Ukuqonda Umehluko Phakathi Kwezinhlobo Zesiqandisi Seziqandisi

Imishini yesimanje yesiqandisi ibalulekile ekulondolozeni ukudla, nokho iziqandisi ezifana no-R134a, R290, R404a, R600a, kanye no-R507 zihluka kakhulu uma zisebenza. U-R290 uvame ukusetshenziswa emakhabetheni eziphuzo eziqandisiwe, kanti u-R143a uvame ukusetshenziswa emakhabetheni amancane kabhiya. I-R600a ngokuvamile igcinelwe okokusebenza okukhethekile okuqandisayo.

Iziqandisi ziwumthombo wokuphila wesistimu yesiqandisi, ezenza iziqandisi zikwazi ukumunca ukushisa futhi zigcine izinga lokushisa elipholile langaphakathi. Kodwa-ke, akuzona zonke iziqandisi ezidalwe zilingana—ukwakheka kwazo kwamakhemikhali, umthelela wemvelo, amaphrofayili okuphepha, nokusebenza kwehluka kakhulu. Kubathengi, ochwepheshe, nochwepheshe bezimboni eYurophu naseNyakatho Melika, ukuqonda lo mehluko kubalulekile, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwemithetho eqinile yokunciphisa ukukhishwa kwesisi esibamba ukushisa nokuvikela ungqimba lwe-ozone.

Imibandela Yokuhlola Okuyinhloko Yeziqandisi

Ngaphambi kokungena ezinhlotsheni ezingazodwana, kubalulekile ukuchaza amamethrikhi abaluleke kakhulu ezinhlelweni zesiqandisi. Lezi zindlela zibonwa emhlabeni wonke embonini ye-HVAC/R (Ukushisa, Ukungenisa umoya, I-Air Conditioning, Isiqandisi) futhi zilolonga izinqumo zokulawula emhlabeni jikelele:

• I-ODP (Amandla Okuncipha Kwe-Ozone): Isilinganiso sokuthi into ilimaza kangakanani ungqimba lwe-ozone. I-benchmark ingu-R11 (isiqandisi esesivinjelwe manje), sine-ODP engu-1. Isilinganiso sika-0 sisho ukuthi isiqandisi asinazo izinto eziqeda i-ozone.
• I-GWP (Amandla Okufudumala Komhlaba): Isilinganiso somnikelo wento ekushintsheni kwesimo sezulu eminyakeni eyi-100, uma kuqhathaniswa ne-carbon dioxide (CO₂, GWP = 1). Amanani aphansi e-GWP abekwa kuqala ngaphansi kwemithethonqubo efana ne-EU's F-Gas Regulation kanye ne-US EPA's SNAP (Inqubomgomo Entsha Ebalulekile Yezinye izindlela).
• Ukuhlelwa Kokuphepha kwe-ASHRAE: Izinga (ASHRAE 34-2022) elikala iziqandisi ngokuvutha (Isigaba 1: esingashi; Isigaba 2L: sivutha kancane; Isigaba 2: siyavutha; Isigaba 3: esivutha kakhulu) kanye nobuthi (Ikilasi A: ubuthi obuphansi; Ikilasi B: ubuthi obuphezulu). Iziqandisi eziningi ziwela ekilasini A.
• Ukusebenza Kwe-Thermodynamic: Kuhlanganisa ukusebenza kahle kokupholisa (i-COP, noma i-Coefficient of Performance, lapho iphakeme = isebenza kahle), ingcindezi yokusebenza (kufanele ifane nomklamo wokuminyanisa wefriji), kanye nebanga lokushisa (elifanele amafriji aphakathi nendawo noma iziqandisi ezinezinga lokushisa eliphansi).
• Ukuhambisana: Isebenza nezithambisi zokuminyanisa zefriji (isb, uwoyela wamaminerali, uwoyela we-POE) kanye nezinto (isb., ama-seal, amapayipi) ukugwema ukulimala kwesistimu.

Ukuhlaziywa Kwesiqandisi Ngamunye

Isiqandisi ngasinye sinamandla ahlukile kanye nemikhawulo, okuyenza ifaneleke izimo ezithile zokusebenzisa—kusuka eziqandisini zasendlini kuya kumafriji athengiswayo. Ngezansi kunencazelo enemininingwane yohlobo ngalunye.

1. R134a (Tetrafluoroethane)

Uhlobo Lwekhemikhali: I-Pure hydrofluorocarbon (HFC)

Imininingwane Ebalulekile:

• I-ODP: 0 (i-ozone-iphephile)
• I-GWP: 1,430 (Ngombiko Wokuhlola Wesithupha we-IPCC, umkhathizwe weminyaka eyi-100)
• Ikilasi Lokuphepha le-ASHRAE: A1 (elingashi, ubuthi obuphansi)
• Ingcindezi Yokusebenza: Emaphakathi (uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye iziqandisi)
• Ukuhambisana: Isebenza ne-POE (i-polyol ester) noma i-PAG (i-polyalkylene glycol) yokugcoba.

Ukusebenza Nezinhlelo zokusebenza:

I-R134a yavela ngeminyaka yawo-1990 esikhundleni sika-R12 (i-CFC ene-ODP ephezulu, manje evinjelwe ngaphansi kwe-Montreal Protocol). Kwaba ukudla okuyisisekelo eziqandisini zasendlini, izipholile zeziphuzo ezincane, kanye neziqandisi eziphathwayo ngenxa yemvelo yazo engashi kanye nokuhlanganiswa kalula ezinhlelweni ezikhona. Ukupholisa kahle kwayo (i-COP) kumaphakathi—yanele izinga lokushisa elijwayelekile lesiqandisi (2–8°C endaweni entsha, -18°C kumafriji) kodwa liphansi kuneziqandisi zemvelo njengo-R600a.

Isimo Sokulawula Nemvelo:

Nakuba i-R134a iphephile nge-ozone, i-GWP yayo ephezulu iholele emikhawulweni eYurophu naseNyakatho Melika. Ngaphansi kwe-EU's F-Gas Regulation (EC No 517/2014), ukusetshenziswa kuka-R134a emishinini emisha yesiqandisi kwehlisiwe kusukela ngo-2020, kanti kuphinde kuncishiswe. Ihlala ivamile kumafriji amadala kodwa ithathelwa indawo ezinye ze-GWP ephansi kumamodeli amasha.

Izinselele: I-GWP ephezulu ikhawulela ukusebenza kwesikhathi eside; ukusebenza kahle okuphansi kuneziqandisi zemvelo.

2. R600a (Isobutane)

Uhlobo Lwekhemikhali: I-hydrocarbon ehlanzekile (HC, “isiqandisi semvelo” esitholakala ku-petroleum/gesi)

Imininingwane Ebalulekile:

• I-ODP: 0 (i-ozone-iphephile)
• I-GWP: 3 (umthelela wesimo sezulu ongenandaba—omunye ophansi kakhulu otholakalayo)
• Ikilasi Lokuphepha le-ASHRAE: A3 (elivutha kakhulu, ubuthi obuphansi)
• Ingcindezi Yokusebenza: Iphansi (idinga ama-compressor aklanyelwe amasistimu anengcindezi ephansi)
• Ukuhambisana: Isebenza ngamafutha amaminerali noma izithambisi ze-alkylbenzene (AB) (hhayi i-POE/PAG).

Ukusebenza Nezinhlelo zokusebenza:

I-R600a manje isiyisiqandisi esihamba phambili kumafriji asekhaya esimanje eYurophu naseNyakatho Melika. Ukusebenza kahle kwayo kokupholisa (i-COP 5–10% ngaphezu kuka-R134a) kunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla, kuhambisana ne-EU Energy Label kanye namazinga e-US ENERGY STAR®. I-GWP yayo ephansi futhi iyenza ihambisane ngokugcwele nemithetho eqinile yokukhipha umoya.

Ukucatshangelwa kokuphepha nokufakwa:

Ukuvutha komlilo kuyinselelo enkulu ka-R600a. Ukunciphisa ubungozi, abakhiqizi bakhawulela usayizi wokushaja kwawo eziqandisini (imvamisa engu-≤150 amagremu) futhi basebenzise izakhi ezingaqhumi (isb., ama-compressor avaliwe, izingxenye zikagesi ezingashi). Ochwepheshe badinga ukuqeqeshwa okukhethekile ukuze bakwazi ukuphatha ukuvuza, njengoba umhwamuko ogxile ku-R600a uvutha kalula.

Izinselele: Ukuvutha okuphezulu kudinga umklamo ogxile ekuphepheni nokubamba; akuhambisani namafutha e-POE/PAG.

3. R290 (Propane)

Uhlobo Lwekhemikhali: I-hydrocarbon ehlanzekile (HC, isiqandisi semvelo)

Imininingwane Ebalulekile:

• I-ODP: 0 (i-ozone-iphephile)
• I-GWP: 3 (efana no-R600a, umthelela wesimo sezulu ophansi kakhulu)
• Ikilasi Lokuphepha le-ASHRAE: I-A3 (ivutha kakhulu, ubuthi obuphansi—ivutha kancane kuno-R600a, inamandla okubasa aphansi)
• Ingcindezi Yokusebenza: Phakathi-phansi (ngaphezulu kuka-R600a, ngaphansi kuka-R134a)
• Ukuhambisana: Isebenza ngamafutha amaminerali noma izithambisi ze-AB.

Ukusebenza Nezinhlelo zokusebenza:

I-R290 ihlinzeka ngokusebenza kahle kokupholisa—i-COP yayo iphakeme ngo-10–15% kuno-R134a, okuyenza ibe ilungele isiqandisi esonga amandla. Isetshenziswa kumafriji asekhaya amancane kuya kwaphakathi, amafriji amancane, kanye nezinye izinto ezipholile zokubonisa ezentengiso (lapho osayizi bokushaja belinganiselwe). Ezifundeni ezifana ne-EU, iya ngokuya yamukelwa njengokushintshwa okuqondile kuka-R134a kumamodeli amasha.

Isimo Sokuphepha Nokulawula:

Njengo-R600a, ukuvutha kuka-R290 kudinga izinyathelo zokuphepha eziqinile: imikhawulo yeshaji (≤150 amagremu eziqandisini zasendlini), amasistimu okuthola ukuvuza, nezinto ezingashi ngaphakathi kwesiqandisi. Ihambisana ngokugcwele ne-EU F-Gas Regulation kanye ne-US EPA SNAP, ngaphandle kwezinhlelo zokwehla ngenxa ye-GWP yayo ephansi.

Izinselele: Ukuvutha okuphakeme kuno-R600a; idinga ukuhlolwa kokuphepha okuqinile ngesikhathi sokukhiqiza.

4. R404a (Inhlanganisela ka-R125, R134a, R143a)

Uhlobo Lwekhemikhali: Inhlanganisela ye-Near-azeotropic HFC (ama-HFC amaningi axutshwe ukulingisa izakhiwo zesiqandisi esisodwa)

Imininingwane Ebalulekile:

• I-ODP: 0 (i-ozone-iphephile)
• I-GWP: 3,922 (iphezulu kakhulu—enye yeziqandisi ezithinta isimo sezulu)
• Ikilasi Lokuphepha le-ASHRAE: A1 (elingashi, ubuthi obuphansi)
• Ingcindezi Yokusebenza: Iphezulu (ilungiselelwe amasistimu wezinga lokushisa eliphansi)
• Ukuhambisana: Isebenza ngezithambisi ze-POE.

Ukusebenza Nezinhlelo zokusebenza:

I-R404a yake yaba indinganiso yegolide yeziqandisi ezithengiswayo, okuhlanganisa iziqandisi ezingenayo, amakesi okubonisa ezitolo ezinkulu, namafriji ezimboni asebenza ku -20°C kuya ku-40°C. Umthamo wayo wokupholisa ophezulu kanye nokuzinza emazingeni okushisa aphansi kuyenze yafaneleka kulezi zinhlelo zokusebenza.

Isimo Sokulawula Nemvelo:

IGWP ye-R404a ephezulu kakhulu iholele ekucisheni kwayo yonke indawo e-Europe naseNyakatho Melika. Ngaphansi kwe-EU F-Gas Regulation, ukusetshenziswa kwayo ezintweni ezintsha kwavinjelwa ngo-2020, futhi ukungenisa/ukuthunyelwa kwayo kukhawulelwe kakhulu. E-US, i-EPA ifake ohlwini u-R404a “njengento ye-GWP ephezulu” futhi idinga ukushintshwa ngezinye ze-GWP ephansi (isb., R452A, R513A) ezinhlelweni ezintsha. Ihlala emafrijini amadala kodwa iqedwa ngokubuyiselwa imali.

Izinselele: I-GWP Eyenqatshelwe; ukungasebenzi kahle kwamandla uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izindlela zesimanje; kunomthelela omkhulu ekuguqukeni kwesimo sezulu.

5. R507 (Inhlanganisela ka-R125 & R143a)

Uhlobo Lwekhemikhali: Ingxube ye-Azeotropic HFC (izingxube ezibilayo/ezijiya ngezinga lokushisa elilodwa, njengesiqandisi esimsulwa)

Imininingwane Ebalulekile:

• I-ODP: 0 (i-ozone-iphephile)
• I-GWP: 3,985 (cishe ifane no-R404a, iphezulu kakhulu)
• Ikilasi Lokuphepha le-ASHRAE: A1 (elingashi, ubuthi obuphansi)
• Ingcindezi Yokusebenza: Iphezulu (iphakeme kancane kuno-R404a)
• Ukuhambisana: Isebenza ngezithambisi ze-POE.

Ukusebenza Nezinhlelo zokusebenza:

I-R507 ingumzala osondelene ka-R404a, oklanyelwe isiqandisi esinezinga lokushisa eliphansi lokushisa (isb., iziqandisi ezijulile, amakesi okubonisa ukudla okuqandisiwe) lapho kudingeka khona ukupholisa okungaguquki ku -30°C kuya ku -50°C. Imvelo yayo ye-azeotropic isho ukuthi ayihlukani ibe izingxenye ngesikhathi sokuvuza, okwenza kube lula ukunakekela—inzuzo ngaphezu kwemixube eseduze ne-azeotropic efana no-R404a.

Isimo Sokulawula Nemvelo:

Njengo-R404a, i-GWP ephezulu ka-R507 iholele ekutheni kube nemithetho eqinile. I-EU F-Gas Regulation yavimbela ukusetshenziswa kwayo emishinini emisha ngo-2020, futhi i-US EPA iyiqoke “njengento ekhathazayo” ngaphansi kweSNAP. Ithathelwa indawo amanye ama-GWP aphansi afana no-R448A (GWP = 1,387) no-R449A (GWP = 1,397) ezicelweni zentengiso.

Izinselele: I-GWP ephezulu kakhulu; akukho ukusebenza kwesikhathi eside ngaphansi kwemithetho ye-global emissions; kukhawulelwe kumasistimu amafa.

Izitayela zamanani zamafriji ahlukene ziyahlukahluka. Leli yishadi lethrendi kusukela ngoJuni 2025:

Ukubuka Okuqhathaniswayo Kweziqandisi

Ithebula elingezansi lifingqa umehluko oyinhloko phakathi kweziqandisi ezinhlanu, ligqamisa ukufaneleka kwazo ezimweni ezithile zokusetshenziswa:

Amathrendi Okulawula Nokushintsha Kwemboni

Imakethe yeziqandisi zomhlaba wonke iqhutshwa yizinjongo ezimbili ezinkulu: ukuqeda izinto eziqeda i-ozone (okuzuzwe eziqandisini eziningi) kanye nokunciphisa ukukhishwa kwegesi ebamba ukushisa (okugxilwe kuyo njengamanje). EYurophu naseNyakatho Melika, imithethonqubo isheshisa ukushintshela kuzinketho eziphansi ze-GWP:

• I-EU F-Gas Regulation: Igunyaza ukwehliswa kwama-79% ekusetshenzisweni kwe-HFC ngo-2030 (uma kuqhathaniswa namazinga ka-2015) futhi ivimbela iziqandisi ze-GWP eziphezulu (GWP> 2,500) emishinini emisha yesiqandisi.
• I-US EPA SNAP: Ibala iziqandisi ezine-GWP ephansi (isb., i-R600a, i-R290, i-R452A) “njengeyamukelekayo” ezinhlelweni eziningi futhi ivimbela izinketho ze-GWP ephezulu (isb., R404a, R507) ezinhlelweni ezintsha.

Kubathengi, lokhu kusho:

• Amafriji amasha azosebenzisa cishe u-R600a noma u-R290 kuphela (ngenxa ye-GWP yawo ephansi nokusebenza kwawo okuphezulu).
• Iziqandisi zezentengiso zizoshintshela ekuhlanganiseni kwe-GWP ephansi (isb, i-R448A, i-R454C) noma iziqandisi zemvelo ezifana ne-CO₂ (R744) kumasistimu amakhulu.
• Amafriji amadala asebenzisa u-R134a, u-R404a, noma u-R507 azodinga ukulahlwa okufanele noma ukufakwa kabusha ukuze ahambisane nemithethonqubo.

Ukukhetha isiqandisi esifanele sesiqandisi kuncike ekulinganiseni izinto ezine: umthelela wendawo (ODP/GWP), ukuphepha (ukuvutha/ukuba nobuthi), ukusebenza (ukusebenza kahle/ukucindezela), nokuthobela imithetho. Ngezinhlelo zokusebenza eziningi zesimanje:

• U-R600a kanye no-R290 yizona zinketho ezingcono kakhulu zamafriji asekhaya, ahlinzeka nge-GWP ephansi kakhulu nokusebenza kahle okuphezulu (ngezinyathelo zokuphepha zokubhekana nokuvutha).
• U-R404a kanye no-R507 awasasebenzi kumasistimu amasha, akhawulelwe ezintweni ezithengiswayo ezifa kuze kube kubuyiselwa noma ukushintshwa.
• I-R134a iyinketho yenguquko, kancane kancane iyayekwa ukuze ivune iziqandisi zemvelo.

Njengoba imithethonqubo iqina futhi ubuchwepheshe buthuthuka, imboni izoqhubeka nokubeka phambili iziqandisi zemvelo kanye nenhlanganisela ye-GWP ephansi-ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izinhlelo zesiqandisi ziyasebenza futhi zisimeme isikhathi eside. Kochwepheshe kanye nabathengi, ukuhlala unolwazi ngalo mehluko kuyisihluthulelo sokwenza izinqumo ezinomthwalo wemfanelo, ezithobelayo.

Imithombo: ASHRAE Handbook—Refrigeration (2021), IPCC Sixth Assessment Report (2022), EU F-Gas Regulation (EC No 517/2014), US EPA SNAP Program (2023).