eziyisisekelo + amaphrimiyamu okulawula izinga lokushisa + izimali ezengeziwe zengozi". Ukungalungi okuncane kunoma yikuphi ukuxhumana kungaholela ekulahlekelweni yizindleko.
Uma sihlanganisa nokubalwa kwezindleko kwakamuva kwenyama eqandisiwe yaseYurophu engeniswe yiklayenti, ake sicacise lezi zinto zezindleko ezifihliwe ngemuva kwempahla yasolwandle ukuze sikusize ugweme izithiyo zezindleko.
I. Izindleko zokuhamba eziyinhloko: Ukuthutha ngomkhumbi "kuyimali yokungena" nje
Le ngxenye “iyingxenye enkulu” yezindleko, kodwa akuyona neze into eyodwa yempahla yolwandle. Esikhundleni salokho, iqukethe “izindleko ezengeziwe zempahla eyisisekelo + izintambo ezibandayo” ezinokuguquguquka okukhulu kakhulu.
1. Ukuthutha okuyisisekelo olwandle: Kujwayelekile ukuthi uchungechunge olubandayo lubize kakhulu ngo-30%-50% kunezitsha ezivamile
Izitsha eziqandisiwe zidinga ukuhlala endaweni ebekelwe inkampani yemikhumbi yomkhumbi futhi zidinga ukunikezwa kwamandla okuqhubekayo ukuze kugcinwe amazinga okushisa aphansi, ngakho-ke izinga lokuthwala eliyisisekelo ngokwalo liphakeme kakhulu kunelezitsha ezomile ezivamile. Uma sibheka izitsha ze-20GP njengesibonelo, imithwalo yasolwandle yemithwalo ejwayelekile esuka eYurophu iya eShayina icishe ibe ngu-$1,600-$2,200, kuyilapho izitsha eziqandisiwe ezisetshenziselwa inyama eqandisiwe zikhuphuka ngqo ziye ku-$3,500-$4,500; igebe emizileni yaseNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia lisobala kakhulu, lapho izitsha ezivamile zibiza u-$800-$1,200, kanti izitsha eziqandisiwe ziphindwe kabili ziye ku-$1,800-$2,500.
Kufanele kuqashelwe lapha ukuthi umehluko wentengo mkhulu futhi ngenxa yezidingo ezahlukene zokulawula izinga lokushisa: inyama eqandisiwe idinga izinga lokushisa elingaguquki eliphakathi kuka-18°C kuya ku-25°C, futhi izindleko zayo zokusebenzisa amandla ziphakeme ngo-20%-30% kunezezitsha zobisi eziqandisiwe ezinokushisa okungu-0°C-4°C.
2. Izindleko ezengeziwe: Amanani kawoyela nezinkathi zonyaka kungenza izindleko zibe “njenge-roller coaster”
Le ngxenye cishe iyona edlula isabelomali, futhi zonke “ziyizindleko eziqinile” izinkampani zokuthumela impahla ezingazikhulisa ngokuthanda kwazo:
- I-Bunker Adjustment Factor (BAF/BRC): Uhlelo lokupholisa izitsha eziqandisiwe ludinga ukusebenza njalo, futhi ukusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli kuphakeme kakhulu kunokwezitsha ezivamile, ngakho-ke ingxenye yenkokhelo eyengeziwe kaphethiloli nayo iphakeme. Kwikota yesithathu ka-2024, inkokhelo eyengeziwe kaphethiloli ngesitsha ngasinye yayicishe ibe ngu-$400-$800, ebalelwa ku-15%-25% wempahla iyonke. Isibonelo, i-MSC isanda kumemezela ukuthi kusukela mhla lu-1 kuNdasa 2025, imali yokubuyisa uphethiloli wezimpahla eziqandisiwe ezithunyelwa e-United States izokhushulwa, kulandela ukuguquguquka kwamanani kaphethiloli emhlabeni jikelele.
- Inhlawulo Yesikhathi Esiphezulu (PSS): Le mali ayinakugwenywa ngesikhathi semikhosi noma ngezikhathi zokuvuna ezindaweni ezikhiqizayo. Isibonelo, ngesikhathi sokuthunyelwa kwezithelo zaseChile ezingeni eliphezulu ehlobo laseningizimu yezwe, izitsha eziqandisiwe ezithunyelwa e-United States zizokhokhiswa imali yesizini ephezulu engu-$500 ngesitsha ngasinye; izinyanga ezimbili ngaphambi koMkhosi WaseNtwasahlobo eShayina, izinga lokuthutha lezitsha eziqandisiwe lisuka eYurophu liya eShayina likhuphuka ngqo ngo-30%-50%.
- Inkokhelo eyengeziwe yemishini: Uma kusetshenziswa izitsha eziqandisiwe eziphezulu ezinokulawula umswakama, noma kudingeka izinsizakalo zangaphambi kokupholisa, inkampani yokuthumela izokhokhisa imali eyengeziwe yokusetshenziswa kwemishini engu-$200-$500 ngesitsha ngasinye, okuyinto evamile lapho kungeniswa izithelo eziphezulu.
II. Ukususwa kwamachweba kanye nokuvunyelwa kwentela: Okuvame kakhulu ukuba “nezindleko ezifihliwe”
Abantu abaningi babala izindleko ngaphambi kokufika echwebeni, kodwa bangazinaki "izindleko zesikhathi" zesitsha esiqandisiwe esihlala echwebeni - izindleko zansuku zonke zesitsha esiqandisiwe esihlala echwebeni ziphindwe kabili kuya kathathu kunezesitsha esivamile.
1. UDemurrage + ukuboshwa: “Umbulali wesikhathi” wezitsha ezifrijiwe
Izinkampani zokuthumela impahla zivame ukunikeza isikhathi sesitsha samahhala sezinsuku ezi-3-5, kanti isikhathi sokugcina samahhala echwebeni siyizinsuku ezi-2-3. Uma sesidlulile umkhawulo wesikhathi, imali izophindeka kabili ngosuku. Ukudla okungenisiwe okungu-100% kumele kuhlolwe futhi kuvalelwe. Uma ichweba ligcwele, inani lokudla elinqunyiwe lodwa lingafinyelela ku-500-1500 yuan ngosuku, kanti imali yokubamba izitsha eziqandisiwe ibiza kakhulu, amadola ayi-100-200 ngosuku.
Iklayenti lingenise inyama eqandisiwe livela eFrance. Ngenxa yolwazi olungalungile ngesitifiketi semvelaphi, ukuvunyelwa kwentela kwabambezeleka izinsuku ezi-5, kanti imali yokukhokha intela + yokuboshwa yodwa yabiza ngaphezu kuka-8,000 RMB, okwakucishe kube ngu-20% ngaphezu kwalokho obekulindelwe.
2. Ukuhlanzwa nokuhlolwa kwentela: Izindleko zokuthobela imithetho azikwazi ukulondolozwa
Le ngxenye iyizindleko ezihleliwe, kodwa kufanele kuqashelwe “isimemezelo esinembile” ukuze kugwenywe izindleko ezengeziwe:
- Izimali ezijwayelekile: Imali yokumemezela intela (200-500 yuan ngethikithi ngalinye), imali yokumemezela ukuhlolwa (300-800 yuan ngethikithi ngalinye), kanye nemali yesevisi yokuhlola (500-1000 yuan) ijwayelekile. Uma kudingeka indawo yokugcina yesikhashana endaweni yokugcina ebandayo eqondiswa intela, kuzongezwa imali yokugcina engu-300-500 yuan ngosuku.
- Izindleko kanye nentela enenani elingeziwe: Lena "ingxenye enkulu" yezindleko, kodwa ingagcinwa ngezivumelwano zokuhweba. Isibonelo, kusetshenziswa isitifiketi se-FORM E se-RCEP, ama-durian aseThailand angangeniswa ngaphandle kwentela; imikhiqizo yobisi yase-Australia ingancishiswa ngqo ibe yi-0 ngesitifiketi semvelaphi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ikhodi ye-HS kufanele ibe nenembile. Isibonelo, i-ayisikhilimu ehlukaniswe ngaphansi kuka-2105.00 (enentela engu-6%) ingonga izinkulungwane zamaRandi enteleni ngesitsha ngasinye uma kuqhathaniswa nokuhlukaniswa ngaphansi kuka-0403 (enentela engu-10%).
III. Izindleko zosizo: Zibonakala zincane, kodwa zifinyelela enanini elimangalisayo
Izindleko ngazinye zalezi zixhumanisi aziphezulu, kodwa ziyahlangana, ngokuvamile zingu-10%-15% wezindleko zizonke.
1. Imali yokupakisha nokusebenza: Ukukhokhela ukugcinwa kobusha
Izimpahla ezifakwe esiqandisini zidinga ukupakishwa okukhethekile okuvikela umswakama nokushaqeka. Isibonelo, ukupakishwa kwenyama eqandisiwe nge-vacuum kunganciphisa ivolumu ngo-30%, okungagcini nje ngokusindisa imithwalo kodwa futhi kugcina ubusha, kodwa imali yokupakisha ingu-$100-$300 ngesitsha ngasinye. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kudingeka ama-forklift ochwepheshe e-cold chain ukuze kulayishwe futhi kuthululwe, kanti imali yokusebenza iphakeme ngo-50% kuneyezimpahla ezijwayelekile. Uma izimpahla zesaba ukungqubuzana futhi zidinga ukufakwa kokukhanya ngesandla, imali izokhuphuka kakhulu.
2. Iphrimiyamu yomshuwalense: Ukunikeza isivikelo "sezimpahla ezibolayo"
Uma ukulawulwa kwezinga lokushisa kwezimpahla eziqandisiwe kwehluleka, kuzoba ukulahlekelwa okuphelele, ngakho-ke umshwalense awukwazi ukulondolozwa. Ngokuvamile, umshwalense uthathwa ngo-0.3%-0.8% wenani lezimpahla. Isibonelo, ngenyama eqandisiwe ebiza u-$50,000, iphrimiyamu icishe ibe ngu-$150-$400. Emizileni emide efana neNingizimu Melika ne-Afrika, iphrimiyamu izokhuphuka ibe ngaphezu kuka-1%, ngoba uma isikhathi sokuhamba siside, kulapho ingozi yokulawula izinga lokushisa iba phezulu khona.
3. Imali yokuhamba yasekhaya: Izindleko zemayela lokugcina
Ukuze kuthuthwe kusuka echwebeni kuya endaweni yokugcina izinto ezibandayo yangaphakathi nezwe, umthwalo wamaloli aqandisiwe uphakeme ngo-40% kunewamaloli avamile. Isibonelo, imali yokuthutha yesitsha esiqandisiwe esingu-20GP sisuka eShanghai Port siya endaweni yokugcina izinto ezibandayo eSuzhou ingu-1,500-2,000 yuan. Uma kuya ezifundeni eziphakathi nasentshonalanga, kuzongezwa ama-yuan angu-200-300 ngamakhilomitha ayi-100, futhi imali yokushayela engenalutho yokubuya nayo kumele ifakwe.
IV. Amakhono okulawula izindleko asebenzayo: izindlela ezi-3 zokonga u-20% wezindleko
Ngemva kokuqonda ukwakheka kwezindleko, ukulawulwa kwezindleko kungenziwa ngendlela ehlelekile. Nazi ezinye izindlela eziqinisekisiwe:
1. Khetha i-LCL yamaqoqo amancane bese usayina izinkontileka zesikhathi eside zamaqoqo amakhulu:
Uma ivolumu yempahla ingaphansi kwamamitha ayi-5 cubic, i-LCL (Engaphansi Komthwalo Wesitsha) isindisa u-40%-60% wempahla uma kuqhathaniswa ne-FCL. Nakuba ukusebenza kahle kwesikhathi kuhamba kancane ngezinsuku ezi-5-10, ifaneleka kuma-oda okuhlola; uma ivolumu yokubhuka yonyaka idlula ama-container angu-50, sayina isivumelwano sesikhathi eside ngqo nenkampani yokuthumela ukuze uthole isaphulelo esingu-5%-15%.
2. Lawula izinga lokushisa nesikhathi ngokunembile ukuze unciphise imfucuza yamandla:
Setha izinga lokushisa eliphansi elidingekayo ngokwezici zezimpahla. Isibonelo, ubhanana ungagcinwa ku-13°C, futhi asikho isidingo sokuwehlisa ube ngu-0°C; xhumana nenkampani yokuhlanza impahla kusengaphambili ukuze ulungiselele izinto ngaphambi kokufika echwebeni, cindezela isikhathi sokuhlola sibe phakathi kosuku olulodwa, futhi ugweme ukwehla kwamandla.
3. Sebenzisa ubuchwepheshe ukunciphisa izindleko:
Faka ukuqapha kokulawula izinga lokushisa kwe-GPS ezitsheni eziqandisiwe ukuze ulandelele izinguquko zokushisa ngesikhathi sangempela, ugweme ukulahlekelwa okuphelele ngenxa yokwehluleka kwemishini; sebenzisa uhlelo lokugcina impahla oluzenzakalelayo, olunganciphisa izindleko zokusebenza zesitoreji esibandayo ngo-10%-20%.
Okokugcina, isifinyezo: Ukubalwa kwezindleko kufanele kushiye "isikhala esiguquguqukayo"
Ifomula yezindleko zezitsha ezifrijiwe ezingenisiwe ingafingqwa kanje: (Impahla eyisisekelo yolwandle + izimali ezengeziwe) + (Izimali zechweba + izimali zokuhlanza impahla) + (Ukupakisha + umshwalense + izimali zokuhamba zasekhaya) + isabelomali esiguquguqukayo esingu-10%. Lo 10% ubalulekile ekubhekaneni nezimo eziphuthumayo ezifana nokwenyuka kwentengo kaphethiloli kanye nokubambezeleka kokuhlanza impahla.
Phela, ingqikithi yokuthuthwa kwe-cold chain "ukulondolozwa kobusha". Esikhundleni sokuncisha izindleko ezidingekayo, kungcono ukunciphisa izindleko ezifihliwe ngokuhlela okunembile - ukugcina ikhwalithi yezimpahla kuyindlela engcono kakhulu yokonga izindleko.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Novemba-12-2025 Ukubukwa: