Cov tub yees thiab lub tub yees, raws li cov khoom siv qis qis rau kev siv hauv tsev thiab kev lag luam, tau pom cov kev hloov pauv txuas ntxiv hauv kev xaiv cov tub yees nyob ib puag ncig "refrigeration efficiency adaptability" thiab "kev tswj hwm ib puag ncig". Cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb thiab cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov theem sib txawv tau ua raws li qhov xav tau ntawm cov khoom siv.
Thaum Ntxov tseem ceeb: Kev siv CFCs tub yees nrog "kev ua haujlwm siab tab sis muaj kev phom sij"
Los ntawm xyoo 1950 mus txog rau xyoo 1990, R12 (dichlorodifluoromethane) yog cov tub yees tseem ceeb. Nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm cov khoom adaptability, lub thermodynamic zog ntawm R12 zoo kawg nkaus haum cov kev xav tau ntawm qhov kub thiab txias cia - nrog ib tug txheej txheem evaporation kub ntawm -29.8 ° C, nws yuav yooj yim ua tau raws li qhov kub thiab txias ntawm lub tub yees tshiab-kho compartments (0-8 ° C) thiab freezing compartments (hauv qab -18 ° C). Tsis tas li ntawd, nws muaj cov tshuaj lom neeg muaj zog heev thiab zoo sib xws nrog cov kav dej tooj liab, lub plhaub steel, thiab cov roj ntxhia hauv cov tub yees, tsis tshua muaj kev cuam tshuam los yog cov yeeb nkab thaiv, thiab tuaj yeem ua kom lub neej kev pab cuam ntawm cov khoom siv rau ntau tshaj 10 xyoo.
R12 muaj ODP tus nqi ntawm 1.0 (tus qauv ntsuas rau ozone-depleting peev xwm) thiab GWP tus nqi kwv yees li 8500, ua rau nws muaj zog tsev cog khoom roj. Nrog rau kev nkag mus rau hauv kev quab yuam ntawm Montreal raws tu qauv, lub ntiaj teb no siv R12 nyob rau hauv lub freezers tshiab tsim tau maj mam txwv txij li thaum 1996. Tam sim no, tsuas yog ib co qub cov cuab yeej tseem muaj residual xws li refrigerants, thiab ntsib qhov teeb meem ntawm tsis muaj lwm txoj kev thaum lub sij hawm tu.
Kev hloov pauv theem: Cov kev txwv ntawm "kev hloov ib nrab" nrog HCFCs tub yees
Txhawm rau txuas cov theem-tawm ntawm R12, R22 (difluoromonochloromethane) ib zaug siv luv luv hauv qee lub tub yees ua lag luam (xws li lub khw muag khoom me me). Nws qhov txiaj ntsig yog nyob rau hauv nws qhov kev ua haujlwm thermodynamic yog ze rau ntawm R12, tsis tas yuav tsum muaj kev hloov pauv tseem ceeb rau lub freezer lub compressor thiab pipeline tsim, thiab nws tus nqi ODP raug txo mus rau 0.05, ua rau nws lub peev xwm ozone-depleting.
Txawm li cas los xij, qhov tsis txaus ntawm R22 kuj tseem pom tseeb: ntawm ib sab, nws tus nqi GWP yog li ntawm 1810, tseem yog cov roj tsev cog khoom siab, uas tsis ua raws li kev tiv thaiv ib puag ncig ntev; Ntawm qhov tod tes, lub tub yees ua tau zoo (COP) ntawm R22 yog qis dua li ntawm R12, uas yuav ua rau muaj kev siv hluav taws xob ntau ntxiv li ntawm 10% -15% thaum siv hauv tsev tub yees, yog li nws tsis tau dhau los ua lub hauv paus ntawm cov tub yees hauv tsev. Nrog rau lub ntiaj teb nrawm nrawm-tawm ntawm HCFCs tub yees hauv 2020, R22 tau pib tshem tawm ntawm daim ntawv thov hauv lub tub yees thiab lub tub yees.
I. Cov tub yees tseem ceeb tam sim no: Scenario-specific adaptation ntawm HFCs thiab qis-GWP hom
Tam sim no, kev xaiv cov tub yees rau cov tub yees hauv kev ua lag luam qhia cov yam ntxwv ntawm "kev sib txawv ntawm kev siv hauv tsev thiab kev lag luam, thiab sib npaug ntawm kev tiv thaiv ib puag ncig thiab nqi", feem ntau muab faib ua ob hom kev lag luam, hloov mus rau qhov kev xav tau ntawm cov khoom sib txawv:
1.Small freezers: "Stable dominance" of refrigerants
R134a (tetrafluoroethane) yog cov tub yees tseem ceeb tshaj plaws rau cov tub yees tam sim no (tshwj xeeb yog cov qauv uas muaj peev xwm tsawg dua 200L), suav txog ntau dua 70%. Nws cov txiaj ntsig kev hloov pauv tseem ceeb tau tshwm sim hauv peb yam: ua ntej, nws ua tau raws li cov qauv kev tiv thaiv ib puag ncig, nrog rau ODP tus nqi ntawm 0, tshem tawm tag nrho cov kev pheej hmoo ntawm ozone txheej puas tsuaj thiab ua raws li cov cai hauv ntiaj teb ib puag ncig kev cai; Qhov thib ob, nws qhov kev ua haujlwm zoo thermodynamic yog qhov tsim nyog, nrog rau tus qauv evaporation kub ntawm -26.1 ° C, uas, nrog rau kev ua haujlwm siab ntawm lub tub yees, tuaj yeem ua tiav qhov ntsuas kub ntawm -18 ° C txog -25 ° C, thiab nws cov tub yees efficiency (COP) yog 8% -12% siab dua li R22 cov khoom siv, uas tuaj yeem txo cov khoom siv hluav taws xob. thib peb, nws muaj kev ruaj ntseg ruaj ntseg, muaj nyob rau hauv chav kawm A1 tub yees (tsis muaj tshuaj lom thiab tsis muaj hluav taws xob), txawm tias me ntsis xau tshwm sim, nws yuav tsis ua rau muaj kev nyab xeeb rau tsev neeg ib puag ncig, thiab muaj kev sib raug zoo nrog cov khoom yas thiab compressor lubricating roj hauv lub tub yees, nrog tus nqi qis.
Tsis tas li ntawd, qee qhov nruab nrab-rau-siab-kawg tsev tub yees yuav siv R600a (isobutane, hydrocarbon) - cov tub yees ntuj, uas muaj ODP tus nqi ntawm 0 thiab GWP tus nqi tsuas yog 3, nrog rau kev ua tau zoo ib puag ncig zoo dua li R134a, thiab nws cov tub yees ua haujlwm tau zoo yog 5% -10% siab dua li ntawm R14. Txawm li cas los xij, R600a belongs rau chav kawm A3 tub yees (cov nplaim hluav taws kub heev), thiab thaum nws qhov ntim hauv huab cua nce mus txog 1.8% -8.4%, nws yuav tawg thaum raug hluav taws kub. Yog li ntawd, nws tsuas yog txwv rau kev siv hauv tsev tub yees (tus nqi them yog nruj me ntsis txwv rau 50g-150g, qis dua li cov khoom lag luam), thiab lub tub yees yuav tsum tau nruab nrog cov khoom siv los tiv thaiv kev tawm tsam (xws li cov ntsuas ntsuas siab) thiab tawg-pov thawj compressors, nrog tus nqi 15%-20% siab dua li ntawm R134a qauv, yog li nws tsis tau nrov.
2.Cov tub yees ua lag luam / lub tub yees loj: "Tswj nkag mus" ntawm cov tub yees qis GWP
Lub freezers lag luam (xws li lub khw muag khoom noj khoom haus lub freezers) muaj cov kev xav tau siab dua rau "kev tiv thaiv ib puag ncig" thiab "cov tub yees ua kom zoo" ntawm cov tub yees vim lawv lub peev xwm loj (feem ntau ntau dua 500L) thiab cov tub yees siab. Tam sim no, cov kev xaiv tseem ceeb tau muab faib ua ob pawg:
(1) HFCs sib tov: "High-load adaptation" ntawm R404A
R404A (ib qho sib xyaw ntawm pentafluoroethane, difluoromethane, thiab tetrafluoroethane) yog cov tub yees tseem ceeb rau cov khoom lag luam uas tsis muaj qhov kub thiab txias (xws li -40 ° C ceev-freezers), suav txog li 60%. Nws qhov zoo dua yog tias nws cov tub yees ua tau zoo nyob rau hauv qhov kub thiab txias yog qhov zoo heev - ntawm qhov kub thiab txias ntawm -40 ° C, lub tub yees muaj peev xwm yog 25% -30% siab dua li ntawm R134a, uas tuaj yeem ua tau raws li qhov ntsuas kub qis ntawm lub tub yees; thiab nws yog nyob rau hauv chav kawm A1 tub yees (tsis muaj tshuaj lom thiab tsis muaj hluav taws xob), nrog rau tus nqi ntau txog li ob peb kilograms (ntau tshaj li ntawm cov tub yees hauv tsev), tsis muaj kev txhawj xeeb txog kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev kub nyhiab, hloov mus rau kev ua haujlwm siab ntawm cov tub yees loj.
Txawm li cas los xij, kev tiv thaiv ib puag ncig tsis txaus ntawm R404A tau maj mam dhau los ua qhov tseem ceeb. Nws tus nqi GWP yog siab li 3922, teej tug mus rau lub tsev cog khoom siab gases. Tam sim no, European Union thiab lwm cheeb tsam tau tshaj tawm cov kev cai txwv tsis pub siv (xws li txwv tsis pub siv cov tub yees nrog GWP> 2500 hauv cov khoom lag luam tshiab tshiab tom qab 2022). Yog li ntawd, R404A tau maj mam hloov los ntawm cov tub yees qis-GWP.
(2) Tsawg-GWP hom: "Kev hloov ib puag ncig" ntawm R290 thiab CO₂
Tawm tsam keeb kwm yav dhau los ntawm cov kev cai nruj ib puag ncig, R290 (propane) thiab CO₂ (R744) tau dhau los ua kev xaiv tshiab rau cov khoom lag luam freezers, hloov mus rau cov kev xav tau sib txawv hauv cov xwm txheej sib txawv:
R290 (nplua nuj): Feem ntau yog siv nyob rau hauv me me ua lag luam freezers (xws li lub khw yooj yim kab rov tav lub freezers). Nws tus nqi ODP yog 0, GWP tus nqi yog li 3, nrog kev tiv thaiv ib puag ncig muaj zog heev; thiab nws cov tub yees ua tau zoo yog 10% -15% siab dua li ntawm R404A, uas tuaj yeem txo cov kev siv hluav taws xob ua lag luam ntawm lub freezers (cov khoom lag luam ua haujlwm rau ntau tshaj 20 teev hauv ib hnub, thiab cov nqi siv hluav taws xob suav nrog kev faib ua feem ntau). Txawm li cas los xij, R290 yog nyob rau hauv chav kawm A3 tub yees (cov nplaim taws heev), thiab tus nqi them yuav tsum tau tswj nruj me ntsis hauv 200g (yog li nws tsuas yog txwv rau cov tub yees me me xwb). Tsis tas li ntawd, lub freezer yuav tsum tau txais cov khoom tawg-pov thawj compressors, cov kav dej los tiv thaiv cov kav dej (xws li tooj liab-nickel alloy kav) thiab kev tsim cua thiab cua kub dissipation. Tam sim no, nws qhov kev faib ua feem hauv European lub freezers tau tshaj 30%.
CO₂ (R744): Feem ntau yog siv nyob rau hauv ultra-low-kub coj mus muag freezers (xws li -60 ° C lom cov qauv freezers). Nws tus qauv evaporation kub yog -78.5 ° C, uas tuaj yeem ua tiav ultra-tsawg-kub cia yam tsis muaj lub tshuab ua kom txias txias; thiab nws muaj ODP tus nqi ntawm 0 thiab GWP tus nqi ntawm 1, nrog rau kev tiv thaiv ib puag ncig tsis tuaj yeem, thiab tsis muaj tshuaj lom thiab tsis muaj hluav taws kub, nrog kev nyab xeeb zoo dua R290. Txawm li cas los xij, CO₂ muaj qhov kub thiab txias (31.1 ° C). Thaum lub ambient kub siab tshaj 25 ° C, yuav tsum tau "transcritical voj voog" technology, ua rau lub compressor siab ntawm lub freezer yog siab li 10-12MPa, yuav tsum tau siv cov high-strength stainless hlau pipelines thiab high-pressure-resistant compressors, nrog rau tus nqi 30% -40% siab tshaj li ntawm R404A freezers. Yog li ntawd, nws yog tam sim no tsuas yog siv nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej uas yuav tsum tau muaj siab heev rau kev tiv thaiv ib puag ncig thiab tsis kub (xws li kev kho mob thiab kev tshawb fawb freezers).
II. Cov tiam tom ntej ntawm cov tub yees: Tsawg GWP thiab kev nyab xeeb siab dhau los ua cov lus qhia tseem ceeb
Ua ke nrog cov kev cai thoob ntiaj teb ib puag ncig (xws li EU F-Gas Regulation, Tuam Tshoj Montreal Protocol txoj kev npaj ua haujlwm) thiab cov cuab yeej siv thev naus laus zis, cov tub yees rau lub tub yees thiab lub tub yees yuav qhia peb qhov tseem ceeb yav tom ntej:
Cov tub yees hauv tsev: R600a maj mam hloov R134a - nrog rau kev loj hlob ntawm kev tiv thaiv tawm thiab tawg-pov thawj technologies (xws li tshiab sealing strips, tsis siv neeg to cut-off li), tus nqi ntawm R600a yuav maj mam txo (nws cia siab tias tus nqi yuav poob los ntawm 30% nyob rau hauv 5 xyoo tom ntej), thiab nws qhov zoo ntawm kev tiv thaiv ib puag ncig zoo. Nws cia siab tias qhov kev faib ua feem ntawm R600a hauv tsev tub yees yuav ntau dua 50% los ntawm 2030, hloov R134a raws li lub ntsiab.
Kev lag luam freezers: "Dual-track txoj kev loj hlob" ntawm CO₂ thiab HFOs sib tov - rau ultra-low-temperature coj mus muag freezers (qis dua -40 ° C), kev loj hlob ntawm CO₂ yuav txuas ntxiv txhim kho (xws li high-efficiency transcritical voj voog compressors), thiab tus nqi yuav maj mam txo, nrog rau qhov kev faib ua feem yuav tsum tshaj 40% los ntawm 2028; rau nruab nrab-kub kev lag luam freezers (-25 ° C txog -18 ° C), R454C (ib qho sib xyaw ntawm HFOs thiab HFCs, GWP≈466) yuav dhau los ua lub hauv paus, nrog rau cov tub yees ua haujlwm ze ntawm R404A, thiab koom nrog hauv chav kawm A2L cov tub yees (tsis muaj tshuaj lom thiab tsis muaj kev tiv thaiv ib puag ncig), kev ua tau zoo.
Txhim kho cov qauv kev nyab xeeb: Los ntawm "kev tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv" mus rau "kev saib xyuas" - tsis hais cov khoom siv hauv tsev lossis kev lag luam, lub tshuab tub yees yav tom ntej feem ntau yuav tau nruab nrog "kev soj ntsuam cov dej xau ntse + tsis siv neeg kho qhov xwm txheej" ua haujlwm (xws li laser leakage sensors rau tsev neeg tub yees, lub tswb ceeb toom thiab cov khoom siv hluav taws xob txuas rau cov tub yees ua lag luam), tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau cov khoom siv hluav taws xob hluav taws xob xws li R20 thiab R69 kev nyab xeeb. txhawb kev nthuav dav ntawm cov tub yees qis-GWP.
III. Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm qhov tseem ceeb scenario txuam
Rau cov kev xav tau ntawm cov neeg siv sib txawv, cov qauv hauv qab no tuaj yeem ua raws thaum xaiv cov tub yees tub yees:
Cov neeg siv hauv tsev: Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog muab rau R600a qauv ( ntsuas qhov kev tiv thaiv ib puag ncig thiab kev txuag hluav taws xob) - yog tias cov peev nyiaj tso cai (200-500 yuan siab dua R134a qauv), qhov tseem ceeb yuav tsum tau muab rau cov tub yees cim nrog "R600a refrigerant". Lawv lub zog noj yog 8% -12% qis dua li ntawm R134a qauv, thiab lawv muaj kev nyab xeeb dua qub; Tom qab kev yuav khoom, kev saib xyuas yuav tsum tau them nyiaj kom tsis txhob rov qab lub tub yees (qhov twg lub compressor nyob) nyob ze rau qhov qhib nplaim taws, thiab tsis tu ncua xyuas qhov nruj ntawm lub qhov rooj ntsaws ruaj ruaj kom txo tau qhov kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev xau.
Cov neeg siv khoom lag luam:Xaiv raws li qhov xav tau ntawm qhov kub thiab txias (tus nqi sib npaug thiab kev tiv thaiv ib puag ncig) - nruab nrab-kub freezers (xws li lub freezers yooj yim hauv khw) tuaj yeem xaiv R290 qauv, nrog rau kev siv hluav taws xob mus sij hawm ntev; rau ultra-low-temperature freezers (xws li cov cuab yeej ua kom khov sai), yog tias cov peev nyiaj txaus, CO₂ qauv yog qhov nyiam, uas yog raws li cov qauv ntawm ib puag ncig cov cai thiab zam kev pheej hmoo ntawm theem-tawm yav tom ntej; Yog hais tias luv luv nqi rhiab heev yog ib qho kev txhawj xeeb, R454C qauv tuaj yeem xaiv raws li kev hloov pauv, ntsuas kev ua tau zoo thiab kev tiv thaiv ib puag ncig.
Kev tu thiab hloov: nruj me ntsis phim tus thawj refrigerant hom - thaum tuav cov tub yees qub thiab lub freezers, tsis txhob arbitrarily hloov cov refrigerant hom (xws li hloov R134a nrog R600a), vim hais tias cov tub yees sib txawv muaj cov kev cai sib txawv rau compressor lubricating roj thiab pipeline siab. Kev siv sib xyaw yuav ua rau compressor puas lossis tub yees tsis ua haujlwm. Nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum tau hu rau cov kws tshaj lij ntxiv cov tub yees raws li hom cim ntawm cov khoom siv npe.
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