Fahimtar Bambance-Bambance Tsakanin Nau'in Nau'in Na'urar firij don firij

Kayan aikin firiji na zamani yana da mahimmanci don adana abinci, duk da haka firiji kamar R134a, R290, R404a, R600a, da R507 sun bambanta sosai a aikace. R290 ana yawan amfani da shi a cikin akwatunan abin sha mai sanyi, yayin da R143a ke yawan aiki a cikin ƙananan ɗakunan giya. R600a yawanci ana tanadar don kayan aikin daskarewa na musamman.

Refrigerant shine tushen rayuwar tsarin firiji, yana ba da damar firij don ɗaukar zafi da kula da yanayin sanyi na ciki. Duk da haka, ba duk masu firji ba ne aka halicce su daidai-haɗin sinadaransu, tasirin muhalli, bayanan martaba, da aikinsu sun bambanta sosai. Ga masu amfani da fasaha, masu fasaha, da ƙwararrun masana'antu a Turai da Arewacin Amurka, fahimtar waɗannan bambance-bambance yana da mahimmanci, musamman a cikin tsauraran matakan ƙa'ida don rage hayaƙin iskar gas da kare sararin samaniyar ozone.

Ma'auni na Ƙididdigar Mahimmanci na Refrigerant

Kafin nutsewa cikin nau'ikan mutum ɗaya, yana da mahimmanci don ayyana ma'auni waɗanda suka fi dacewa don aikace-aikacen firiji. Waɗannan sharuɗɗan an san su a duniya gabaɗaya a cikin HVAC/R (dumi, iska, kwandishan, refrigeration) masana'antu da kuma siffanta ƙa'idodin ƙa'idodi a duniya:

• ODP (Iwuwar Ragewar Ozone): Ma'auni na nawa abu ke lalata layin ozone. Ma'auni shine R11 (wanda aka dakatar da firiji a yanzu), tare da ODP na 1. Ma'auni na 0 yana nufin refrigerant ba shi da tasiri mai ragewa ozone.
• GWP (Iwuwar Dumamar Duniya): Ma'auni na gudummawar wani abu ga sauyin yanayi sama da shekaru 100, idan aka kwatanta da carbon dioxide (CO₂, GWP = 1). Ƙananan ƙimar GWP an ba da fifiko a ƙarƙashin ƙa'idodi kamar Dokokin F-Gas na EU da SNAP na Amurka EPA (Mahimmanci Sabbin Manufofin Madadin Zaɓuɓɓuka).
• ASHRAE Safety Rarraba: Ma'auni (ASHRAE 34-2022) wanda ke kimanta refrigerants ta hanyar flammability (Class 1: marasa flammable; Class 2L: ɗan flammable; Class 2: flammable; Class 3: mai ƙonewa sosai) da guba (Class A: ƙarancin guba; Class B: babban haɗari). Yawancin firji sun fada cikin Class A.
• Ayyukan Thermodynamic: Ya haɗa da ingancin sanyaya (COP, ko Coefficient of Performance, inda mafi girma = mafi inganci), matsa lamba na aiki (dole ne ya dace da ƙirar firijin), da kewayon zafin jiki (wanda ya dace da firiji masu matsakaicin zafi ko masu daskarewa masu ƙarancin zafi).
• Daidaituwa: Yana aiki tare da firij's compressor lubricants (misali, ma'adinai mai, POE man) da kuma kayan (misali, like, hoses) don kauce wa lalacewar tsarin.

Binciken Nazari na Mutum ɗaya

Kowane firiji yana da ƙarfi na musamman da iyakancewa, yana mai da shi dacewa da takamaiman lokuta na amfani-daga firij na gida zuwa injin daskarewa na kasuwanci. A ƙasa akwai cikakkun bayanai na kowane nau'i.

1. R134a (Tetrafluoroethane)

Nau'in Sinadari: Pure Hydrofluorocarbon (HFC)

Mabuɗin Bayani:

• ODP: 0 (ozone-lafiya)
• GWP: 1,430 (kowane rahoton kimantawa na shida na IPCC, sararin sama na shekaru 100)
• ASHRAE Safety Class: A1 (ba mai ƙonewa, ƙarancin guba)
• Matsin Aiki: Matsakaici (idan aka kwatanta da sauran firji)
• Daidaitawa: Yana aiki tare da POE (polyol ester) ko PAG (polyalkylene glycol) mai.

Ayyuka & Aikace-aikace:

R134a ya fito a cikin 1990s a matsayin maye gurbin R12 (CFC tare da babban ODP, yanzu an dakatar da shi a ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyar Montreal). Ya zama babban jigo a cikin firij na gida, ƙananan masu sanyaya abin sha, da firji mai ɗaukuwa saboda yanayinsa mara ƙonewa da sauƙin haɗawa cikin tsarin da ake dasu. Ingantacciyar sanyaya (COP) yana da matsakaici - isa ga daidaitaccen yanayin firiji (2-8°C don sabon ɗakin, -18°C don injin daskarewa) amma ƙasa da na'urorin sanyi na halitta kamar R600a.

Tsarin Mulki & Matsayin Muhalli:

Yayin da R134a ke da aminci ga ozone, babban GWP ɗin sa ya haifar da ƙuntatawa a Turai da Arewacin Amurka. Karkashin ka'idar F-Gas ta EU (EC No 517/2014), amfani da R134a a cikin sabbin na'urorin refrigeration ya ragu tun daga 2020, tare da ƙarin ragi. Ya kasance gama gari a cikin tsofaffin firiji amma ana maye gurbinsa da ƙananan GWP a cikin sabbin samfura.

Kalubale: Babban GWP yana iyakance iyawar dogon lokaci; ƙananan inganci fiye da na'urorin refrigerants na halitta.

2. R600a (Isobutane)

Nau'in Sinadari: Tsabtataccen hydrocarbon (HC, "na'urar sanyi" da aka samu daga man fetur/gas)

Mabuɗin Bayani:

• ODP: 0 (ozone-lafiya)
• GWP: 3 (tasirin yanayi mara kyau - ɗayan mafi ƙarancin samuwa)
• ASHRAE Safety Class: A3 (mai iya ƙonewa, ƙarancin guba)
• Matsin Aiki: Ƙananan (yana buƙatar compressors da aka tsara don tsarin ƙananan matsa lamba)
• Daidaitawa: Yana aiki tare da mai ma'adinai ko alkylbenzene (AB) lubricants (ba POE/PAG ba).

Ayyuka & Aikace-aikace:

R600a yanzu shine mafi girman firji a cikin firji na zamani a Turai da Arewacin Amurka. Babban ingancinsa mai sanyaya (COP 5-10% sama da R134a) yana rage yawan amfani da makamashi, daidaitawa da Label na Makamashi na EU da US ENERGY STAR®. Ƙananan GWP ɗin sa kuma yana sa shi cikakken yarda da tsauraran ƙa'idodin fitar da hayaki.

La'akari da Tsaro & Shigarwa:

Flammability shine ƙalubalen farko na R600a. Don rage haɗari, masana'antun suna iyakance girman cajin sa a cikin firiji (yawanci gram ≤150) kuma suna amfani da abubuwan da ba za a iya fashewa ba (misali, compressors da aka rufe, sassan wutar lantarki marasa walƙiya). Masu fasaha suna buƙatar horo na musamman don kula da ɗigogi, saboda tarin R600a yana ƙonewa.

Kalubale: Babban ƙonawa yana buƙatar ƙira da kulawa da aminci; rashin jituwa da mai POE/PAG.

3. R290 (Propane)

Nau'in Kemikal: Tsabtataccen hydrocarbon (HC, na'urar sanyaya na halitta)

Mabuɗin Bayani:

• ODP: 0 (ozone-lafiya)
• GWP: 3 (daidai da R600a, tasirin yanayi mara ƙarancin ƙarfi)
• ASHRAE Safety Class: A3 (mai iya ƙonewa sosai, ƙarancin guba - ɗanɗano mai ƙonewa fiye da R600a, tare da ƙaramin ƙarfin ƙonewa)
• Matsin Aiki: Matsakaici-ƙananan (mafi girma fiye da R600a, ƙasa da R134a)
• Daidaituwa: Yana aiki tare da mai ma'adinai ko mai AB.

Ayyuka & Aikace-aikace:

R290 yana ba da ingantaccen sanyaya na musamman - COP ɗin sa yana da 10-15% sama da R134a, yana mai da shi manufa don firiji mai inganci. Ana amfani dashi a cikin ƙananan firji na gida, ƙananan firji, da wasu masu sanyaya nunin kasuwanci (inda girman caji ya iyakance). A yankuna kamar EU, ana ƙara karbe shi azaman maye gurbin kai tsaye ga R134a a cikin sabbin samfura.

Tsaro & Matsayin Ka'ida:

Kamar R600a, R290's flammability yana buƙatar tsauraran matakan tsaro: iyakokin caji (≤150 grams don firijin gida), tsarin gano ɗigogi, da kayan da ba sa ƙonewa a cikin firij. Yana da cikakkiyar yarda da ka'idar F-Gas ta EU da US EPA SNAP, ba tare da tsare-tsare na raguwa ba saboda ƙarancin GWP ɗin sa.

Kalubale: Ƙunƙwasawa mafi girma fiye da R600a; yana buƙatar ƙarin tsauraran gwajin aminci yayin masana'anta.

4. R404a (Haɗin R125, R134a, R143a)

Nau'in Sinadari: Haɗin HFC na kusa-azeotropic (HFCs da yawa gauraye don kwaikwayi kaddarorin firiji ɗaya)

Mabuɗin Bayani:

• ODP: 0 (ozone-lafiya)
• GWP: 3,922 (matuƙar girma-ɗaya daga cikin firigeren da ke da tasirin yanayi)
• ASHRAE Safety Class: A1 (ba mai ƙonewa, ƙarancin guba)
• Matsin aiki: Babban (an inganta don tsarin ƙananan zafin jiki)
• Daidaituwa: Yana aiki tare da mayukan POE.

Ayyuka & Aikace-aikace:

R404a ya kasance ma'aunin gwal na firiji na kasuwanci, gami da masu daskarewa, manyan kantunan nuni, da firiji na masana'antu waɗanda ke aiki a -20°C zuwa -40°C. Babban ƙarfin sanyaya da kwanciyar hankali a ƙananan yanayin zafi ya sa ya dace da waɗannan aikace-aikacen.

Tsarin Mulki & Matsayin Muhalli:

R404a's ultra-high GWP ya haifar da kusan-jimlar ficewar sa a Turai da Arewacin Amurka. A karkashin EU F-Gas Regulation, an hana amfani da shi a cikin sabbin kayan aiki a cikin 2020, kuma an taƙaita shigo da shi / fitarwa. A cikin Amurka, EPA ta lissafta R404a a matsayin "abun GWP mai girma" kuma yana buƙatar sauyawa tare da ƙananan GWP madadin (misali, R452A, R513A) a cikin sababbin tsarin. Ya kasance a cikin tsofaffin firji na kasuwanci amma ana cire shi ta hanyar sake fasalin.

Kalubale: GWP mai haramta; rashin ingantaccen makamashi idan aka kwatanta da hanyoyin zamani; yana ba da gudummawa sosai ga sauyin yanayi.

5. R507 (Haɗin R125 & R143a)

Nau'in Sinadari: Haɗin HFC na Azeotropic (haɗuwa wanda ke tafasa/matsi a zafin jiki ɗaya, kamar firiji mai tsafta)

Mabuɗin Bayani:

• ODP: 0 (ozone-lafiya)
• GWP: 3,985 (kusan daidai da R404a, matsananci-high)
• ASHRAE Safety Class: A1 (ba mai ƙonewa, ƙarancin guba)
• Matsin aiki: Babban (dan kadan sama da R404a)
• Daidaituwa: Yana aiki tare da mayukan POE.

Ayyuka & Aikace-aikace:

R507 kani ne na kusa da R404a, wanda aka ƙera don firjin kasuwanci mai ƙarancin zafin jiki (misali, daskarewa mai zurfi, daskararru na nunin abinci) inda ake buƙatar daidaiton sanyaya a -30°C zuwa -50°C. Yanayin azeotropic na sa yana nufin ba ya rabuwa cikin abubuwan da aka gyara yayin leaks, sauƙaƙe kulawa - fa'ida akan gaurayawar azeotropic na kusa kamar R404a.

Tsarin Mulki & Matsayin Muhalli:

Kamar R404a, R507 babban GWP ya haifar da tsauraran ƙa'idodi. Dokar F-Gas ta EU ta haramta amfani da shi a cikin sabbin kayan aiki a cikin 2020, kuma EPA ta Amurka ta sanya shi a matsayin "abun damuwa" ƙarƙashin SNAP. Ana maye gurbinsa da ƙananan GWP madadin kamar R448A (GWP = 1,387) da R449A (GWP = 1,397) a cikin aikace-aikacen kasuwanci.

Kalubale: GWP mai girma sosai; babu dadewa mai dorewa a ƙarƙashin dokokin fitar da hayaki na duniya; iyakance ga tsarin gado.

Yanayin farashin firigeren daban-daban sun bambanta. Wannan shi ne ginshiƙi mai tasowa kamar na Yuni 2025:

Kwatanta Bayanin Refrigerant

Teburin da ke ƙasa yana taƙaita mahimman bambance-bambance tsakanin firijin guda biyar, yana nuna dacewarsu ga takamaiman lokuta masu amfani:

Juyin Halittu & Canjin Masana'antu

Kasuwar firji ta duniya ana yin ta ne da manyan manufofi guda biyu: kawar da abubuwan da ke lalata sararin samaniya (wanda aka samu ga mafi yawan firigeren) da rage fitar da iskar gas (a halin yanzu mayar da hankali). A Turai da Arewacin Amurka, ƙa'idodi suna haɓaka ƙaura zuwa ƙananan zaɓuɓɓukan GWP:

• Dokokin F-Gas na EU: Yana ba da umarnin rage 79% na yawan amfani da HFC nan da 2030 (idan aka kwatanta da matakan 2015) kuma ya hana manyan-GWP refrigerants (GWP> 2,500) a cikin sabbin kayan sanyi.
• US EPA SNAP: Ya lissafa ƙananan firigeren GWP (misali, R600a, R290, R452A) a matsayin "m" ga mafi yawan aikace-aikace kuma ya haramta manyan zaɓuɓɓukan GWP (misali, R404a, R507) a cikin sababbin tsarin.

Ga masu amfani, wannan yana nufin:

• Sabbin firji na gida kusan za su yi amfani da R600a ko R290 (saboda ƙarancin GWP da ingantaccen aiki).
• Refrigeration na kasuwanci zai matsa zuwa gaurayawan ƙananan GWP (misali, R448A, R454C) ko na'urori masu sanyi kamar CO₂ (R744) don manyan tsarin.
• Tsofaffin firji masu amfani da R134a, R404a, ko R507 zasu buƙaci zubar da kyau ko sake gyarawa don biyan ka'idoji.

Zaɓin madaidaicin firji don firiji ya dogara da daidaita abubuwa huɗu: tasirin muhalli (ODP/GWP), aminci (flammability/toxicity), aiki (inganci/matsi), da bin ka'ida. Don yawancin aikace-aikacen zamani:

• R600a da R290 sune mafi kyawun zaɓi don firiji na gida, suna ba da GWP mai ƙarancin ƙarfi da inganci mai ƙarfi (tare da matakan tsaro don magance flammability).
• R404a da R507 ba su da amfani don sababbin tsarin, iyakance ga kayan kasuwancin gado na gado har sai an sake gyarawa ko sauyawa.
• R134a wani zaɓi ne na wucin gadi, a hankali ana cire shi don samun tagomashin firji.

Yayin da ƙa'idodi ke ƙarfafawa da ci gaban fasaha, masana'antu za su ci gaba da ba da fifikon na'urori masu sanyi na halitta da ƙananan GWP-haɗe-haɗe-tabbatar da tsarin firiji yana da tasiri da dorewa na dogon lokaci. Ga masu fasaha da masu amfani, kasancewa da masaniya game da waɗannan bambance-bambance shine mabuɗin don yanke shawara, masu dacewa.

Tushen: Littafin Jagora na ASHRAE—Refrigeration (2021), Rahoton Ƙimar IPCC na Shida (2022), Dokokin F-Gas na EU (EC No 517/2014), Shirin EPA SNAP na Amurka (2023).