Wace ƙasa ce ke bayar da kabad ɗin abin sha masu rahusa da aka shigo da su daga manyan kantuna?

Kabad ɗin nunin abubuwan sha na kasuwanci na manyan kantuna suna fuskantar ci gaba a kasuwannin duniya, tare da farashin ya bambanta a cikin samfuran iri daban-daban da kuma rashin daidaiton ingancin kayan aiki da aikin sanyaya. Ga masu gudanar da sarkar dillalai, zaɓar na'urorin sanyaya masu araha har yanzu ƙalubale ne. Don magance wannan matsalar, mun gudanar da bincike na kwatantawa a cikin ƙasashe huɗu daban-daban na shigo da kayayyaki, tare da samar da nassoshi kan farashin kasuwa don taimaka wa masu amfani su yanke shawara mafi kyau.

1. Da farko, ƙarshe: idan ana la'akari da injina marasa komai, China tana ba da mafi kyawun rabon farashi da aiki; idan aka yi la'akari da jimillar kuɗin, wasu ƙasashen kudu maso gabashin Asiya sun fi inganci.

Yawancin masu shigo da kaya suna mai da hankali ne kawai kan 'farashin kayan aiki,' amma ainihin farashin sauka daidai yake da farashin injin da babu komai tare da kuɗin haraji, jigilar kaya, izinin kwastam, da kuɗin bin ƙa'ida. Akwai manyan bambance-bambance a cikin fa'idodi a duk faɗin ƙasashe. Ga teburin kwatantawa kai tsaye (bayanan da aka fitar a shekarar 2025):

2. Me yasa injinan China ba komai bane ya fi arha? Amma wasu mutane sun fi son zaɓar kayan da ake shigowa da su daga Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya?

1. "Manufar ƙarancin farashi" ta China: sarkar samar da kayayyaki + tasirin sikelin

Kasar Sin ita ce babbar kasa a duniya da ke samar da kayan sanyaya kayan kasuwanci, inda kamfanoni kamar Haier da KingsBottle suka kai sama da kashi 30% na kasuwar duniya. Fa'idar farashin ta fito ne daga maki biyu:

• Balagaggen sarkar samar da kayayyaki a sama: yawan wuraren da aka sanya a cikin muhimman sassan kamar su matsewa da kuma rufin rufi ya kai kashi 90%, kuma farashin siyan ya yi ƙasa da kashi 25% idan aka kwatanta da na Thailand;
• Fa'idodin manufofi: Kabad masu amfani da makamashi masu inganci waɗanda suka cika ƙa'idodin "dual carbon" sun cancanci samun tallafin fitar da kaya daga gwamnatin China na kashi 15% zuwa 20%, tare da waɗannan fa'idodin kai tsaye a cikin farashin injina.

2. "Fa'idar Ɓoyayyiyar Kuɗi" ta Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya: Tsarin Kuɗi + Lokacin Aiki

Misali, ɗauki kabad guda 10 na abin sha da aka shigo da su Indonesia domin ƙididdige ainihin kuɗin:

• Shigo da kaya daga China: injin da babu komai 159×10=1590 + kuɗin fito 10%(159) + jigilar kaya (Shanghai-Jakarta 800) + izinin kwastam 200 = jimilla 2749;
• Shigo da kaya daga Thailand: Injin da ba a iya amfani da shi ba 208×10=2080 + jadawalin kuɗin RCEP 0 (Indonesia memba ce ta ASEAN) + jigilar kaya (Bangkok-Jakarta 300) + izinin kwastam 150 = jimilla $2530;

Sakamako: Kayayyakin da ake shigowa da su daga Thailand sun fi rahusa da kashi 8% fiye da China, wanda shine sihirin "rage harajin haraji + jigilar teku".

3. Gujewa Matsalolin da Kayayyakin da Aka Shigo da Su: Nasihu 3 Masu Rage Kudi da Suka Fi Muhimmanci Fiye da 'Zaɓin Ƙasa'

1. Da farko ka duba "ƙa'idodin kuɗin fito" na ƙasar da aka nufa kafin ka zaɓi farashi mai rahusa a makance

• Yi amfani da lambobin HS (lambar HS ta akwatin abin sha: 8418.61) don duba harajin: misali, lokacin da aka shigo da kayayyakin China zuwa Ostiraliya, ana biyan harajin 5%, yayin da kayayyakin Thailand aka keɓe su zuwa 0 saboda RCEP. A wannan yanayin, zaɓar Thailand ya fi araha.
• Gujewa "haramcin zubar da kaya": Amurka ta sanya harajin hana zubar da kaya (har zuwa kashi 25%) akan wasu kayan sanyaya kaya daga China. Idan ana nufin kasuwar Amurka, yi la'akari da "sassan China + taron Mexico" (suna jin daɗin harajin 0 a ƙarƙashin Yarjejeniyar Amurka da Mexico-Kanada).
• Sayen kaya mai yawa (≥ raka'a 5): Zaɓi jigilar kaya ta teku don cikakkun kwantena (kwantenan ƙafa 40 na iya ɗaukar raka'a 20, tare da farashin jigilar kaya daga Shanghai zuwa Turai tsakanin 2000-3000, matsakaicin 100-150 ne kawai a kowace raka'a bayan an raba farashi).
• Ƙaramin tsari: Zaɓi jigilar kaya na LCL (Ƙasa da Kwantena) tare da farashi bisa ga girma (CNY/CBM 100-200), wanda ke ba da tanadin farashi 80% idan aka kwatanta da jigilar kaya ta sama.
• Lura da ƙarin kuɗin: ​​A lokacin ƙololuwar kasuwanci (Yuni-Agusta), jigilar kaya na iya haifar da ƙarin kashi 10%-20% na PSS (ƙarin kuɗin lokacin ƙololuwar kasuwanci). Yana da kyau a saya a lokacin da babu lokacin ƙololuwar kasuwanci.
• Kasuwar EU: dole ne ta bi ƙa'idodin Ecodesign (ingancin makamashi A+ ko sama da haka), masana'antun China suna buƙatar kashe ƙarin $2000 don takardar shaida, yayin da masana'antun Thai/Malaysia ke zuwa da takardar shaidar gida;
• Ga kasuwar Amurka, dole ne kayayyaki su cika ka'idojin ingancin makamashi na DOE da kuma takardar shaidar tuntuɓar abinci ta FDA (2000-5000), tare da haɗa waɗannan kuɗaɗen cikin jimillar kasafin kuɗi.
• Kasuwar Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya: Wasu ƙasashe suna buƙatar 'lakabin wurin zama' (misali, takardar shaidar SNI ta Indonesia). Ya kamata masu samar da kayayyaki su kammala waɗannan a gaba don guje wa jinkirin kwastam (kuɗin tsare kwantena: 100-300 kowace rana).

2. Zaɓar hanyar sufuri mai kyau zai iya adana kashi 30% na kuɗin

3. Kada ka yi watsi da "farashin bin ƙa'ida", in ba haka ba za a iya mayar da samfurin

IV. Shawarwari Masu Amfani: Yadda ake zaɓa a yanayi daban-daban?

1. Ƙananan manyan kantuna (yawan siyan kaya ≤ raka'a 5): fifita jigilar kaya da aka yi a China da aka yi da kwantena da jigilar kaya kusa da ƙasar da za a je (misali, jigilar kaya daga China zuwa Malaysia, jin daɗin harajin RCEP), tare da jimillar farashin da ya yi ƙasa da kashi 15% idan aka kwatanta da jigilar kaya kai tsaye;
2. Manyan kantunan sarka (yawan siyan da ya kai raka'a ≥20): Tuntuɓi masana'antun China kai tsaye don keɓancewa (kamar ƙara alamar LOGOs, daidaita tsayin shiryayye), tare da ƙarin rangwame 10% akan farashin mai yawa, yayin da ake kulle ƙimar jigilar kaya don cikakkun kwantena;
3. Manyan kantunan (masu neman inganci): Zaɓi "Kayan China masu mahimmanci + Haɗin Turai" (kamar China compressor + Haɗin Jamus), wanda ke guje wa hauhawar farashi mai yawa kuma yana iya ɗaukar alamar "An yi a Turai".

Ba wai kawai farashin injin da aka shigo da shi daga ƙasashen waje ya dogara ne da 'araha' ba, har ma da haɗin gwiwar 'injin da aka cire + kuɗin fito + sufuri + bin ƙa'idodin'.

• Idan ƙasar da aka yi niyya ba ta da babban haraji a kan China: zaɓi China (sarkin aikin farashi);
• Ga kasuwannin da membobin RCEP suka mamaye, a fifita Thailand da Malaysia saboda fa'idodin jadawalin kuɗin fito da lokacin isar da kaya.
• Domin kallon da ya dace, zaɓi taron Turai (kodayake kasafin kuɗin zai ninka).

Yana da kyau a yi kwana 1-2 ana bincike kan harajin da ake biya da kuma buƙatun takardar shaida na ƙasar da ake son a biya. Sannan, a tuntuɓi aƙalla masu samar da kayayyaki uku don samun 'cikakken farashin fakiti' (gami da injin da ba shi da kaya, jigilar kaya, izinin kwastam, da takardar shaida). Kwatanta farashin kafin a yi odar ku—bayan haka, manyan kantuna suna aiki a kan ƙananan riba, kuma kowane dinari yana da ƙima.