Jirgin ruwa a cikin cinikin ketare iyaka yana aiki a matsayin muhimmiyar hanyar sufuri ta duniya, yana ba da fa'idodi mafi girma idan aka kwatanta da jigilar jiragen sama - musamman ga manyan kayayyaki kamar na'urorin sanyaya abin sha masu ƙofofi uku. Jigilar waɗannan zuwa Amurka yana yiwuwa ne kawai ta hanyar jigilar kaya ta teku. Tabbas, farashi ba shi da sauƙi kamar "farashi mai haɗa dukkan abubuwa." Daga ɗaukar kaya zuwa isarwa a wuraren sayar da kayayyaki na Amurka, tsarin ya ƙunshi aƙalla matakai shida, kowannensu yana da kuɗaɗen da suka shafi hakan. Kuɗaɗen da aka ɓoye, musamman, sune mafi yawan waɗanda ke haifar da hauhawar farashi a kasafin kuɗi.
I. Kuɗaɗen Farko: Daga Masana'anta/Rumbun Ajiye Kaya zuwa Tashar Jiragen Ruwa
Wannan ya ƙunshi muhimman kuɗaɗen da ake kashewa kafin jigilar kaya ta teku, waɗanda aka fi mayar da hankali a kansu kan "kai akwatin zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa." Ya ƙunshi muhimman abubuwa uku:
1. Kuɗin Daukar Kaya da Saurin Jigilar Kaya: Idan kabad ɗin yana cikin masana'antar cikin gida ko ma'ajiyar kaya mai zaman kanta, shirya jigilar manyan motoci zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa mafi kusa da wurin da aka samo asali (misali, Ningbo, Shanghai, Shenzhen). Kabad ɗin abin sha mai ƙofofi uku yana da nauyin kimanin kilogiram 200-300 (fam 440-660) kuma yana ɗaukar kimanin mita 2.2-2.5 na cubic (ƙafa 74-84 na cubic) (girman gama gari: inci 180*70*190cm / inci 71*27*74). An rarraba shi azaman kaya mai sauƙi, jigilar ɗan gajeren lokaci (misali, a cikin radius 100km) yawanci yana kashe ¥500-1500 (US$65-200), ya danganta da nisa da ko ana buƙatar ɗaukar kaya/sauke kaya na forklift (ƙarin ¥200-500 / $27-70 a kowane misali). Don jigilar kaya ko jigilar kaya zuwa tashoshin jiragen ruwa na cikin gida na Amurka, ana ba da shawarar a yi amfani da fale-falen katako masu feshi (Dokokin Amurka sun buƙaci a yi amfani da feshi don marufin katako don guje wa tsare kwastam), a ƙara 300-500 RMB/raka'a. Takaddun shaida na hukuma bayan feshi yana hana matsalolin share kwastam.
3. Kuɗin tashar jiragen ruwa: Da isowa tashar jiragen ruwa, ana buƙatar ƙarin kuɗi don ajiya, yin booking, takardu, da sauransu. Kuɗin ajiya na yau da kullun: ¥20-50/mita mai siffar sukari/rana (idan kaya sun iso da wuri kuma suna buƙatar ajiya na ɗan lokaci). Kuɗin yin booking: ¥300-800/biyan kuɗi. Kuɗin takardu (B/L, jerin kayan daki, da sauransu): ¥200-500. Jimillar da aka kiyasta: ¥500-1500. Farashi ya ɗan bambanta dangane da tashar jiragen ruwa.
II. Jigilar Kaya a Teku + Karin Kuɗi: Sashen da Ya Fi Sauyawa
Wannan shine mafi girman kaso na jimillar kuɗin jigilar kaya, tare da tasirin farashin da yanayi, layukan jigilar kaya, da hanyoyin sufuri suka yi. Akwai manyan zaɓuɓɓuka guda biyu na jigilar kaya, kowannensu yana da tasirin farashi daban-daban:
1. Jigilar kaya mai ƙarancin kaya (LCL): Ya dace da jigilar kwantena 1-2 kawai idan cikakken kwantena ba lallai bane. Biyan kuɗi ya dogara ne akan "girma" (ba a auna kaya masu sauƙi/masu yawa ba). Akwatin ƙofofi 3 na yau da kullun yana da girman kimanin mita 2.3 na cubic. Farashin LCL na kasuwa na yanzu ya kama daga 800-1500 RMB/mita 1840-3450 RMB. Lura: LCL ya ƙunshi "kuɗin haɗaka" (500-1000 RMB a kowace jigilar kaya) da "kuɗin sauke kaya na tashar jiragen ruwa" (za a tattauna daga baya). Tabbatar da waɗannan kuɗaɗen tare da mai jigilar kaya a gaba.
2. Cikakken Kayan Kwantena (FCL): Yana da rahusa ga manyan jigilar kaya (misali, raka'a 5+). Ga kwantenar GP mai tsawon ƙafa 20 (mai ɗaukar kimanin mita cubic 28), jigilar kaya ta teku tana kashe kusan $2,000–4,000 a kowace kwantenar (daidai da ¥14,000–28,000 RMB). Wannan yana matsakaicin ¥500–1,000 a kowace kabad mai tsayi, wanda ya fi rahusa fiye da LCL. Duk da haka, mafi ƙarancin buƙatar jigilar kaya a kowace kwantenar ya fi girma.
3. Karin Kuɗin da ake Biya: Sau da yawa ana yin watsi da waɗannan "kuɗin da aka ɓoye", waɗanda suka haɗa da Babban Daidaita Bunker (BAF) da Babban Daidaita Kuɗi (CAF), waɗanda suka haɗa da kusan kashi 10%-20% na kuɗin jigilar kaya a teku. A lokacin lokutan cunkoso (misali, watanni uku kafin Kirsimeti a Amurka), layukan jigilar kaya suna sanya Karin Kuɗin Lokacin Peak (PSS), yawanci $500-$2,000 a kowace jigilar kaya. Bugu da ƙari, ƙimar jigilar kaya a teku ta bambanta sosai tsakanin tashoshin jiragen ruwa daban-daban na Amurka (misali, Los Angeles, New York, Houston). Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Los Angeles ita ce mafi ƙarfi kuma tana ba da farashi mai rahusa, yayin da Tashar jiragen ruwa ta New York yawanci ta fi tsada da kashi 10%-15%.
III. Takardar izinin kwastam + ɗaukar kwantena: Mai tsada kuma mai yuwuwar fuskantar matsaloli
Da isowar tashar jiragen ruwa ta Amurka, ba za a iya ɗaukar kaya nan take ba. Wannan tsari ya ƙunshi kuɗaɗe masu sarkakiya da ƙa'idojin kwastam, kuma rashin kulawa da kyau na iya haifar da ƙarin hukunci:
1. Kuɗin izinin kwastam: Dole ne dillalin kwastam na gida na Amurka ya kula da shi, wanda farashinsa ya kai kimanin $200–500 a kowace jigilar kaya (daidai da RMB 1,400–3,500), gami da kuɗin sanarwa da kuɗin sarrafa kwastam. Lura: Ana rarraba firiji mai ƙofofi uku a matsayin kayan aiki kuma suna buƙatar takardar shaidar FDA (wajibi ne ga kayan aikin abinci na Amurka) da Takaddun Shaida na Asali. Rashin kowace takarda na iya haifar da dubawa, yana haifar da ƙarin kuɗi na $300–1000 (idan ba a yi sa'a ba).
2. Kuɗaɗen tashar jiragen ruwa: Har da Kuɗaɗen Kula da Tashar Jiragen Ruwa (THC), kuɗin takardu, da kuɗin Tsarin Bayani Mai Aiki da Kai (AMS), jimillar kusan $300–800 a kowace jigilar kaya (RMB 2,100–5,600). Ga jigilar LCL (ƙasa da nauyin kwantena), ƙarin kuɗin rage darajar kaya ($200–500 a kowace jigilar kaya) ya shafi; jigilar FCL (cikakken nauyin kwantena) ba ta haifar da wannan kuɗin ba.
3. Kuɗin Ɗauko Kwantena da Sufuri na Cikin Gida: Bayan an kammala aikin kwastam, dole ne a ɗauki kwantena daga tashar jiragen ruwa a kai su inda za a je. Ga Los Angeles a matsayin tashar jiragen ruwa, kuɗin ɗaukar kwantena kusan $100-300 ne a kowace tafiya. Sufuri mai nisa daga tashar jiragen ruwa zuwa biranen cikin gida na Amurka (misali, Chicago, Dallas) yana kashe kimanin $1-2 a kowace mil. Misali, jigilar kaya daga Los Angeles zuwa Chicago (kimanin mil 2,000) yana haifar da kuɗin sufuri na $2,000-4,000 (RMB 14,000-28,000). Idan aka kawo shi shagon cikin gari, ƙarin kuɗin jigilar kaya na birane ($300-800) yana aiki.
IV. Inshora + Haraji: Gujewa Asarar Kuɗi Ba Zato Ba
Duk da cewa ba wai kawai "kudaden sufuri" ba ne, waɗannan muhimman "kudaden kariya" ne waɗanda ke da babban haɗari idan aka cire su:
1. Inshorar Ruwa: An ƙididdige shi a kashi 0.3%-0.8% na ƙimar kayan. Ga kabad mai ƙofofi uku wanda darajarsa ta kai kimanin ¥5,000-10,000 a kowace raka'a, farashin inshora yana kusa da ¥15-80 a kowace raka'a. Ana ba da shawarar sosai a sayi. Yana rufe da'awar asarar da ta faru sakamakon guguwa, ambaliyar ruwa, ko lalacewar kaya yayin jigilar kaya; in ba haka ba, za ku ɗauki cikakken kuɗin.
2. Ayyukan Shigo da Kaya daga Amurka: Ana rarraba na'urorin sanyaya abin sha a matsayin "kayan aikin sanyaya." Lambar Tsarin Harmonized na Amurka (HS) mai dacewa tana ɗauke da ƙimar haraji na kusan 2.5%-5% (bisa ga rarrabuwar kwastam ta ƙarshe). Misali, idan aka ƙididdige ta bisa ƙima, naúrar da aka kimanta a ¥8,000 tana ɗaukar nauyin haraji na kusan ¥200-400 a kowace naúrar. Bugu da ƙari, wasu jihohi suna karɓar harajin tallace-tallace (6%-10%), kamar California da New York. Tabbatar da manufofin jihar da za a je da wuri.
V. Kuɗaɗen da aka ɓoye waɗanda suka fi saurin kashe kuɗi fiye da kima
1. Kuɗin Rufe/Rufewa: Idan kaya ba a yi musu haya a tashar jiragen ruwa ba sama da kwana 7 bayan isowa, ana biyan kuɗin rufewa ($50–200/rana). Ga cikakkun kayan kwantena (FCL), rashin dawo da kwantena a cikin lokacin da aka ƙayyade na mai ɗaukar kaya (yawanci kwanaki 7–14) yana haifar da kuɗin rufewa ($30–100/rana). Waɗannan kuɗaɗen suna ƙaruwa da jinkiri, don haka tabbatar da an kammala shirye-shiryen share kwastam a gaba.
2. Kudaden Sake Gyaran Marufi: Idan fale-falen katako ba su da feshi ko kuma marufi ba shi da cikakken tsaro, wanda ke haifar da lalacewar kaya, Hukumar Kwastam ta Amurka na iya ba da umarnin sake yin aiki. Wannan yana haifar da kuɗin kusan $500–$2,000 a kowane lokaci kuma yana haifar da jinkiri mai yawa.
3. Karin kuɗin jigilar kaya: Lokacin zabar mai jigilar kaya, a bayyane yake tambaya game da "farashi mai haɗa dukkan abubuwa" da "kuɗin da ba a cire ba" don guje wa cajin da ba a zata ba kamar "kuɗin gudanarwa" ko "kuɗin gaggawa" a tsakiyar aiki. Yana da kyau a sanya hannu kan kwangila a rubuce wadda ke bayyana duk cikakkun bayanai game da farashi.
A taƙaice, jigilar kabad ɗaya mai ƙofofi 3 zuwa Amurka (misali Los Angeles) yana haifar da jimillar kuɗin da ya kai ¥12,000–20,000 (wanda ya shafi kula da gida, jigilar kaya a teku, izinin kwastam, da jigilar kaya a cikin gida a Amurka). Kuɗin yana ƙaruwa da kashi 30%–50% don isar da kaya zuwa biranen cikin Amurka. Shirya watanni 1-2 a gaba, zaɓi mai jigilar kaya mai aminci, fayyace duk kuɗaɗen, da kuma shirya cikakkun takaddun izinin kwastam don guje wa hauhawar farashi a kasafin kuɗi da haɗarin tsarewa na kwastam.
Lokacin Saƙo: Disamba-29-2025 Dubawa: