Kwantena masu firiji galibi suna nufin kabad na abin sha na manyan kantuna, firiji, kabad na kek, da sauransu, waɗanda yanayin zafi ya ƙasa da 8°C. Abokan da ke cikin kasuwancin sarkar sanyi da aka shigo da su daga ƙasashen waje duk sun sami wannan rudani: a bayyane yake cewa za a yi ciniki kan jigilar kaya ta teku na $4,000 a kowace akwati, amma jimillar kuɗin ƙarshe ya kusa kusan $6,000.
Kwantena masu sanyaya da aka shigo da su daga ƙasashen waje sun bambanta da kwantena masu busassun kaya na yau da kullun. Kuɗin jigilar su tsarin haɗin gwiwa ne na "kuɗin asali + kuɗin kula da zafin jiki + ƙarin kuɗin haɗari". Ƙaramin sakaci a kowace hanyar haɗin na iya haifar da ƙarancin farashi.
Idan aka haɗa da lissafin kuɗin da aka kashe kwanan nan na naman daskararre na Turai da aka shigo da shi daga abokin ciniki, bari mu fayyace waɗannan abubuwan da aka kashe a bayan jigilar kaya ta teku don taimaka muku guje wa tarkon farashi.
I. Kudaden jigilar kaya na asali: Jigilar kaya ta teku kawai "kudin shiga" ne
Wannan ɓangaren shine "babban ɓangare" na farashin, amma ba abu ɗaya bane na jigilar kaya ta teku. Madadin haka, ya ƙunshi "ƙarin kaya na asali + ƙarin sarkar sanyi" tare da babban canjin yanayi.
1. Jirgin ruwa na asali: Abu ne na al'ada ga sarkar sanyi ta fi tsada da kashi 30%-50% fiye da kwantena na yau da kullun.
Kwantena masu sanyaya suna buƙatar mamaye sararin sarkar sanyi na kamfanin jirgin ruwa kuma suna buƙatar ci gaba da samar da wutar lantarki don kiyaye ƙarancin zafi, don haka ƙimar jigilar kaya ta asali ta fi ta kwantena busassun yau da kullun girma. Idan aka ɗauki kwantena 20GP a matsayin misali, jigilar kaya ta teku don jigilar kaya daga Turai zuwa China kusan $1,600-$2,200, yayin da kwantena masu sanyaya da ake amfani da su don nama daskararre kai tsaye ya tashi zuwa $3,500-$4,500; gibin da ke tsakanin hanyoyin Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya ya fi bayyana, inda kwantena na yau da kullun ke kashe $800-$1,200, kuma kwantena masu sanyaya sun ninka zuwa $1,800-$2,500.
Ya kamata a lura a nan cewa bambancin farashi shi ma yana da girma ga buƙatun sarrafa zafin jiki daban-daban: naman daskararre yana buƙatar yanayin zafi na -18°C zuwa -25°C akai-akai, kuma farashin amfani da makamashinsa ya fi kashi 20%-30% sama da na kwantena masu sanyaya madara waɗanda ke da zafin jiki na 0°C-4°C.
2. Karin kuɗi: Farashin mai da yanayi na iya sa farashi ya zama "mai sauri"
Wannan ɓangaren shine mafi yuwuwar wuce kasafin kuɗi, kuma duk "kuɗaɗen da aka kashe" ne da kamfanonin jigilar kaya za su iya ƙarawa idan aka ga dama:
- Fa'idar Daidaita Bunker (BAF/BRC): Tsarin sanyaya kwantena masu sanyaya yana buƙatar yin aiki akai-akai, kuma yawan amfani da mai ya fi na kwantena na yau da kullun, don haka adadin ƙarin mai shi ma ya fi girma. A cikin kwata na uku na 2024, ƙarin mai a kowace kwantena ya kasance kusan $400-$800, wanda ya kai kashi 15%-25% na jimlar jigilar kaya. Misali, MSC kwanan nan ta sanar da cewa daga ranar 1 ga Maris, 2025, za a ƙara kuɗin dawo da mai na kayan sanyaya da aka fitar zuwa Amurka, bayan canjin farashin mai na ƙasashen duniya.
- Karin Kudin Lokacin Kololuwa (PSS): Wannan kudin ba makawa ne a lokacin bukukuwa ko lokutan girbi a yankunan da ake nomawa. Misali, a lokacin mafi girman lokacin fitar da 'ya'yan itatuwa na Chile a lokacin bazara na kudancin duniya, kwantena masu sanyaya daki da aka kai Amurka za a caje su da kudin lokacin kololuwa na dala $500 a kowace akwati; watanni biyu kafin Bikin Bazara a China, yawan jigilar kwantena masu sanyaya daki daga Turai zuwa China ya karu kai tsaye da kashi 30%-50%.
- Karin kuɗin kayan aiki: Idan ana amfani da kwantena masu sanyaya daki masu inganci tare da sarrafa danshi, ko kuma ana buƙatar ayyukan sanyaya kafin sanyaya, kamfanin jigilar kaya zai karɓi ƙarin kuɗin amfani da kayan aiki na $200-$500 a kowace akwati, wanda ya zama ruwan dare lokacin shigo da 'ya'yan itatuwa masu tsada.
II. Tashoshin jiragen ruwa da kwastam: Mafi yawan waɗanda ke fuskantar "kuɗin ɓoye"
Mutane da yawa suna lissafin kuɗin ne kawai kafin su isa tashar jiragen ruwa, amma suna watsi da "kudin lokacin" na kwantenar da aka sanya a tashar jiragen ruwa - farashin yau da kullun na kwantenar da aka sanya a firiji ya ninka na kwantenar da aka saba.
1. Rushewa da tsarewa: "Mai kisan kai na lokaci" na kwantena masu sanyaya
Kamfanonin jigilar kaya galibi suna ba da kwantena kyauta na kwanaki 3-5, kuma lokacin ajiya kyauta a tashar jiragen ruwa shine kwanaki 2-3. Da zarar ya wuce lokacin da aka kayyade, kuɗin zai ninka kowace rana. 100% na abincin da aka shigo da shi dole ne a duba shi kuma a killace shi. Idan tashar jiragen ruwa ta cika cunkoso, rage farashin zai iya kaiwa yuan 500-1500 a kowace rana, kuma kuɗin tsarewa na kwantena masu sanyaya ya fi tsada, dala 100-200 a kowace rana.
Wani abokin ciniki ya shigo da naman daskararre daga Faransa. Saboda rashin cikakken bayani game da takardar shaidar asalin, an jinkirta izinin kwastam na tsawon kwanaki 5, kuma kuɗin da aka biya na dakatarwa da tsarewa kawai ya kai sama da RMB 8,000, wanda ya kusan kashi 20% fiye da yadda aka zata.
2. Tabbacin kwastam da dubawa: Ba za a iya adana kuɗin bin ƙa'ida ba
Wannan ɓangaren kuɗi ne mai ƙayyadadden lokaci, amma ya kamata a mai da hankali kan "sanarwa mai kyau" don guje wa ƙarin kuɗaɗen da za a kashe:
- Kudaden da aka saba biya: Kudin da aka saba biya na bayyana kwastam (yuan 200-500 a kowace tikiti), kudin da aka saba biya na tantancewa (yuan 300-800 a kowace tikiti), da kuma kudin da aka saba biya na duba (yuan 500-1000 a kowace tikiti). Idan ana buƙatar ajiyar wucin gadi a cikin wurin ajiyar sanyi da kwastam ke kula da shi, za a ƙara kuɗin ajiya na yuan 300-500 a kowace rana.
- Harajin Kuɗi da Harajin Ƙara Darajar: Wannan shine "babban ɓangare" na farashin, amma ana iya adana shi ta hanyar yarjejeniyar ciniki. Misali, ta amfani da takardar shaidar FORM E ta RCEP, ana iya shigo da durians na Thai ba tare da haraji ba; samfuran kiwo na Australiya za a iya rage harajin su kai tsaye zuwa 0 tare da takardar shaidar asali. Bugu da ƙari, lambar HS ya kamata ta kasance daidai. Misali, ice cream da aka rarraba a ƙarƙashin 2105.00 (tare da kuɗin fito na 6%) zai iya adana dubban daloli a cikin haraji a kowace akwati idan aka kwatanta da rarrabawa a ƙarƙashin 0403 (tare da kuɗin fito na 10%).
III. Kuɗaɗen taimako: Da alama ƙarami ne, amma ƙari ya kai wani adadi mai ban mamaki
Kudaden da ake kashewa a waɗannan hanyoyin haɗin yanar gizo ba su da yawa, amma suna ƙaruwa, sau da yawa suna wakiltar kashi 10%-15% na jimlar kuɗin.
1. Kudaden marufi da aiki: Biyan kuɗi don kiyaye sabo
Kayayyakin da aka sanya a cikin firiji suna buƙatar marufi na musamman mai jure danshi da kuma kariya daga girgiza. Misali, marufi na nama mai sanyi na iya rage yawansa da kashi 30%, wanda ba wai kawai yana adana kaya ba, har ma yana kiyaye sabo, amma kuɗin marufi shine $100-$300 a kowace akwati. Bugu da ƙari, ana buƙatar ƙwararrun masu ɗaukar kaya na sarkar sanyi don lodawa da sauke kaya, kuma kuɗin aiki ya fi na kayan gabaɗaya girma da kashi 50%. Idan kayan suna jin tsoron fashewa kuma suna buƙatar sanya haske da hannu, kuɗin zai ƙara ƙaruwa.
2. Inshora ta musamman: Samar da kariya ga "kayayyakin da ke lalacewa"
Da zarar an gaza daidaita zafin kayan da aka sanya a cikin firiji, zai zama asara gaba ɗaya, don haka ba za a iya adana inshora ba. Yawanci, ana karɓar inshora a kashi 0.3%-0.8% na ƙimar kaya. Misali, don nama mai daskarewa na $50,000, farashin ya kai kimanin $150-$400. Ga dogayen hanyoyi kamar Kudancin Amurka da Afirka, farashin zai tashi zuwa fiye da kashi 1%, saboda tsawon lokacin sufuri, haɗarin sarrafa zafin jiki ya fi girma.
3. Kudin sufuri na cikin gida: Kudin mil na ƙarshe
Don jigilar kaya daga tashar jiragen ruwa zuwa wurin ajiyar sanyi na cikin gida, jigilar manyan motocin da aka sanyaya sun fi na manyan motocin da aka saba da su da kashi 40% fiye da na manyan motocin da aka saba da su. Misali, kudin jigilar kwantenar sanyaya 20GP daga Tashar Jiragen Ruwa ta Shanghai zuwa wurin ajiyar sanyi a Suzhou ya kai yuan 1,500-2,000. Idan ana jigilar su zuwa yankunan tsakiya da yamma, za a ƙara ƙarin yuan 200-300 a kowace kilomita 100, kuma dole ne a haɗa da kuɗin tuƙi mara komai da aka dawo da shi.
IV. Kwarewar sarrafa farashi mai amfani: Hanyoyi 3 don adana kashi 20% na farashi
Bayan fahimtar tsarin farashin, ana iya yin tsarin sarrafa farashi cikin tsari. Ga wasu hanyoyin da aka tabbatar:
1. Zaɓi LCL don ƙananan rukuni kuma sanya hannu kan kwangiloli na dogon lokaci don manyan rukuni:
Idan girman kaya ya ƙasa da mita cubic 5, LCL (Ƙasa da Nauyin Kwantena) yana adana kashi 40%-60% na jigilar kaya idan aka kwatanta da FCL. Duk da cewa ingancin lokaci yana raguwa da kwanaki 5-10, ya dace da odar gwaji; idan yawan yin rajista na shekara-shekara ya wuce kwantena 50, sanya hannu kan yarjejeniya ta dogon lokaci kai tsaye da kamfanin jigilar kaya don samun rangwame na 5%-15%.
2. Daidaita zafin jiki da lokaci don rage ɓarnar makamashi:
Saita mafi ƙarancin zafin da ake buƙata bisa ga halayen kayan. Misali, ana iya adana ayaba a zafin 13°C, kuma babu buƙatar rage ta zuwa 0°C; haɗa kai da kamfanin kwastam a gaba don shirya kayan aiki kafin isowa tashar jiragen ruwa, matse lokacin dubawa zuwa cikin kwana 1, kuma a guji lalata su.
3. Yi amfani da fasaha don rage farashi:
Sanya na'urar lura da yanayin zafi ta GPS a kan kwantena masu firiji don bin diddigin canje-canjen zafin jiki a ainihin lokaci, don guje wa asara gaba ɗaya saboda gazawar kayan aiki; yi amfani da tsarin adana kayan ajiya ta atomatik, wanda zai iya rage farashin aiki na adana kayan sanyi da kashi 10%-20%.
A ƙarshe, taƙaitaccen bayani: Lissafin farashi ya kamata ya bar "sarari mai sassauƙa"
Za a iya taƙaita tsarin kuɗin da ake amfani da shi wajen jigilar kwantena masu sanyaya da aka shigo da su daga ƙasashen waje kamar haka: (Jigilar kaya ta teku ta asali + ƙarin kuɗi) + (Kuɗin tashar jiragen ruwa + kuɗin kwastam) + (Marufi + inshora + kuɗin sufuri na cikin gida) + 10% kasafin kuɗi mai sassauƙa. Wannan 10% yana da mahimmanci don magance gaggawa kamar hauhawar farashin mai da jinkirin jigilar kwastam.
Bayan haka, babban abin da ke cikin jigilar kayayyaki a cikin sarkar sanyi shine "kiyaye sabo". Maimakon yin rowa da farashi mai mahimmanci, ya fi kyau a rage kashe kuɗi ta hanyar tsara tsari mai kyau - kiyaye ingancin kaya shine mafi girman tanadin kuɗi.
Lokacin Saƙo: Nuwamba-12-2025 Dubawa: