Kwantenan firiji gabaɗaya suna nufin manyan kantunan shaye-shaye, firji, kabad ɗin kek, da sauransu, tare da yanayin zafi ƙasa da 8°C. Abokan da ke cikin kasuwancin sarkar sanyi da aka shigo da su a duniya duk sun sami wannan rudani: a fili yin shawarwarin jigilar kaya na teku na dala 4,000 a kowace kwantena, amma jimlar farashin ƙarshe ya ƙare kusan $ 6,000.
Akwatunan firiji da aka shigo da su sun bambanta da busassun kwantena na yau da kullun. Farashin sufurin su tsari ne mai haɗaka na "kudade na asali + ƙimar kula da zafin jiki + ƙarin haɗarin haɗari". Ƙananan sa ido a kowace hanyar haɗi na iya haifar da rashin kulawa.
Haɗe da ƙididdige ƙididdiga na kwanan nan na naman daskararrun da abokin ciniki ya shigo da shi Turai, bari mu fayyace waɗannan abubuwan farashi da ke ɓoye a bayan jigilar teku don taimaka muku guje wa tarko mai tsada.
I. Farashin jigilar kayayyaki: Jirgin ruwa shine kawai "kudin shiga"
Wannan bangare shine "babban sashi" na farashi, amma ba haka ba ne abu ɗaya na jigilar teku. Madadin haka, ya ƙunshi “manyan kayan dakon kaya + sarkar sanyi keɓancewar ƙarin ƙarin caji” tare da juzu'i mai ƙarfi.
1. Babban jigilar ruwa: Yana da al'ada don sarkar sanyi ya zama 30% -50% mafi tsada fiye da kwantena na yau da kullun.
Akwatunan firiji suna buƙatar mamaye sararin sarkar sanyi na kamfanin jirgin kuma suna buƙatar ci gaba da samar da wutar lantarki don kula da ƙananan yanayin zafi, don haka ainihin ƙimar kayan da kanta ya fi na busassun kwantena na yau da kullun. Daukar kwantena 20GP a matsayin misali, jigilar kayayyaki na teku daga Turai zuwa China kusan dala 1,600- $2,200, yayin da kwantena masu sanyi da ake amfani da su don daskararre nama kai tsaye ya kai dala 3,500- $4,500; gibin da ke cikin hanyoyin Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya ya fi fitowa fili, tare da kwantena na yau da kullun da farashinsu ya kai $800-$1,200, da kwantena masu sanyi wanda ya ninka zuwa $1,800- $2,500.
Ya kamata a lura a nan cewa bambancin farashin kuma yana da girma don buƙatun kula da zafin jiki daban-daban: nama mai daskararre yana buƙatar yawan zafin jiki na -18 ° C zuwa -25 ° C, kuma yawan amfani da makamashi yana da 20% -30% fiye da na kwantena masu firiji tare da zafin jiki na 0 ° C-4 ° C.
2. Karin caji: Farashin mai da yanayi na iya yin tsada
Wannan bangare shine mafi kusantar wuce kasafin kuɗi, kuma dukkansu “tsararrun kashe kuɗi ne” waɗanda kamfanonin jigilar kaya zasu iya haɓaka yadda suke so:
- Factor Adjustment Factor (BAF/BRC): Tsarin firiji na kwantena masu sanyi yana buƙatar ci gaba da aiki, kuma yawan man da ake amfani da shi ya fi na kwantena na yau da kullun, don haka rabon ƙarin kuɗin mai shima ya fi girma. A cikin kwata na uku na 2024, ƙarin kuɗin mai a kowace kwantena ya kasance kusan $400- $ 800, wanda ke lissafin kashi 15% -25% na jimillar jigilar kaya. Misali, kwanan nan MSC ta sanar da cewa daga ranar 1 ga Maris, 2025, za a kara kudin dawo da mai na kayayyakin da aka sanyaya da su zuwa Amurka, biyo bayan sauyin farashin mai na kasa da kasa.
- Karancin Lokaci na Kololuwa (PSS): Wannan kuɗin ba zai yuwu a lokacin bukukuwa ko lokutan girbi a wuraren samarwa. Misali, a lokacin kololuwar lokacin fitar da 'ya'yan itacen Chilean a kudancin kogin rani, kwantena masu sanyi da aka aika zuwa Amurka za a cajin farashin lokacin kololuwar dala 500 a kowace akwati; Watanni biyu gabanin bikin bazara a kasar Sin, yawan jigilar dakunan dakon kaya daga Turai zuwa kasar Sin ya karu da kashi 30-50%.
- Karancin kayan aiki: Idan ana amfani da kwantena masu firiji masu tsayi tare da kula da zafi, ko kuma ana buƙatar sabis na sanyaya, kamfanin jigilar kaya zai caji ƙarin kuɗin amfani da kayan aiki na $ 200- $ 500 kowace akwati, wanda ya zama ruwan dare yayin shigo da manyan 'ya'yan itace.
II. Tashar jiragen ruwa da izinin kwastam: Mafi kusantar "kuɗin ɓoye"
Mutane da yawa kawai ƙididdige farashin kafin isowa tashar jiragen ruwa, amma watsi da "kudin lokaci" na kwantena mai sanyi da ke zama a tashar jiragen ruwa - farashin yau da kullun na wurin zama na kwantena mai sanyi shine sau 2-3 na kwantena na yau da kullun.
1. Demurrage + tsare: “Mai kashe lokaci” na kwantena masu sanyi
Kamfanonin jigilar kaya yawanci suna ba da lokacin kwantena kyauta na kwanaki 3-5, kuma lokacin ajiya kyauta a tashar jiragen ruwa shine kwanaki 2-3. Da zarar ya wuce iyakar lokacin, kuɗin zai ninka kowace rana. 100% na abincin da aka shigo da su dole ne a duba su kuma a keɓe su. Idan tashar jiragen ruwa na da cunkoso, kudin da ake kashewa kadai zai iya kaiwa yuan 500-1500 a kowace rana, kuma kudin da ake ajiyewa na kwantena masu sanyi ya fi tsada, dala 100-200 a kowace rana.
Wani abokin ciniki ya shigo da nama daskararre daga Faransa. Sakamakon ba daidai ba game da takardar shaidar asalin, an jinkirta ba da izinin kwastam na kwanaki 5, kuma kuɗin demurrage + na tsare shi kaɗai ya ci fiye da RMB 8,000, wanda ya kusan 20% fiye da yadda ake tsammani.
2. Amincewa da kwastam da dubawa: Ba za a iya ajiye kuɗin biyan kuɗi ba
Wannan bangare ƙayyadaddun kashe kuɗi ne, amma ya kamata a kula da “daidaitaccen sanarwa” don guje wa ƙarin kashe kuɗi:
- Kudade na yau da kullun: Kuɗin sanarwar kwastam (Yuan 200-500 akan tikiti), kuɗin tantancewa (yuan 300-800 akan kowane tikiti), da kuɗin sabis na dubawa (500-1000 yuan) daidai ne. Idan ana buƙatar ajiya na wucin gadi a cikin ma'ajiyar sanyi mai kulawa da kwastam, za a ƙara kuɗin ajiya na yuan 300-500 kowace rana.
- Tariffs da harajin ƙima: Wannan shine "babban ɓangaren" na farashi, amma ana iya ajiye shi ta hanyar yarjejeniyar kasuwanci. Misali, ta amfani da takardar shedar FORM E na RCEP, ana iya shigo da durian na Thai kyauta ba tare da haraji ba; Kayayyakin kiwo na Ostiraliya na iya rage farashin kuɗin fito kai tsaye zuwa 0 tare da takardar shaidar asali. Bugu da ƙari, lambar HS ya kamata ya zama daidai. Alal misali, ice cream da aka rarraba a ƙarƙashin 2105.00 (tare da jadawalin kuɗin fito na 6%) na iya ajiye dubban daloli a cikin haraji a kowace akwati idan aka kwatanta da kasancewa a karkashin 0403 (tare da jadawalin kuɗin fito na 10%).
III. Kudin taimako: Ga alama ƙanana ne, amma ƙara har zuwa adadin abin mamaki
Kudin mutum ɗaya na waɗannan hanyoyin haɗin gwiwa ba su da yawa, amma suna ƙarawa, galibi suna lissafin 10% -15% na jimlar farashin.
1. Marufi da kuɗin aiki: Biyan don adana sabo
Kayayyakin da aka sanyaya suna buƙatar fakiti na musamman mai tabbatar da danshi da abin girgiza. Misali, marufi na naman daskararre na iya rage girman da kashi 30%, wanda ba wai yana adana kaya kawai ba har ma yana kiyaye sabo, amma kuɗin marufi shine $100- $300 kowace ganga. Bugu da kari, ana buƙatar ƙwararrun ƙwararrun sarƙar sanyi don ɗaukar kaya da saukarwa, kuma kuɗin aiki ya fi 50% sama da na kayan gabaɗaya. Idan kaya suna jin tsoron bumping kuma suna buƙatar jeri haske na hannu, kuɗin zai ƙara ƙara.
2. Inshorar kuɗi: Ba da kariya ga “kaya masu lalacewa”
Da zarar sarrafa zafin jiki na kayan sanyi ya gaza, zai zama asara gabaɗaya, don haka ba za a iya adana inshora ba. Yawancin lokaci, ana ɗaukar inshora a 0.3% -0.8% na ƙimar kayan. Misali, na daskararre na darajar dala 50,000, ƙimar kuɗin yana kusan $150- $400. Don dogayen hanyoyi irin su Kudancin Amurka da Afirka, ƙimar kuɗi za ta haura zuwa fiye da 1%, saboda tsayin lokacin sufuri, haɗarin sarrafa zafin jiki yana ƙaruwa.
3. Kudin sufuri na cikin gida: Farashin mil na ƙarshe
Domin jigilar kayayyaki daga tashar jiragen ruwa zuwa ma'ajiyar sanyi na cikin gida, jigilar manyan motocin da ke firji ya fi na manyan motoci sama da kashi 40%. Misali, kudin sufuri na kwantena mai sanyi 20GP daga tashar ruwa ta Shanghai zuwa wurin ajiyar sanyi a Suzhou yuan 1,500-2,000. Idan ya kasance zuwa yankunan tsakiya da yammacin kasar, za a kara karin yuan 200-300 a cikin kilomita 100, sannan kuma dole ne a hada da kudin tuki babu kowa.
IV. Ƙwarewar sarrafa farashi mai amfani: Hanyoyi 3 don adana 20% na farashi
Bayan fahimtar abin da ke tattare da farashi, ana iya sarrafa sarrafa farashi ta hanyar da aka tsara. Ga wasu hanyoyin da aka tabbatar:
1. Zaɓi LCL don ƙananan batches kuma sanya hannu kan kwangiloli na dogon lokaci don manyan batches:
Lokacin da ƙarar kaya bai wuce mita cubic 5 ba, LCL (Ƙasa da Load ɗin Kwantena) yana adana 40% -60% na jigilar kaya idan aka kwatanta da FCL. Kodayake ingancin lokaci yana da kwanaki 5-10 a hankali, ya dace da umarnin gwaji; idan adadin ajiyar shekara-shekara ya wuce kwantena 50, sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar dogon lokaci kai tsaye tare da kamfanin jigilar kaya don samun ragi na 5% -15%.
2. Daidai sarrafa zafin jiki da lokaci don rage sharar makamashi:
Saita mafi ƙarancin zafin jiki da ake buƙata bisa ga halayen kayan. Alal misali, ana iya adana ayaba a 13 ° C, kuma babu buƙatar rage shi zuwa 0 ° C; haɗa da kamfanin kwastam a gaba don shirya kayan kafin isowa tashar jiragen ruwa, matsa lokacin dubawa zuwa cikin kwana 1, da kuma guje wa lalata.
3. Yi amfani da fasaha don rage farashi:
Shigar da kula da yanayin zafin jiki na GPS akan kwantena masu sanyi don kiyaye yanayin canje-canjen zafin jiki a ainihin lokacin, guje wa asarar duka saboda gazawar kayan aiki; yi amfani da tsarin ajiya mai sarrafa kansa, wanda zai iya rage farashin aiki na ajiyar sanyi da 10% -20%.
A ƙarshe, taƙaitawa: Ya kamata lissafin kuɗi ya bar “sarari mai sassauƙa”
Za a iya taƙaita tsarin farashi na kwantena masu sanyi da aka shigo da su kamar: (Tsarin jigilar kayayyaki na teku + ƙarin caji) + (Kuɗin tashar jiragen ruwa + kuɗaɗen izinin kwastam) + (Marufi + inshora + kuɗin sufuri na cikin gida) + 10% kasafin kuɗi mai sassauƙa. Wannan kashi 10% yana da mahimmanci don magance matsalolin gaggawa kamar hauhawar farashin mai da jinkirin izinin kwastam.
Bayan haka, ainihin jigilar sarkar sanyi shine "tsarin kiyayewa". Maimakon yin rowa tare da farashin da ake buƙata, yana da kyau a rage ɓoyayyiyar kashe kuɗi ta hanyar daidaitaccen tsari - kiyaye ingancin kayayyaki shine mafi girman ceton farashi.
Lokacin aikawa: Nov-12-2025 Ra'ayoyi: