Ukuqonda Umehluko Phakathi Kwezinhlobo Zeziqandisi Zamafriji

Imishini yesimanje yokuqandisa ibalulekile ekulondolozweni kokudla, kodwa iziqandisi ezifana ne-R134a, R290, R404a, R600a, kanye ne-R507 zihluke kakhulu ekusetshenzisweni. I-R290 ivame ukusetshenziswa emakhabetheni eziphuzo aqandisiwe, kanti i-R143a ivame ukusetshenziswa emakhabetheni amancane kabhiya. I-R600a ivame ukugcinelwa imishini ekhethekile yokuqandisa.

Ama-refrigerant ayigazi lokuphila kwezinhlelo zokuqandisa, okwenza ama-friji akwazi ukumunca ukushisa futhi agcine amazinga okushisa angaphakathi apholile. Kodwa-ke, akuzona zonke ama-refrigerant ezidalwe zilingana—ukwakheka kwawo kwamakhemikhali, umthelela wemvelo, amaphrofayili okuphepha, kanye nokusebenza kwawo kuyahlukahluka kakhulu. Kubathengi, ochwepheshe, kanye nochwepheshe bezimboni eYurophu naseNyakatho Melika, ukuqonda lo mehluko kubalulekile, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwemithetho eqinile yokunciphisa ukukhishwa kwamagesi okushisa nokuvikela ungqimba lwe-ozone.

Izindlela Zokuhlola Eziyinhloko Zeziqandisi

Ngaphambi kokubheka izinhlobo ngazinye, kubalulekile ukuchaza izilinganiso ezibaluleke kakhulu ekusetshenzisweni kwesiqandisi. Lezi zindlela ziqashelwa kabanzi embonini ye-HVAC/R (Heating, Ventilation, Air Conditioning, Refrigeration) futhi zakha izinqumo zomthetho emhlabeni jikelele:

• I-ODP (Amandla Okuncipha Kwe-Ozone): Isilinganiso sokuthi into ilimaza kangakanani ungqimba lwe-ozone. Isilinganiso yi-R11 (i-refrigerant esivinjelwe manje), ene-ODP engu-1. Isilinganiso esingu-0 sisho ukuthi i-refrigerant ayinayo imiphumela yokunciphisa i-ozone.
• I-GWP (Amandla Okufudumala Komhlaba): Isilinganiso somnikelo wento ekushintsheni kwesimo sezulu eminyakeni eyi-100, uma kuqhathaniswa ne-carbon dioxide (CO₂, GWP = 1). Amanani aphansi e-GWP abekwa phambili ngaphansi kwemithetho efana ne-F-Gas Regulation ye-EU kanye ne-SNAP ye-US EPA (Inqubomgomo Yezindlela Ezintsha Ezibalulekile).
• Ukuhlukaniswa Kokuphepha kwe-ASHRAE: Indinganiso (ASHRAE 34-2022) elinganisa iziqandisi ngokusha (Isigaba 1: esingashisi; Isigaba 2L: esingashisi kancane; Isigaba 2: esingashisi; Isigaba 3: esingashisi kakhulu) kanye nobuthi (Isigaba A: ubuthi obuphansi; Isigaba B: ubuthi obuphezulu). Iziqandisi eziningi zesiqandisi ziwela ku-Class A.
• Ukusebenza kwe-Thermodynamic: Kuhlanganisa ukusebenza kahle kokupholisa (i-COP, noma i-Coefficient of Performance, lapho iphakeme = isebenza kahle kakhulu), ingcindezi yokusebenza (kumele ihambisane nomklamo we-compressor yesiqandisi), kanye nobubanzi bokushisa (obufanele amafriji anokushisa okuphakathi noma amafriji anokushisa okuphansi).
• Ukuhambisana: Isebenza ngezinto zokugcoba ze-compressor zesiqandisi (isb. uwoyela wamaminerali, uwoyela we-POE) kanye nezinto zokwakha (isb. izivalo, amapayipi) ukugwema ukulimala kohlelo.

Ukuhlaziywa Kwefriji Ngamunye

Isiqandisi ngasinye sinamandla kanye nemikhawulo ehlukile, okwenza sifanelekele izimo ezithile zokusetshenziswa—kusukela eziqandisini zasekhaya kuya eziqandisini zebhizinisi. Ngezansi kunencazelo eningiliziwe yohlobo ngalunye.

1. R134a (i-Tetrafluoroethane)

Uhlobo Lwamakhemikhali: I-hydrofluorocarbon emsulwa (i-HFC)

Imininingwane Eyinhloko:

• I-ODP: 0 (iphephile kwi-ozone)
• I-GWP: 1,430 (ngoMbiko Wokuhlola Wesithupha we-IPCC, umkhathizwe weminyaka eyi-100)
• Isigaba Sokuphepha se-ASHRAE: A1 (esingashi, ubuthi obuphansi)
• Ingcindezi Yokusebenza: Ephakathi (uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izinto eziqandisayo)
• Ukuhambisana: Kusebenza ne-POE (polyol ester) noma i-PAG (polyalkylene glycol) lubricants.

Ukusebenza kanye nezinhlelo zokusebenza:

I-R134a yavela ngawo-1990 njengenye esikhundleni se-R12 (i-CFC ene-ODP ephezulu, manje evinjelwe ngaphansi kweMontreal Protocol). Yaba yinto eyinhloko eziqandisini zasekhaya, eziqandisini ezincane zeziphuzo, kanye naseziqandisini eziphathwayo ngenxa yemvelo yayo engashisi kanye nokuhlanganiswa okulula ezinhlelweni ezikhona. Ukusebenza kwayo kahle kokupholisa (i-COP) kulinganiselwe—kwanele amazinga okushisa ajwayelekile esiqandisini (2–8°C endaweni entsha, -18°C eziqandisini) kodwa kuphansi kuneziqandisini zemvelo ezifana ne-R600a.

Isimo Sokulawula Nesemvelo:

Nakuba i-R134a iphephile kwi-ozone, i-GWP yayo ephezulu iholele emikhawulweni eYurophu naseNyakatho Melika. Ngaphansi koMthethonqubo we-F-Gas we-EU (EC No 517/2014), ukusetshenziswa kwe-R134a emishinini emisha yokuqandisa kuye kwehliswa kancane kancane kusukela ngo-2020, kanti kuhlelwe ukunciphisa okwengeziwe. Ihlala ivamile eziqandisini ezindala kodwa ithathelwa indawo ezinye izindlela ze-GWP ephansi kumamodeli amasha.

Izinselele: I-GWP ephezulu inciphisa ukusebenza kwesikhathi eside; ukusebenza kahle okuphansi kuneziqandisi zemvelo.

2. R600a (Isobutane)

Uhlobo Lwamakhemikhali: I-hydrocarbon emsulwa (i-HC, "isiqandisi semvelo" esithathwe ku-petroleum/gesi)

Imininingwane Eyinhloko:

• I-ODP: 0 (iphephile kwi-ozone)
• I-GWP: 3 (umthelela wesimo sezulu ongelutho—omunye wemincane kakhulu etholakalayo)
• Isigaba Sokuphepha se-ASHRAE: A3 (esivutha kakhulu, esinobuthi obuphansi)
• Ingcindezi Yokusebenza: Iphansi (idinga ama-compressor aklanyelwe izinhlelo ezinomfutho ophansi)
• Ukuhambisana: Kusebenza namafutha amaminerali noma izithambisi ze-alkylbenzene (AB) (hhayi i-POE/PAG).

Ukusebenza kanye nezinhlelo zokusebenza:

I-R600a manje isiyisiqandisi esiyinhloko eziqandisini zasekhaya zanamuhla eYurophu naseNyakatho Melika. Ukusebenza kwayo kahle kokupholisa (i-COP 5–10% ephakeme kune-R134a) kunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla, okuhambisana nezindinganiso ze-EU Energy Label kanye ne-US ENERGY STAR®. I-GWP yayo ephansi iyenza ihambisane ngokugcwele nemithetho eqinile yokukhishwa komoya.

Izinto Okufanele Uzicabangele Ngokuphepha Nokufaka:

Ukushaqeka yinselele eyinhloko ye-R600a. Ukuze kuncishiswe ingozi, abakhiqizi banciphisa usayizi wokushaja kwayo eziqandisini (ngokuvamile ≤150 amagremu) futhi basebenzisa izingxenye ezingaqhumi (isb., ama-compressor avaliwe, izingxenye zikagesi ezingashisi). Ochwepheshe badinga ukuqeqeshwa okukhethekile ukuze baphathe ukuvuza, njengoba umusi we-R600a oqinile ungasha.

Izinselele: Ukusha okukhulu kudinga ukwakheka nokuphathwa okugxile ekuphepheni; akuhambisani namafutha e-POE/PAG.

3. R290 (i-Propane)

Uhlobo lweKhemikhali: I-hydrocarbon emsulwa (i-HC, i-refrigerant yemvelo)

Imininingwane Eyinhloko:

• I-ODP: 0 (iphephile kwi-ozone)
• I-GWP: 3 (efana ne-R600a, umthelela wesimo sezulu ophansi kakhulu)
• Isigaba Sokuphepha se-ASHRAE: A3 (ivutha kakhulu, inobuthi obuphansi—ivutha kancane kune-R600a, enamandla okushisa aphansi)
• Ingcindezi Yokusebenza: Ephakathi nendawo (ephakeme kune-R600a, ephansi kune-R134a)
• Ukuhambisana: Kusebenza namafutha amaminerali noma amafutha e-AB.

Ukusebenza kanye nezinhlelo zokusebenza:

I-R290 inikeza ukusebenza kahle kokupholisa okumangalisayo—i-COP yayo iphakeme ngo-10-15% kune-R134a, okwenza ibe yindawo efanelekile yokubanda eyonga amandla. Isetshenziswa eziqandisini ezincane kuya kweziphakathi zasekhaya, eziqandisini ezincane, kanye nakwezinye iziqandisini zokubonisa ezentengiselwano (lapho ubukhulu bokushaja bulinganiselwe). Ezifundeni ezifana ne-EU, iya ngokuya isetshenziswa njengendawo eqondile ye-R134a kumamodeli amasha.

Isimo Sokuphepha Nokulawula:

Njengo-R600a, ukusha kwe-R290 kudinga izinyathelo zokuphepha eziqinile: imikhawulo yokushaja (≤150 amagremu eziqandisini zasekhaya), izinhlelo zokuthola ukuvuza, kanye nezinto ezingashi ngaphakathi kwesiqandisini. Ihambisana ngokugcwele ne-EU F-Gas Regulation kanye ne-US EPA SNAP, ngaphandle kwezinhlelo zokunciphisa ngenxa ye-GWP yayo ephansi.

Izinselele: Ukusha okukhulu kuno-R600a; kudinga ukuhlolwa kokuphepha okuqinile ngesikhathi sokukhiqiza.

4. R404a (Inhlanganisela ye-R125, R134a, R143a)

Uhlobo Lwamakhemikhali: Ingxube ye-HFC eseduze ne-azeotropic (ama-HFC amaningi axutshwe ukuze alingise izakhiwo zesiqandisi esisodwa)

Imininingwane Eyinhloko:

• I-ODP: 0 (iphephile kwi-ozone)
• I-GWP: 3,922 (iphezulu kakhulu—enye yezindawo zokugcina iziqandisi ezithinta kakhulu isimo sezulu)
• Isigaba Sokuphepha se-ASHRAE: A1 (esingashi, ubuthi obuphansi)
• Ingcindezi Yokusebenza: Phezulu (elungiselelwe izinhlelo zokushisa okuphansi)
• Ukuhambisana: Kusebenza ngamafutha okugcoba e-POE.

Ukusebenza kanye nezinhlelo zokusebenza:

I-R404a yayiyeyona ndlela iphambili yokubanda kwezentengiselwano, okuhlanganisa amafriji angena ngaphakathi, amabhokisi okubonisa ezitolo ezinkulu, kanye namafriji ezimboni asebenza kusukela ku--20°C kuya ku--40°C. Amandla ayo okupholisa aphezulu kanye nokuqina emazingeni okushisa aphansi kwenza kwaba kuhle kakhulu kulezi zinhlelo zokusebenza.

Isimo Sokulawula Nesemvelo:

I-GWP ephezulu kakhulu ye-R404a iholele ekuqedweni kwayo cishe ngokuphelele eYurophu naseNyakatho Melika. Ngaphansi koMthethonqubo we-EU F-Gas, ukusetshenziswa kwayo emishinini emisha kwavinjelwa ngo-2020, futhi ukungeniswa/ukuthunyelwa kwayo kwamanye amazwe kunqunyelwe kakhulu. E-US, i-EPA ifake i-R404a ohlwini "lwezinto ezine-GWP ephezulu" futhi idinga ukushintshwa ngezinye izindlela ezine-GWP ephansi (isb., i-R452A, i-R513A) ezinhlelweni ezintsha. Ihlala eziqandisini ezindala zezentengiselwano kodwa iqedwa ngokulungiswa kabusha.

Izinselele: I-GWP evimbelayo; ukusetshenziswa kwamandla okungekuhle uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izindlela zesimanje; kunegalelo elikhulu ekushintsheni kwesimo sezulu.

5. R507 (Inhlanganisela ye-R125 kanye ne-R143a)

Uhlobo Lwamakhemikhali: Ingxube ye-Azeotropic HFC (ingxube ebilisa/i-condense ekushiseni okukodwa, njengesiqandisi esimsulwa)

Imininingwane Eyinhloko:

• I-ODP: 0 (iphephile kwi-ozone)
• I-GWP: 3,985 (cishe ifane ne-R404a, ephezulu kakhulu)
• Isigaba Sokuphepha se-ASHRAE: A1 (esingashi, ubuthi obuphansi)
• Ingcindezi Yokusebenza: Phezulu (iphakeme kancane kune-R404a)
• Ukuhambisana: Kusebenza ngamafutha okugcoba e-POE.

Ukusebenza kanye nezinhlelo zokusebenza:

I-R507 ingumzala oseduze we-R404a, eyenzelwe ukuqandisa kwezentengiselwano okushisa okuphansi (isb., amafriji ajulile, amakhabethe okubonisa ukudla okuqandisiwe) lapho kudingeka khona ukupholisa njalo kusuka ku--30°C kuya ku--50°C. Uhlobo lwayo lwe-azeotropic lusho ukuthi ayihlukani ibe yizingxenye ngesikhathi sokuvuza, okwenza kube lula ukugcinwa kwayo—inzuzo ngaphezu kwengxube ye-azeotropic efana ne-R404a.

Isimo Sokulawula Nesemvelo:

Njenge-R404a, i-GWP ephezulu ye-R507 iholele emithethweni eqinile. Umthethonqubo we-EU F-Gas wavimbela ukusetshenziswa kwayo emishinini emisha ngo-2020, kanti i-US EPA iyibize ngokuthi “into ekhathazayo” ngaphansi kwe-SNAP. Ithathelwa indawo ezinye izindlela ze-GWP ephansi njenge-R448A (GWP = 1,387) kanye ne-R449A (GWP = 1,397) ezinhlelweni zezentengiselwano.

Izinselele: I-GWP ephezulu kakhulu; akukho ukusebenza kwesikhathi eside ngaphansi kwemithetho yokukhishwa kwegesi emhlabeni jikelele; kunqunyelwe ezinhlelweni ezindala.

Izitayela zamanani eziqandisi ezahlukene ziyahlukahluka. Leli yishadi lezitayela kusukela ngoJuni 2025:

Ukubuka Konke Okuqhathanisayo Kweziqandisi

Ithebula elingezansi lifingqa umehluko obalulekile phakathi kwama-refrigerant amahlanu, liqokomisa ukufaneleka kwawo ezimweni ezithile zokusetshenziswa:

Izitayela Zokulawula Nokushintsha Kwemboni

Imakethe yeziqandisi zomhlaba wonke iqhutshwa yizinhloso ezimbili ezibanzi: ukuqeda izinto eziqeda i-ozone (okufezwe eziqandisini eziningi) kanye nokunciphisa ukukhishwa kwamagesi okushisa (okugxilwe kukho njengamanje). EYurophu naseNyakatho Melika, imithetho isheshisa ukushintshela ezinkethweni ze-GWP ephansi:

• Umthethonqubo we-EU F-Gas: Uphoqelela ukwehliswa okungu-79% ekusetshenzisweni kwe-HFC ngo-2030 (uma kuqhathaniswa namazinga ka-2015) futhi uvimbela amafriji ane-GWP ephezulu (GWP > 2,500) emishinini emisha yokuqandisa.
• I-US EPA SNAP: Ibala amafriji ane-GWP ephansi (isb., R600a, R290, R452A) “njengamukelekayo” ezinhlelweni eziningi futhi ivimbela izinketho ezine-GWP ephezulu (isb., R404a, R507) ezinhlelweni ezintsha.

Kubathengi, lokhu kusho ukuthi:

• Amafriji amasha asekhaya azosebenzisa cishe i-R600a noma i-R290 kuphela (ngenxa ye-GWP yawo ephansi kanye nokusebenza kahle okuphezulu).
• Ukuqandisa kwezentengiselwano kuzoshintshela ekuxubeni kwe-GWP ephansi (isb., R448A, R454C) noma eziqandisini zemvelo ezifana ne-CO₂ (R744) zezinhlelo ezinkulu.
• Amafriji amadala asebenzisa i-R134a, i-R404a, noma i-R507 azodinga ukulahlwa noma ukulungiswa kabusha okufanele ukuze kuhambisane nemithethonqubo.

Ukukhetha isiqandisi esifanele sefriji kuncike ekulinganiseni izici ezine: umthelela wemvelo (i-ODP/GWP), ukuphepha (ukusha/ubuthi), ukusebenza (ukusebenza kahle/ingcindezi), kanye nokuhambisana nemithetho. Eziningi zezinhlelo zokusebenza zesimanje:

• I-R600a kanye ne-R290 yizona zinketho ezinhle kakhulu zamafriji asekhaya, zinikeza i-GWP ephansi kakhulu kanye nokusebenza kahle okuphezulu (ngezinyathelo zokuphepha zokubhekana nokusha).
• I-R404a kanye ne-R507 azisebenzi ezinhlelweni ezintsha, zikhawulelwe emishinini yezentengiselwano yakudala kuze kube yilapho kulungiswa noma kushintshwa.
• I-R134a iyindlela yokushintsha, kancane kancane isuswa esikhundleni sezinto zemvelo eziqandisayo.

Njengoba imithethonqubo iqina futhi ubuchwepheshe buthuthuka, imboni izoqhubeka nokubeka phambili iziqandisi zemvelo kanye nezinhlanganisela ze-GWP ephansi—ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izinhlelo zokuqandisa ziyasebenza futhi zizinzile isikhathi eside. Kochwepheshe nabathengi, ukuhlala unolwazi ngalezi zimo kubalulekile ekwenzeni izinqumo ezinomthwalo wemfanelo nezithobelayo.

Imithombo: I-ASHRAE Handbook—Refrigeration (2021), Umbiko Wokuhlola Wesithupha we-IPCC (2022), Umthetho Wokulawulwa Kwegesi we-EU F (EC No 517/2014), Uhlelo lwe-US EPA SNAP (2023).