Kwanan nan, yanayin cinikayyar duniya ya fuskanci cikas sosai sakamakon wani sabon zagaye na gyaran haraji. Amurka za ta fara aiwatar da sabbin manufofin haraji a hukumance a ranar 5 ga Oktoba, inda za ta sanya ƙarin haraji na kashi 15% - 40% akan kayayyakin da aka aika kafin 7 ga Agusta. Yawancin manyan ƙasashen masana'antu, ciki har da Koriya ta Kudu, Japan, da Vietnam, an haɗa su cikin tsarin daidaitawa. Wannan ya wargaza tsarin lissafin kuɗi na kamfanoni kuma ya haifar da tashin hankali a duk faɗin sarkar, daga fitar da kayan gida kamar firiji zuwa jigilar kayayyaki na teku, wanda ya tilasta wa kamfanoni su gaggauta sake tsara dabarun aikinsu a lokacin da ake ajiye manufofin.
I. Kamfanonin Fitar da Firji: Matsi Sau Biyu na Ƙara Kuɗi Mai Kaifi da Sake Saita Oda
A matsayinsu na wakilan nau'ikan fitar da kayan gida, kamfanonin firiji su ne na farko da suka fuskanci babban tasirin harajin. Kamfanoni daga ƙasashe daban-daban suna fuskantar ƙalubale daban-daban saboda bambance-bambancen da ke tattare da tsarin ƙarfin samarwa. Ga kamfanonin China, Amurka ta haɗa da firiji a cikin jerin harajin ƙarfe. Tare da ƙarin ƙimar harajin 15% - 40% a wannan karon, cikakken nauyin haraji ya ƙaru sosai. A cikin 2024, fitar da firiji da injinan daskarewa na China zuwa Amurka ya kai dala biliyan 3.16, wanda ya kai kashi 17.3% na jimlar yawan fitar da kayayyaki na wannan rukunin. Kowane ƙarin maki 10 - na harajin zai ƙara sama da dala miliyan 300 ga farashin shekara-shekara na masana'antar. Lissafi daga wani babban kamfani ya nuna cewa ga firiji mai ƙofa da yawa tare da farashin fitarwa na $800, lokacin da ƙimar harajin ta tashi daga kashi 10% na asali zuwa 25%, nauyin harajin kowane sashi yana ƙaruwa da $120, kuma ribar riba za ta ragu daga kashi 8% zuwa ƙasa da kashi 3%.
Kamfanonin Koriya ta Kudu suna fuskantar matsala ta musamman ta "juye harajin kwastam." Farashin kuɗin shigar da firiji da aka samar a Koriya ta Kudu kuma Samsung da LG suka fitar zuwa Amurka ya karu zuwa 15%, amma masana'antunsu a Vietnam, waɗanda ke ɗaukar babban kaso na fitar da kaya, suna fuskantar ƙarin ƙimar kuɗin fito da kashi 20%, wanda hakan ya sa ba zai yiwu a guje wa farashi ta hanyar canja wurin ƙarfin samarwa a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci ba. Abin da ya fi damuwa shi ne cewa sassan ƙarfe a cikin firiji suna fuskantar ƙarin kuɗin fito na musamman na Sashe na 232 na 50%. Nauyin haraji biyu ya tilasta ƙaruwar 15% a farashin dillalan wasu samfuran firiji masu tsada a Amurka, wanda ya haifar da raguwar 8% na wata-wata a cikin oda daga manyan kantuna kamar Walmart. Kamfanonin kayan gida na China da ke Vietnam suna fuskantar matsin lamba mafi girma. Tsarin jigilar kaya na "wanda aka samar a China, wanda aka yiwa alama a Vietnam" ya gaza gaba ɗaya saboda ƙimar kuɗin shigar da haraji na 40%. Kamfanoni kamar Fujia Co., Ltd. sun buƙaci ƙara rabon sayayya na gida na masana'antun Vietnam daga 30% zuwa 60% don cika ƙa'idodin asali.
Haɗarin ƙarfin juriya na ƙananan da matsakaitan kamfanoni ya fi rauni. Kamfanin OEM na firiji na Indiya wanda galibi ke samar da samfuran Amurka masu mahimmanci ya rasa gasa a farashinsa gaba ɗaya saboda ƙarin kuɗin fito na kashi 40%. Ya sami sanarwar sokewa na oda uku waɗanda jimillarsu ya kai raka'a 200,000, wanda ya kai kashi 12% na ƙarfin samarwa na shekara-shekara. Duk da cewa ƙimar kuɗin fito ga kamfanonin Japan kashi 25% ne kawai, tare da tasirin raguwar darajar yen, ribar fitarwa ta ƙara raguwa. Panasonic ta yi niyyar mayar da wani ɓangare na ƙarfin samar da firiji mai ƙarfi zuwa Mexico don samun fifikon kuɗin fito.
II. Kasuwar Jiragen Ruwa ta Ruwa: Tashin hankali tsakanin Hawan Gajeren Lokaci zuwa Na Ƙarshe da Matsi na Dogon Lokaci
Sauye-sauyen "gudun jigilar kaya" da "jira - da - duba lokaci" da manufofin haraji suka haifar sun jefa kasuwar jigilar kaya ta teku cikin mawuyacin hali. Don daidaita tsohon farashin kuɗin fito kafin wa'adin jigilar kaya na ranar 7 ga Agusta, kamfanoni sun fitar da umarni sosai, wanda ya haifar da yanayin "rashin sarari" a kan hanyoyin zuwa yammacin Amurka. Kamfanonin jigilar kaya kamar Matson da Hapag - Lloyd sun ci gaba da ƙara farashin jigilar kaya. Karin kuɗin kwantenar mai tsawon ƙafa 40 ya tashi zuwa dala 3,000, kuma ƙimar jigilar kaya a kan hanyar daga Tianjin zuwa yammacin Amurka ya ƙaru da fiye da kashi 11% a cikin mako guda.
A ƙarƙashin wannan ɗan gajeren lokaci, akwai damuwa a ɓoye. Tsarin kamfanonin jigilar kaya na hauhawar farashin kaya ba zai iya dorewa ba. Da zarar sabbin harajin sun fara aiki a ranar 5 ga Oktoba, kasuwa za ta shiga lokacin da ake buƙatar rage buƙata. Ƙungiyar Kasuwanci ta China don Shigo da Fitar da Injina da Kayayyakin Lantarki ta yi hasashen cewa bayan aiwatar da sabbin manufofi, yawan kayayyakin da ake jigilarwa a kan hanyoyin daga China zuwa yammacin Amurka don kayan gida zai ragu da kashi 12% - 15%. A lokacin, kamfanonin jigilar kaya na iya fuskantar haɗarin ƙaruwar guraben kwantena da raguwar farashin kaya.
Mafi muni ma, kamfanoni suna fara daidaita hanyoyin jigilar kayayyaki don rage farashin haraji. Umarnin jigilar kaya kai tsaye daga Vietnam zuwa Amurka ya ragu, yayin da jigilar kaya ta kan iyaka ta Mexico ta karu da kashi 20%, wanda ya tilasta wa kamfanonin jigilar kaya sake tsara hanyoyin sadarwar hanyarsu. Ƙarin kuɗin tsara jadawalin za a miƙa shi ga kamfanoni.
Rashin tabbas game da lokacin da ake ɗauka wajen jigilar kayayyaki ya ƙara ta'azzara damuwar kamfanoni. Manufar ta tanadi cewa za a cire haraji daga kayayyakin da ba a yi wa kwastam ba kafin 5 ga Oktoba, kuma an tsawaita matsakaicin zagayen share kwastam a tashoshin jiragen ruwa na yammacin Amurka daga kwana 3 zuwa kwana 7. Wasu kamfanoni sun ɗauki dabarar "raba kwantena da isa rukuni-rukuni," suna raba cikakken rukuni na oda zuwa ƙananan kwantena da yawa waɗanda kowannensu bai kai raka'a 50 ba. Duk da cewa wannan yana ƙara farashin aikin jigilar kayayyaki da kashi 30%, yana iya inganta ingancin share kwastam da rage haɗarin rasa wa'adin.
III. Cikakken - Gudanar da Sarkar Masana'antu: Amsoshin Sarkar daga Sassan zuwa Kasuwar Tashar
Tasirin harajin ya ratsa har zuwa matakin ƙera kayayyakin da aka gama kuma ya ci gaba da yaɗuwa zuwa masana'antu na sama da na ƙasa. Kamfanonin da ke samar da na'urorin fitar da hayaƙi, waɗanda su ne manyan sassan firiji, su ne suka fara jin matsin lamba. Don jure wa ƙarin harajin kashi 15%, Sanhua Group na Koriya ta Kudu ta rage farashin siyan bututun jan ƙarfe - aluminum composite da kashi 5%, wanda ya tilasta wa masu samar da kayayyaki na China rage farashi ta hanyar maye gurbin kayan.
Kamfanonin matse iska a Indiya suna cikin mawuyacin hali: siyan ƙarfe na gida don biyan buƙatun asali a Amurka yana ƙara farashi da kashi 12%; idan an shigo da su daga China, suna fuskantar matsin lamba sau biyu na harajin kayan aiki da harajin samfura.
Canje-canje a cikin buƙata a kasuwar tashoshi sun haifar da watsawa ta baya. Don guje wa haɗarin kaya, dillalan Amurka sun rage zagayowar oda daga watanni 3 zuwa wata 1 kuma suna buƙatar kamfanoni su sami damar "ƙananan rukuni, da sauri - isarwa." Wannan ya tilasta wa kamfanoni kamar Haier kafa rumbunan ajiya masu haɗin gwiwa a Los Angeles da samfuran firiji na gaba kafin a fara sayar da su. Duk da cewa farashin adana kayan ya ƙaru da kashi 8%, lokacin isarwa za a iya rage shi daga kwanaki 45 zuwa kwanaki 7. Wasu ƙananan da matsakaitan kayayyaki sun zaɓi janyewa daga kasuwar Amurka kuma su koma ga yankuna masu tsayayyen haraji, kamar Turai da Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya. A cikin kwata na biyu na 2025, fitar da firiji na Vietnam zuwa Turai ya ƙaru da kashi 22% a shekara - a shekara.
Rikicewar manufofin ya kuma haifar da haɗarin bin ƙa'ida. Hukumar Kwastam ta Amurka ta ƙarfafa tabbatar da "babban sauyi." An gano cewa wani kamfani yana da "asalin ƙarya" saboda masana'antarsa ta Vietnam ta gudanar da haɗakar kayayyaki cikin sauƙi kawai kuma an samo muhimman kayan daga China. Sakamakon haka, an kwace kayansa, kuma ta fuskanci tara sau uku na adadin kuɗin fito. Wannan ya sa kamfanoni su saka ƙarin albarkatu wajen kafa tsarin bin ƙa'ida. Ga wani kamfani, farashin tantance takaddun shaidar asali kawai ya ƙaru da kashi 1.5% na kuɗin shigarsa na shekara-shekara.
IV. Martani Mai Girma Daban-daban na Kamfanoni da Sake Gina Ƙarfi
Nnwell ya bayyana cewa, a yayin da ake fuskantar guguwar kuɗin fito, yana ƙara haɗarin - shingayen juriya ta hanyar daidaita ƙarfin samarwa, inganta farashi, da kuma bambancin kasuwa. Dangane da tsarin ƙarfin samarwa, tsarin "Kudancin Gabashin Asiya + Amurka" mai cibiya biyu yana fara samun sauƙi a hankali. Idan aka ɗauki kayan aikin firiji a matsayin misali, yana yi wa kasuwar Amurka hidima da kashi 10% na kuɗin fito, kuma a lokaci guda, yana neman sifili - tsarin kuɗin fito a ƙarƙashin Yarjejeniyar Amurka - Mexico - Kanada, wanda ke rage haɗarin saka hannun jari mai tsayayye da kashi 60%.
Tsara tsarin sarrafa farashi zuwa ga gyara shi ma muhimmin al'amari ne. Ta hanyar inganta tsarin samarwa, an rage yawan ƙarfe da ke cikin firiji daga kashi 28% zuwa kashi 22%, wanda hakan ya rage tushen biyan haraji kan kayayyakin ƙarfe. Lexy Electric ta ƙara matakin sarrafa kansa na masana'antarta ta Vietnam, inda ta rage farashin ma'aikata na rukunin da kashi 18% tare da rage wasu matsin lambar haraji.
Tsarin rarraba kasuwa ya nuna sakamako na farko. Kamfanoni ya kamata su ƙara ƙoƙari wajen bincika kasuwanni a Tsakiya da Gabashin Turai da Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya. A rabin farko na 2025, fitar da kaya zuwa Poland ya ƙaru da kashi 35%; kamfanonin Koriya ta Kudu sun mai da hankali kan kasuwa mai tsada. Ta hanyar samar wa firiji fasahar sarrafa zafin jiki mai wayo, sun ƙara sararin farashi mai daraja zuwa kashi 20%, wanda ya ƙunshi wani ɓangare na farashin farashi. Ƙungiyoyin masana'antu kuma suna taka muhimmiyar rawa. Ta hanyar ayyuka kamar horar da manufofi da kuma haɗa kai a baje kolin kayayyaki, Ɗakin Kasuwanci na China don Shigo da Fitar da Injina da Kayayyakin Lantarki ya taimaka wa kamfanoni sama da 200 samun damar shiga kasuwar EU, yana rage dogaro da su ga kasuwar Amurka.
Daidaita jadawalin kuɗin fito a ƙasashe daban-daban ba wai kawai yana gwada ikon sarrafa farashi na kamfanoni ba, har ma yana aiki a matsayin gwajin damuwa don juriyar sarkar samar da kayayyaki ta duniya. Ta hanyar yin canje-canje na tsari don daidaitawa da sabbin ƙa'idodin ciniki, yayin da ɗakin sasantawa na jadawalin kuɗin fito ke raguwa a hankali, ƙirƙirar fasaha, haɗin gwiwar sarkar samar da kayayyaki, da kuma ikon gudanar da ayyuka na duniya za su zama babban gasa ga kamfanoni don shiga cikin hazo na ciniki.
Lokacin Saƙo: Oktoba-21-2025 Dubawa: