Kwanan nan, yanayin kasuwancin duniya ya lalace sosai sakamakon sabon zagaye na gyare-gyaren haraji. An saita Amurka a hukumance don aiwatar da sabbin manufofin haraji a ranar 5 ga Oktoba, tare da sanya ƙarin ayyuka na 15% - 40% akan kayayyakin da aka aika kafin Agusta 7. Yawancin manyan ƙasashe masu masana'antu, ciki har da Koriya ta Kudu, Japan, da Vietnam, an haɗa su cikin daidaitawar daidaitawa. Wannan ya wargaza tsarin lissafin farashi na kamfanoni tare da haifar da firgici a duk faɗin sarkar, daga fitar da na'urorin gida kamar firiji zuwa kayan aikin ruwa, tilastawa kamfanoni sake fasalin dabarun aikin su cikin gaggawa yayin lokacin buƙatun manufofin.
I. Kamfanonin Fitar da Ren firji: Matsi sau biyu na Ƙirar Ƙirar Ƙirar Ƙirar Ƙirar Ƙarfafawa da Ƙaddamar da Oda
A matsayin wakilin nau'in fitarwa na kayan gida, masana'antar firiji sune farkon waɗanda ke ɗaukar nauyin tasirin kuɗin fito. Kamfanoni daga kasashe daban-daban suna fuskantar kalubale daban-daban saboda bambance-bambance a cikin shimfidar damar samar da kayayyaki. Ga kamfanonin kasar Sin, Amurka ta sanya firji a cikin jerin kudin fito na karafa. Haɗe tare da ƙarin 15% - 40% jadawalin kuɗin fito wannan lokacin, cikakken nauyin haraji ya karu sosai. A shekarar 2024, kayayyakin da kasar Sin ta fitar na firji da injin daskarewa zuwa Amurka sun kai dalar Amurka biliyan 3.16, wanda ya kai kashi 17.3% na adadin fitar da kayayyaki daga wannan fanni. Kowane kashi 10 - kashi - karuwar maki a cikin jadawalin kuɗin fito zai ƙara sama da dala miliyan 300 zuwa farashin masana'antar na shekara-shekara. Lissafi ta hanyar manyan masana'antu sun nuna cewa ga firiji mai yawa-kofa tare da farashin fitarwa na $ 800, lokacin da farashin kuɗin fito ya tashi daga ainihin 10% zuwa 25%, nauyin harajin kowane ɗayan yana ƙaruwa da $ 120, kuma ana matse ribar daga 8% zuwa ƙasa da 3%.
Kamfanonin Koriya ta Kudu sun gamu da matsala ta musamman na "juyar da jadawalin kuɗin fito." Adadin kudin fito na firji da ake samarwa a Koriya ta Kudu da Samsung da LG ke fitarwa zuwa Amurka ya karu zuwa kashi 15 cikin 100, amma masana'antunsu a Vietnam, wadanda ke daukar kaso mai yawa na fitar da kayayyaki, suna fuskantar karin harajin kashi 20%, wanda hakan ya sa ba zai yiwu a guje wa tsadar kayayyaki ta hanyar canja wurin kayan aiki cikin kankanin lokaci ba. Abin da ya fi damuwa shi ne cewa kayan aikin karfe a cikin firiji suna ƙarƙashin ƙarin 50% Sashe na 232 jadawalin kuɗin fito na musamman. Nauyin haraji biyu ya tilasta haɓaka 15% a cikin farashin dillalai na wasu manyan samfuran firiji na ƙarshe a cikin Amurka, wanda ya haifar da 8% wata-wata - raguwar oda daga manyan kantunan kamar Walmart. Kamfanonin kayan aikin gida na kasar Sin da ke ba da tallafi a Vietnam suna fuskantar matsi mafi girma. Samfurin jigilar kayayyaki na "samar da shi a China, wanda aka yiwa lakabi da Vietnam" ya gaza gaba daya saboda 40% na harajin haraji. Kamfanoni irin su Fujia Co., Ltd. dole ne su ƙara yawan siyayyar gida na masana'antunsu na Vietnam daga kashi 30% zuwa 60% don biyan ka'idodin asali.
Haɗari - ƙarfin juriya na kanana da matsakaitan masana'antu masu girman gaske sun fi rauni. Wani firiji na Indiya OEM wanda ke samar da samfuran samfuran Amurka gaba ɗaya ya rasa ƙimar farashin sa gaba ɗaya saboda ƙarin ƙimar kuɗin fito na 40%. Ya karɓi sanarwar sokewa don oda uku da suka ƙunshi raka'a 200,000, wanda ke lissafin kashi 12% na ƙarfin samarwa na shekara-shekara. Ko da yake adadin kuɗin fito na kamfanonin Japan ya kai kashi 25 cikin ɗari ne kawai, tare da tasirin faduwar darajar yen, ribar da ake samu a ketare ta ƙara lalacewa. Panasonic ya yi niyyar canja wurin wani yanki na babban ƙarfin samar da firiji zuwa Mexico don samun zaɓin kuɗin fito.
II. Kasuwar jigilar kayayyaki ta ruwa: Canje-canjen Tashin hankali Tsakanin gajere - Haɓaka Tsawon Lokaci da Dogayen Matsalolin Zamani
Maɓalli na "gudu - titin jigilar kaya" da "jira - da - duba lokaci" da manufofin jadawalin kuɗin fito ya haifar da jefa kasuwar jigilar ruwa cikin matsanancin rashin ƙarfi. Don kulle tsohon jadawalin kuɗin fito kafin ranar ƙarshe na jigilar kayayyaki na 7 ga Agusta, kamfanoni sun fitar da umarni sosai, wanda ya haifar da yanayin "babu sararin samaniya" akan hanyoyin zuwa yammacin Amurka. Kamfanonin jigilar kayayyaki irin su Matson da Hapag – Lloyd sun yi nasarar haɓaka farashin kaya. Adadin kudin kwantena mai ƙafa 40 ya kai dala 3,000, kuma yawan jigilar kayayyaki kan hanyar Tianjin zuwa yammacin Amurka ya karu da fiye da kashi 11 cikin ɗari a cikin mako guda.
Ƙarƙashin wannan ɗan gajeren lokaci wadata yana ɓoye damuwa. Samfurin kamfanonin jigilar kayayyaki na hauhawar farashin kaya ba zai dorewa ba. Da zarar sabon jadawalin kuɗin fito ya fara aiki a ranar 5 ga Oktoba, kasuwa za ta shiga cikin lokacin sanyi. Kungiyar 'yan kasuwa ta kasar Sin mai kula da shigo da kayayyaki da injina da na lantarki ta yi hasashen cewa, bayan aiwatar da sabbin tsare-tsare, yawan kayayyakin da ake jigilar kayayyaki daga kasar Sin zuwa yammacin Amurka na kayayyakin gida zai ragu da kashi 12% -15%. A lokacin, kamfanonin jigilar kaya na iya fuskantar haɗarin ƙara yawan kuɗin kwantena da raguwar farashin kaya.
Mafi tsanani, kamfanoni sun fara daidaita hanyoyinsu don rage farashin farashi. Umarnin jigilar kayayyaki kai tsaye daga Vietnam zuwa Amurka sun ragu, yayin da zirga-zirgar kan iyaka ta Mexico ya karu da kashi 20%, abin da ya tilastawa kamfanonin jigilar kayayyaki sake tsara hanyoyin sadarwar su. Ƙarin farashin jadawalin za a ba da shi ga kamfanoni.
Rashin tabbas na kayan aiki akan lokaci yana ƙara tsananta damuwar kamfanoni. Manufofin sun tanadi cewa kayayyakin da ba a kebe su ba kafin ranar 5 ga watan Oktoba za a sake biyan su haraji, kuma an tsawaita matsakaicin adadin kwastam a tashoshin jiragen ruwa na yammacin Amurka daga kwanaki 3 zuwa kwanaki 7. Wasu kamfanoni sun yi amfani da dabarar “rarraba kwantena da isowa cikin batches,” suna rarraba jigon oda zuwa ƙananan kwantena da yawa tare da ƙasa da raka'a 50 kowanne. Ko da yake wannan yana ƙara farashin ayyukan kayan aiki da kashi 30%, zai iya inganta aikin kwastam da kuma rage haɗarin ɓacewar wa'adin.
III. Cikakkun Sarkar Sarkar Masana'antu: Amsoshin Sarkar daga abubuwan da aka haɗa zuwa Kasuwar Tasha
Tasirin jadawalin kuɗin fito ya kutsa kai sama da matakin samar da samfuran da aka gama kuma yana ci gaba da yaɗuwa zuwa masana'antu na sama da ƙasa. Kamfanonin da ke samar da evaporators, wani jigon firji, sune suka fara jin matsin lamba. Don tinkarar karin harajin kashi 15%, kungiyar Sanhua ta Koriya ta Kudu ta rage farashin sayan bututun tagulla-aluminium da kashi 5%, abin da ya tilasta wa masu samar da kayayyaki na kasar Sin rage farashi ta hanyar canza kayan.
Kamfanonin Compressor a Indiya suna cikin tsaka mai wuya: siyan ƙarfe na gida don biyan ka'idodin asali a Amurka yana ƙaruwa da 12%; idan aka shigo da su daga China, suna fuskantar matsi biyu na harajin kayan masarufi da kayan masarufi.
Canje-canjen buƙatu a cikin kasuwar tasha sun haifar da jujjuyawar watsawa. Don guje wa haɗarin ƙira, dillalan Amurka sun gajarta zagayowar oda daga watanni 3 zuwa wata 1 kuma suna buƙatar kamfanoni su sami ikon “ƙananan – tsari, da sauri – bayarwa.” Wannan ya tilasta wa kamfanoni kamar Haier su kafa ɗakunan ajiya masu alaƙa a cikin Los Angeles da pre-store core firiji model a gaba. Kodayake farashin ajiyar kayayyaki ya karu da 8%, ana iya rage lokacin isarwa daga kwanaki 45 zuwa kwanaki 7. Wasu kanana da matsakaita – masu girma dabam sun zaɓi janyewa daga kasuwar Amurka kuma su juya zuwa yankuna masu tsayayyen jadawalin kuɗin fito, kamar Turai da kudu maso gabashin Asiya. A cikin kwata na biyu na 2025, firinji na Vietnam zuwa Turai ya karu da kashi 22% na shekara - kan - shekara.
Rikicin manufofin kuma ya haifar da haɗarin bin doka. Hukumar Kwastam ta Amurka ta karfafa tabbatar da “canjin canji.” An gano wani kamfani yana da "asalin karya" saboda masana'anta na Vietnamese kawai sun gudanar da taro mai sauƙi kuma ainihin abubuwan da aka samo asali daga China. A sakamakon haka, an kama kayanta, kuma ta fuskanci tarar sau uku na kudin fiton. Wannan ya sa kamfanoni su zuba jari da yawa don kafa tsarin bin doka. Ga kamfani ɗaya, farashin takaddun shaida na asali kaɗai ya karu da 1.5% na kudaden shiga na shekara-shekara.
IV. Martanin Maɗaukaki na Kamfanoni da Ƙarfafa Ƙarfafawa
Nenwell ya bayyana cewa a gaban guguwar jadawalin kuɗin fito, yana gina haɗari - shingen juriya ta hanyar daidaita ƙarfin samarwa, haɓaka farashi, da haɓaka kasuwa. Dangane da shimfidar iya aiki, tsarin "Kudu maso Gabas Asiya + Amurka" dual - samfurin cibiya yana ɗaukar tsari a hankali. Ɗaukar kayan firiji a matsayin misali, yana hidimar kasuwannin Amurka tare da ƙimar kuɗin fito na fifiko 10% kuma, a lokaci guda, yana neman sifili - magani na jadawalin kuɗin fito a ƙarƙashin Amurka - Mexico - Yarjejeniyar Kanada, rage haɗarin ƙayyadaddun - saka hannun jari na kadara da kashi 60%.
Zurfafa sarrafa farashi don gyarawa shima muhimmin al'amari ne. Ta hanyar inganta tsarin samarwa, an rage abun ciki na karfe a cikin firji daga 28% zuwa 22%, yana rage tushe don biyan kuɗin fito akan abubuwan ƙarfe. Lexy Electric ya haɓaka matakin sarrafa kansa na masana'anta na Vietnamese, yana rage farashin ma'aikata da kashi 18% tare da daidaita wasu matsa lamba.
Dabarun rarraba kasuwa ya nuna sakamakon farko. Ya kamata kamfanoni su kara yunƙurin gano kasuwanni a Tsakiya da Gabashin Turai da Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya. A cikin rabin farko na 2025, fitarwa zuwa Poland ya karu da 35%; Kamfanonin Koriya ta Kudu sun mayar da hankali kan babban kasuwa. Ta hanyar ba da injin firji tare da fasahar sarrafa zafin jiki mai hankali, sun haɓaka sararin sararin farashi zuwa kashi 20%, wani ɓangare na rufe farashin jadawalin kuɗin fito. Kungiyoyin masana'antu kuma suna taka muhimmiyar rawa. Ta hanyar aiyuka irinsu horar da manufofi da wasan kwaikwayo na baje kolin, kungiyar 'yan kasuwa ta kasar Sin mai kula da shigo da kayayyaki da kayayyakin injina da na lantarki ta taimaka wa kamfanoni sama da 200 samun damar shiga kasuwar EU, tare da rage dogaro da kasuwannin Amurka.
Daidaita jadawalin kuɗin fito a ƙasashe daban-daban ba wai kawai gwada farashin masana'antu ba - ikon sarrafawa amma kuma ya zama gwajin damuwa don juriyar sarkar samar da kayayyaki ta duniya. Ta hanyar aiwatar da sauye-sauye na tsari don daidaitawa da sabbin ka'idojin ciniki, yayin da dakin karbar harajin haraji ya ragu sannu a hankali, sabbin fasahohin fasaha, hadin gwiwar samar da kayayyaki, da karfin aiki na duniya zai zama babban gasa ga kamfanoni don kewaya ta hazo na ciniki.
Lokacin aikawa: Oktoba-21-2025 Ra'ayoyi: