A halin yanzu da ake samun ci gaban kasuwancin duniya, kasuwancin manyan firji ya yawaita zuwa ketare. Ga kamfanoni da yawa waɗanda ke yin fitar da firiji da abokan ciniki tare da buƙatun sayayya masu dacewa, fahimtar lokacin da ake buƙata don manyan fitarwa zuwa ƙasashe daban-daban yana da mahimmancin mahimmanci. Wannan lokacin ba wai kawai yana rinjayar tsarin tsarin samar da kayayyaki ba har ma yana da alaƙa da alaƙa da abubuwa kamar sarrafa farashin kasuwanci da gamsuwar abokin ciniki. Na gaba, za mu yi nazari sosai kan mahimman abubuwan da suka shafi lokacin sufuri na manyan - sikelin fitarwa na firiji da gabatar da dalla-dalla game da lokacin da ake buƙata don fitarwa zuwa wasu manyan ƙasashe.
I. Mahimman Abubuwan Da Suka Shafi Lokacin Sufuri na Manyan - Fitar da Firinji
1.Bambance-bambance a hanyoyin sufuri
(1) Jirgin ruwa:
Yana da fa'idodi masu mahimmanci na girman girman kaya da ƙarancin farashi, amma saurin jigilar sa yana da ɗan jinkiri. Gabaɗaya, don jigilar kaya na yau da kullun, farawa daga lokacin da aka ɗora kayan a kan jirgin a tashar jiragen ruwa har sai an sauke su a tashar jiragen ruwa, wannan tsari na iya ɗaukar kwanaki 15 - 45, dangane da abubuwa daban-daban kamar nisa tsakanin tashar jiragen ruwa da tashar jirgin ruwa, yawan sha'awar hanyar jigilar kayayyaki, da kuma ko ana buƙatar jigilar kayayyaki a tsakiyar hanya. Misali, idan jigilar kaya daga kasar Sin zuwa gabar tekun yammacin Amurka, a karkashin yanayi na yau da kullun, lokacin sufuri yana kusan kwanaki 15 – 25; idan jigilar kaya zuwa gabar gabas na Amurka, saboda nisa mai tsayi da yuwuwar buƙatar wucewa ta hanyar Canal Panama, za a tsawaita lokacin sufuri zuwa kwanaki 25 - 35.
(2) Jirgin sama
Babban fasalinsa shine saurin gudu. Gabaɗaya yana goyan bayan jigilar ƙananan firij, amma ba zai yuwu ba ga manyan ma'auni. Tsarin daga lokacin da aka kai kayan zuwa kamfanin jirgin har sai an sauke su a filin jirgin da za a nufa yana ɗaukar kwanaki 1 - 7 kawai. Wannan kyakkyawan zaɓi ne ga abokan ciniki waɗanda ke buƙatar kayan cikin gaggawa ko don wasu umarni na musamman tare da buƙatun lokaci mai tsayi. Koyaya, jigilar iska yana da ɗan tsada, kuma ga manyan firiji, waɗanda suke da girma a cikin girma da nauyi, kamfanonin jiragen sama na iya samun wasu ƙuntatawa dangane da tsarin sararin samaniya. Misali, gabaɗaya yana ɗaukar kwanaki 3 - 5 zuwa iska - jigilar manyan firij daga China zuwa Turai, amma idan lokacin kololuwar lokacin jigilar iska ne ko kuma akwai yanayi na musamman a ayyukan tashar jirgin sama, lokacin sufuri kuma yana iya jinkirtawa.
(3) sufurin kasa
Tsakanin ƙasashe maƙwabta ko a wasu yankuna tare da cikakkiyar ƙasa - hanyar sadarwar sufuri, sufurin ƙasa kuma zaɓi ne don fitar da manyan kayayyaki masu girma. Don manyan firji mai girma, ana buƙatar jigilar ƙasa ta manyan motoci. Lokacin sufuri na jigilar ƙasa ya bambanta bisa ga nisa da yanayin hanya, gabaɗaya yana ɗaukar kwanaki 1 - 10. Misali, idan jigilar manyan firji daga kasar Sin zuwa wasu kasashen kudu maso gabashin Asiya ta hanya ko layin dogo, idan hanyar sufuri ta kasance mai santsi, yana iya daukar kwanaki 3 – 5 kawai kafin isarsu. Koyaya, idan akwai ƙaƙƙarfan hanyoyin kawar da kan iyaka, ginin hanya, da sauransu, ana iya tsawaita lokacin sufuri sosai.
2.Customs clearing efficiency na ƙasar da aka nufa
Ƙasashen da suka ci gaba: A ƙasashen da suka ci gaba kamar Amurka, Ingila, da Jamus, tsarin kwastam yana da daidaito kuma yana da inganci. Gabaɗaya, a ƙarƙashin yanayin cikakkun takardu da cikakkun bayanai, lokacin izinin kwastam na teku - kayan jigilar kaya yawanci shine kwanaki 2 - 5 na aiki, kuma don iska - kayan jigilar kaya shine kwanaki 1 - 3 na aiki. Ɗaukar Amurka a matsayin misali, ga teku - kayan sufuri, yawanci yana ɗaukar kwanaki 2 - 5 na aiki daga ƙaddamar da cikakkun takardu don saki; na iska - kayan sufuri, gabaɗaya yana ɗaukar kwanaki 1 - 3 na aiki don kammala izinin kwastam. Duk da haka, idan akwai kurakurai ko shubuha a cikin sanarwar da kayan, ko kuma idan kwastam sun bincikar kayan ba tare da izini ba kuma ana buƙatar ƙarin bincike, za a tsawaita lokacin izinin kwastam daidai gwargwado, mai yiwuwa ya kai kwanaki 7 - 10 ko ma fiye.
Kasashe masu tasowa: Saboda dalilai irin su tsarin kwastam na kasa da kuma karancin ababen more rayuwa a kasashe masu tasowa, aikin kwastam na iya zama kadan. Lokacin izinin kwastam na iya ɗaukar kwanaki 3 - 10, kuma a wasu lokuta na musamman, yana iya wuce kwanaki 10. Misali, a wasu kasashen Afirka, tsarin kwastam yana da wahala, duban takardu yana da tsauri, kuma za a iya samun matsaloli kamar rashin isassun ma’aikata, wanda ke haifar da dadewa da kayayyaki a kwastan. Bugu da kari, manufofin kwastam na wasu kasashe masu tasowa ba za su tsaya tsayin daka ba kuma ana iya daidaita su a kowane lokaci, wanda kuma ke kawo rashin tabbas kan aikin kwastam tare da kara tsawaita lokacin sufuri.
4.Impact na musamman lokuta da gaggawa
Ranaku Masu Tsarki:A lokacin wasu muhimman bukukuwan, ingancin aikin sufurin kayayyaki da na kwastam a cikin ƙasar da za a tashi da kuma ƙasar da za a nufa za su yi tasiri. Misali, a lokacin bukukuwan yammacin duniya kamar Kirsimeti da sabuwar shekara, da kuma bikin bazara a kasar Sin, a wadannan lokutan, ma'aikatan kamfanonin sarrafa kayayyaki na yin hutu, kana ana daidaita sa'o'in aikin kwastam yadda ya kamata, lamarin da ya haifar da koma baya wajen jigilar kayayyaki da kwastam. Ana ba da shawarar gabaɗaya don shirya fitar da kayayyaki 2 - 3 makonni kafin kololuwar waɗannan bukukuwan don guje wa babban jinkiri a lokacin sufuri.
Daidaita manufofin ciniki:Canje-canje a cikin manufofin kasuwanci na ƙasashe daban-daban suna da tasiri kai tsaye a kan lokacin sufuri na manyan - sikelin fitarwa na firiji. Lokacin da ƙasar da aka nufa ta gabatar da sabbin manufofin kasuwanci, kamar ƙara kuɗin fito ko ƙara takunkumin shigo da kayayyaki, kamfanoni suna buƙatar lokaci don daidaitawa da daidaita takaddun sanarwa da matakai, wanda zai iya haifar da tsawaita lokacin izinin kwastam. Misali, idan wata kasa ba zato ba tsammani ta aiwatar da sabon makamashi - ingantattun daidaitattun buƙatun takaddun shaida don firji da aka shigo da su, kasuwancin da ke fitarwa yana buƙatar sake shirya kayan takaddun shaida da suka dace, kuma kwastam ɗin kuma yana buƙatar sake duba waɗannan kayan, wanda babu shakka zai ƙara farashin lokacin kwastam.
Abubuwan da ke tilasta majeure:Faruwar abubuwan da ke haifar da majeure irin su bala'o'i, yaƙe-yaƙe, da al'amuran kiwon lafiyar jama'a za su kawo cikas ga harkokin sufuri na duniya. Misali, guguwar ba zato ba tsammani na iya haifar da rufe tashar jiragen ruwa na kwanaki da yawa, ta yadda ba za a iya lodawa da sauke kaya a kan lokaci ba; rikice-rikicen yanki na iya shafar amincin hanyar sufuri, wanda zai tilasta wa masana'antun sarrafa kayayyaki canza hanyar sufuri, don haka tsawaita lokacin sufuri.
II. Kimanin Lokacin Da Ake Bukatar Don Fitar da Manyan Na'urori masu Ma'auni (Refrigerators, Freezers) zuwa Manyan Kasashe
1.Export zuwa Amurka
Jirgin ruwa na ruwa:Idan an tashi daga manyan tashoshin jiragen ruwa na kasar Sin zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa a yammacin gabar tekun Amurka, irin su Los Angeles da Long Beach, a karkashin yanayin tafiyar da harkokin sufuri cikin sauki kuma ba tare da la'akari da lokacin izinin kwastam ba, teku - lokacin sufuri yana kusan kwanaki 15 - 20. Ƙara lokacin izinin kwastam na yau da kullun na kwanakin aiki 2 - 5 a cikin Amurka, jimlar lokacin sufuri yana kusan kwanaki 18 - 25. Idan jigilar kaya zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa a gabar gabas na Amurka, irin su New York da New Jersey, saboda nisan sufuri mai tsayi da yuwuwar buƙatar wucewa ta hanyar Canal Panama, teku - lokacin sufuri yawanci kwanaki 25 - 35 ne. Ƙara lokacin izinin kwastam, tsawon lokacin sufuri yana kusan kwanaki 28 - 40.
Jirgin dakon iska:Daga manyan filayen tashi da saukar jiragen sama na kasar Sin zuwa manyan filayen tashi da saukar jiragen sama na Amurka, kamar filin jirgin sama na John F. Kennedy da ke birnin New York da filin jirgin sama na Los Angeles, yawan lokacin tashi ya kai sa'o'i 12 – 15. Ƙara lokacin aiki na kaya a duka ƙarshen filin jirgin sama da lokacin izinin kwastam (1 - 3 kwanakin aiki), lokacin sufuri gabaɗaya yana kusan kwanaki 3 - 5. Koyaya, idan lokacin kololuwar lokacin jigilar iska ne kuma sararin gidan yana da ƙarfi, kayan na iya buƙatar yin layi don lodi, kuma ana iya tsawaita lokacin sufuri zuwa kwanaki 5 - 7.
2.Export zuwa Ingila
Jirgin ruwa na ruwa:jigilar kayayyaki daga tashar jiragen ruwa na kasar Sin zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa na Burtaniya, irin su Southampton da Felixstowe, teku - lokacin sufuri gabaɗaya kwanaki 25 - 35 ne. Ingantacciyar aikin kwastam na kwastam na Burtaniya yana da girma sosai. Karkashin yanayin cikakkun takardu da cikakkun bayanai, lokacin izinin kwastam yawanci shine kwanaki 2 - 4 na aiki. Don haka, jimlar lokacin jigilar kayayyaki daga kasar Sin zuwa Burtaniya ta teku yana kusan kwanaki 28 - 40. Wasu masu ba da sabis na ƙwararrun ƙwararru, irin su Fengge International Logistics, suna ba da tekun Burtaniya - sabis na LCL na jigilar kaya don jigilar manyan kayan aiki da sauran kayayyaki, tare da ninki biyu - izini, haraji - haɗawa, da kofa - zuwa - sabis na kofa, kuma lokacin isarwa shine 20 - 25 kwanaki. Suna rage lokacin sufuri zuwa wani ɗan lokaci ta hanyar inganta hanyar sufuri da haɗin gwiwa tare da kamfanonin jigilar kaya.
Jirgin dakon iska:Daga China zuwa manyan filayen tashi da saukar jiragen sama a Burtaniya, kamar filin jirgin sama na Heathrow na London, lokacin tashi yana kusan awanni 10 – 12. Ƙara lokacin aikin filin jirgin sama da lokacin izinin kwastam (1 - 3 kwanakin aiki), jimlar lokacin sufuri kusan kwanaki 3 - 5 ne. Hakazalika da jigilar teku, jigilar jiragen sama na iya fuskantar matsananciyar sarari da kuma tsawaita lokacin sufuri a lokacin mafi girma.
3.Export zuwa Kanada
Jirgin ruwa na ruwa:Don jigilar ruwa daga China zuwa Kanada, idan jigilar kaya zuwa yamma - tashar jiragen ruwa na bakin teku kamar Vancouver, teku - lokacin sufuri gabaɗaya kwanaki 20 - 30 ne. Tsarin ba da izini na kwastam na kwastan na Kanada yana da ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙa'idodi, kuma lokacin izinin kwastam na yau da kullun shine kwanaki 2 - 5 na aiki. Don haka gabaɗayan lokacin sufuri kusan kwanaki 23 – 35 ne. Idan jigilar kaya zuwa gabas - biranen bakin teku irin su Toronto da Montreal, saboda karuwar nisan sufuri da yuwuwar jigilar kayayyaki, za a tsawaita lokacin jigilar teku zuwa kwanaki 30 - 40. Ƙara lokacin izinin kwastam, tsawon lokacin sufuri yana kusan kwanaki 33 - 45. Wasu layukan dabaru na musamman, kamar gida - tekun kayan aiki - layin sufuri zuwa Kanada, na iya isar da firiji da sauran kayan aikin gida zuwa Vancouver a cikin kwanaki 30, kuma yana ɗaukar kwanaki 35 - 45 don birane kamar Toronto da Montreal. Suna kuma ba da CBSA ninki biyu - kwastan - izini da haraji - ƙofar da ta haɗa - zuwa - sabis na ƙofa, wanda ke rufe manyan biranen kamar Calgary da Ottawa.
Jirgin dakon iska:Daga China zuwa manyan filayen tashi da saukar jiragen sama a Kanada, irin su Toronto Pearson International Airport da Vancouver International Airport, lokacin tashi yana kusan awanni 12 – 15. Ƙara lokacin aikin filin jirgin sama da lokacin izinin kwastam (1 - 3 kwanakin aiki), jimlar lokacin sufuri kusan kwanaki 3 - 5 ne. Amma tasirin lokacin koli na sufuri har yanzu yana buƙatar a lura da shi.
4.Export zuwa Ostiraliya
Jirgin ruwa na ruwa: Jirgin ruwa daga tashar jiragen ruwa na kasar Sin zuwa manyan tashoshin jiragen ruwa na Australia, irin su Sydney da Melbourne, teku - lokacin sufuri gabaɗaya kwanaki 15 - 25 ne. Kwastan na Ostiraliya yana da tsauraran matakan dubawa da buƙatun keɓe masu shigo da kayayyaki, kuma lokacin izinin kwastan yawanci kwanaki 3 - 7 ne na aiki. Don haka, jimlar lokacin sufuri don fitarwa zuwa Ostiraliya ta teku shine kusan kwanaki 18 - 32. A lokacin tsarin sufuri, kayayyaki suna buƙatar saduwa da ƙa'idodin samfurin da suka dace da bukatun kare muhalli na Ostiraliya; in ba haka ba, za su iya fuskantar cikas na hana kwastam, da kara tsawaita lokacin sufuri.
Haɗin Jirgin Sama: Daga manyan filayen jirgin saman China zuwa manyan filayen jiragen sama a Ostiraliya, lokacin jirgin yana kusan sa'o'i 8 - 10. Ƙara lokacin aikin filin jirgin sama da lokacin izinin kwastam (1 - 3 kwanakin aiki), jimlar lokacin sufuri kusan kwanaki 3 - 5 ne. Hakazalika da sauran ƙasashe, duk da cewa jigilar jiragen sama yana da ƙayyadaddun lokaci, farashin kuma yana da yawa, kuma kamfanoni suna buƙatar yin zaɓi daidai da bukatunsu.
5.Fitarwa zuwa wasu ƙasashe da yankuna
(1) Fitarwa zuwa wasu ƙasashen Turai:
Daukar Jamus a matsayin misali, don jigilar ruwa daga China zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa na Jamus, irin su Hamburg da Bremen, lokacin sufuri gabaɗaya kwanaki 25 - 35 ne, kuma lokacin izinin kwastam shine kwanaki 2 - 5 na aiki. Jimlar lokacin sufuri kusan kwanaki 28 – 40 ne. Idan an yi jigilar su ta hanyar jirgin ƙasa, daga wasu tashoshi na farko na China - jiragen kasan jigilar kayayyaki na Turai a China zuwa Jamus, lokacin jigilar kayayyaki yana kusan kwanaki 12 - 18. Koyaya, ƙarfin jigilar layin dogo yana da iyaka, kuma tsarin sufuri na iya shafar abubuwa kamar kiyaye layi da tsarawa. Jirgin iska - lokacin jigilar kaya zuwa Jamus yayi kama da na sauran ƙasashen Turai, kimanin kwanaki 3 - 5.
(2) Fitarwa zuwa wasu ƙasashen Asiya:
Lokacin da ake fitarwa zuwa Japan, don jigilar kayayyaki daga tashar jiragen ruwa na kasar Sin zuwa manyan tashoshin jiragen ruwa na Japan, irin su Tokyo da Osaka, teku - tsawon lokacin sufuri shine kwanaki 3 - 7, kuma lokacin izinin kwastam shine 1 - 3 kwanakin aiki. Jimlar lokacin sufuri kusan kwanaki 4 – 10 ne. Yanayin fitar da kayayyaki zuwa Koriya ta Kudu haka yake. Teku - lokacin sufuri yawanci kwanaki 2 - 5 ne, kuma lokacin izinin kwastam shine 1 - 3 kwanakin aiki. Jimlar lokacin sufuri kusan kwanaki 3 - 8 ne. Wadannan kasashe biyu suna da kusanci da kasar Sin, don haka lokacin zirga-zirga ya yi kadan, kuma tsarin na'urorin ya yi matukar balaga, tare da karancin lokacin sufuri. Lokacin da ake fitarwa zuwa wasu ƙasashen Asiya kamar Indiya, teku - lokacin sufuri na iya zama kusan kwanaki 10 - 20, kuma saboda rikitarwa na tsarin kwastan na Indiya, lokacin izinin kwastam na iya ɗaukar kwanaki 3 - 10. Jimlar lokacin sufuri kusan kwanaki 13 – 30 ne.
(3) Aikewa zuwa kasashen Afirka:
Saboda bambance-bambance masu yawa na abubuwan more rayuwa da yanayin kayan aiki a tsakanin ƙasashen Afirka, lokacin sufuri kuma ya bambanta sosai. Idan muka dauki kasar Afirka ta Kudu a matsayin misali, na jigilar kayayyaki daga kasar Sin zuwa manyan tashoshin jiragen ruwa na Afirka ta Kudu, irin su Durban da Cape Town, teku - gaba daya lokacin sufuri ya kai kwanaki 30 - 45, kuma lokacin karbar kwastam na iya daukar kwanaki 5 - 10 ko ma fiye. Jimlar lokacin sufuri kusan kwanaki 35 – 55 ne. Ga wasu ƙasashe - kulle-kulle, saboda buƙatar sufuri na biyu ta hanya ko jirgin ƙasa, lokacin sufuri zai yi tsayi, kuma akwai wasu abubuwan da ba su da tabbas yayin aikin sufuri.
Lokacin da ake buƙata don babban sikelin jigilar jigilar kayayyaki zuwa ƙasashe daban-daban yana da tasiri sosai ta hanyar abubuwa daban-daban, gami da hanyoyin sufuri, ingancin izinin kwastam na ƙasar da za a nufa, da lokuta na musamman da gaggawa. A lokacin da ake tsara babban sikelin kasuwancin fitarwa na firiji, kamfanoni suna buƙatar yin la'akari da waɗannan abubuwan, da zaɓin hanyar sufuri cikin hikima, kuma su ba da haɗin kai tare da ƙwararrun masu ba da sabis na dabaru don tabbatar da cewa kaya za su iya isa wurin da aka nufa akan lokaci da aminci. A sa'i daya kuma, kamata ya yi su mai da hankali sosai kan sauye-sauyen manufofin cinikayya na kasashe daban-daban, da yanayin kasuwar hada-hadar kayayyaki ta duniya, da daukar matakan riga-kafi tun da wuri, domin rage hadarin da ke tattare da tsawaita lokacin sufuri. Ga abokan ciniki tare da buƙatun gaggawa, kodayake jigilar iska yana da tsada, yana iya biyan bukatun su don dacewa; yayin da yawancin umarni na yau da kullun, jigilar kaya na teku shine mafi kyawun zaɓi don daidaita farashi da lokacin sufuri.
Lokacin aikawa: Agusta-08-2025 Ra'ayoyi: