Bayanin marufi na akwatunan nunin kek ɗin tebur na kasuwanci sun zama tushen ƙididdige jigilar kaya na ƙasa da ƙasa. Daga cikin samfura na yau da kullun a wurare dabam dabam na duniya, ƙananan kabad ɗin tebur (mita 0.8-1 a tsayi) suna da fakitin girma na kusan mita 0.8-1.2 da babban nauyin 60-90 kg; Tsarin matsakaici (mita 1-1.5) suna da girman 1.2-1.8 cubic mita da babban nauyi na 90-150 kg; manyan samfuran al'ada (sama da mita 1.5) galibi suna wuce mita 2 cubic a girma kuma suna iya yin nauyi sama da 200 kg.
A cikin dabaru na kasa da kasa, ana ƙididdige jigilar kaya ta teku ta “cubic meters”, yayin da ake ƙididdige jigilar jiragen sama bisa ƙimar mafi girma tsakanin “kilogram” ko “nauyin girma” (tsawon × nisa × tsawo ÷ 5000, tare da wasu kamfanonin jiragen sama suna amfani da 6000). Ɗaukar kabad mai matsakaicin girman mitoci 1.2 a matsayin misali, girman girman sa shine 300 kg (cubic meters 1.5 × 200). Idan aka aika da iska daga China zuwa Turai, ainihin kayan ya kai kusan dala 3-5 a kowace kilogiram, wanda hakan ya haifar da jigilar iska shi kaɗai daga $900-1500; ta teku ($ 20-40 a kowace murabba'in mita), babban jigilar kaya shine $ 30-60 kawai, amma zagayowar sufuri yana da tsayin kwanaki 30-45.
Bugu da ƙari, madaidaicin buƙatun kayan aiki suna ƙara ƙarin farashi.Saboda ginannen kwampreso da gilashin zafi, dole ne sufuri na duniya ya bi ka'idodin marufi na ISTA 3A. Farashin akwatunan katako na hana karkatarwa na al'ada kusan $50-100 a kowace naúrar, wanda ya zarce farashin marufi mai sauƙi don jigilar gida. Wasu ƙasashe (irin su Ostiraliya da New Zealand) kuma suna buƙatar kayan aiki don haɗawa da takaddun fumigation, tare da kudade kusan $ 30-50 a kowane tsari.
2. Bambance-bambancen Kuɗi da Abubuwan da ake amfani da su na Hanyoyin Sufuri na Ketare-Kiyaye
A cikin kasuwancin duniya, zaɓin yanayin sufuri yana ƙayyade farashin kaya kai tsaye, tare da bambance-bambancen farashi tsakanin hanyoyin daban-daban sun kai fiye da sau 10:
- Jirgin ruwan teku: Ya dace da sufuri mai yawa (raka'a 10 ko fiye). Cikakken kwantena (kwangilar ƙafa 20 na iya ɗaukar 20-30 matsakaici-sized cabinets) daga Asiya zuwa manyan tashoshin jiragen ruwa na Turai (Rotterdam, Hamburg) farashin kusan $ 1500-3000, wanda aka keɓe ga guda ɗaya kawai $ 50-150; LCL (Ƙasa da Load ɗin Kwantena) ana ƙididdige shi da mita masu kubi, tare da Asiya zuwa Gabashin Yamma na Arewacin Amurka a kusan dala 30-50 a kowace mita cubic, wanda ya haifar da jigilar ma'auni guda ɗaya mai matsakaicin girman kusan $ 45-90, amma tare da ƙarin kuɗin cirewa (kimanin $ 20-30 kowace raka'a).
- Jirgin dakon iska: Ya dace da umarni na gaggawa. Jirgin dakon iska daga Asiya zuwa Arewacin Amurka yana da kusan $4-8 a kowace kilogiram, tare da majalisa mai matsakaici guda ɗaya (nauyin nauyin kilo 300) yana kashe $ 1200-2400, sau 20-30 na jigilar teku; Jirgin ruwa na cikin-Turai (misali, Jamus zuwa Faransa) yana da ƙasa, kusan $2-3 a kowace kilogiram, tare da farashin naúra ɗaya ya ragu zuwa $600-900.
- Harkokin sufurin ƙasa: Iyakance ga kasashe makwabta, kamar a cikin EU daga Spain zuwa Poland. Harkokin sufurin ƙasa 专线 farashin kusan $1.5-2 a kowace kilomita, tare da tafiyar kilomita 1000 akan $150-200 kowace ɗaya, tare da tsarin lokaci na kwanaki 3-5 da farashi tsakanin jigilar ruwa da iska.
Yana da kyau a sani cewa jigilar kayayyaki na kasa da kasa baya hada da kudaden izinin kwastam. Misali, a Amurka, akwatunan kek na kasuwanci da aka shigo da su suna ƙarƙashin jadawalin kuɗin fito na 2.5% -5% (HTS code 841869), tare da kuɗin wakilan kwastam (kimanin $100-200 a kowace jigilar kaya), yana ƙara ainihin farashin ƙasa da 10% -15%.
3. Tasirin Hanyoyin Sadarwar Yanki na Yanki akan Tushen Kaya
Rashin daidaituwar hanyoyin sadarwa na duniya yana haifar da bambance-bambance masu yawa a farashin rarraba tasha a cikin yankuna:
Manyan kasuwanni a Turai da Amurka: Tare da ingantaccen kayan aikin kayan aiki, farashin rarrabawa daga tashar jiragen ruwa zuwa shagunan yana da ƙasa. A cikin Amurka, daga tashar jiragen ruwa na Los Angeles zuwa cikin gari na Chicago, kuɗin jigilar ƙasa na majalisar ministoci guda ɗaya mai matsakaicin girman kusan $80-150; a Turai, daga tashar jiragen ruwa na Hamburg zuwa cikin garin Munich, yana da kusan € 50-100 (daidai da $ 60-120), tare da zaɓi na bayarwa da aka tsara (yana buƙatar ƙarin kuɗin sabis na $ 20-30).
Kasuwanni masu tasowa: Farashin mil na ƙarshe yana da yawa. A Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya (misali, Jakarta, Indonesiya), kuɗin isarwa daga tashar jiragen ruwa zuwa birni kusan $100-200 kowace raka'a, tare da ƙarin caji kamar kuɗin shiga da kuɗin shiga; a cikin sufurin cikin gida daga tashar jiragen ruwa na Lagos, Najeriya, saboda rashin kyawun hanyoyi, jigilar kaya guda ɗaya na iya kaiwa dala 200-300, wanda ya kai kashi 30% -50% na farashin CIF tashar jiragen ruwa.
Wurare masu nisa: Canje-canje da yawa suna haifar da farashin ninki biyu. Kasashe irin su Paraguay da ke Kudancin Amurka da Malawi a Afirka suna buƙatar jigilar kayayyaki ta tashoshin jiragen ruwa da ke makwabtaka da su, tare da jimilar jigilar kayayyaki na majalisar ministoci mai matsakaicin girma (ciki har da jigilar kayayyaki) ya kai dala 800-1500, wanda ya zarce farashin sayan kayan da kansa.
4. Dabaru don Sarrafa farashin kaya a cikin Samfuran Duniya
A cikin kasuwancin ƙasa da ƙasa, tsara hanyoyin haɗin gwiwar dabaru na iya rage ƙimar farashin kaya yadda ya kamata:
Babban abin sufuri: Umarni na raka'a 10 ko fiye ta yin amfani da cikakken jigilar kaya na ruwa na iya ajiye 30% -40% idan aka kwatanta da LCL. Misali, jigilar kaya daga China zuwa Brazil, cikakken kwantena mai ƙafa 20 yana kashe kusan dala 4000 (mai ikon riƙe raka'a 25), tare da kashi ɗaya na $160; jigilar kaya a cikin batches 10 daban-daban na LCL zai haifar da jigilar kaya na raka'a sama da $300.
Tsarin ɗakunan ajiya na yanki: Hayar da shagunan ketare a manyan kasuwanni irin su Arewacin Amurka da Turai, ta yin amfani da samfurin "cikakkiyar jigilar kaya na teku + rarraba kayan ajiya na ketare", na iya rage farashin isarwa guda ɗaya daga $150 kowace raka'a zuwa $50-80. Misali,Amazon FBAWuraren ajiya na Turai suna tallafawa ajiyar kayan aikin sarkar sanyi, tare da hayar kusan dala 10-15 kowane wata, ƙasa da farashin jigilar kayayyaki na duniya da yawa.
5. Magana game da Matsakaicin Matsakaicin Kasuwar Duniya
Dangane da yanayin dabaru na ƙasa da ƙasa, ana iya taƙaita jigilar kayayyaki na duniya don kayan nunin kek ɗin tebur na kasuwanci a cikin jeri masu zuwa (duk don matsakaita masu girma dabam, gami da ainihin kaya + izinin kwastam + isar da tasha):
- Ciniki tsakanin yankuna (misali, a cikin EU, tsakanin Arewacin Amurka): $150-300;
- Harkokin sufuri na kusa da nahiyoyi (Asiya zuwa kudu maso gabashin Asiya, Turai zuwa Arewacin Afirka): $ 300-600;
- Harkokin sufurin teku tsakanin nahiyoyi (Asiya zuwa Arewacin Amirka, Turai zuwa Kudancin Amirka): $ 600-1200;
- Yankuna masu nisa (cikin Afirka, ƙananan ƙasashen Kudancin Amurka): $1200-2000.
Bugu da ƙari kuma, ƙarin farashi a lokacin lokuta na musamman yana buƙatar kulawa: ga kowane 10% karuwar farashin man fetur, farashin jigilar teku ya tashi da 5% -8%; hanyoyin karkatar da hanyoyi da rikice-rikicen geopolitical ke haifar (kamar rikicin Bahar Maliya) na iya ninka farashin kaya a kan hanyoyin Asiya da Turai, yana ƙara farashin ɗayan ɗayan da dala 300-500.
Lokacin aikawa: Satumba-10-2025 Ra'ayoyi: