Cov tub yees thiab cov tub yees khov, ua cov khoom siv khaws cia qhov kub qis rau kev siv hauv tsev thiab kev lag luam, tau pom kev hloov pauv tas li hauv kev xaiv cov tub yees uas tsom mus rau "kev hloov pauv tau zoo ntawm kev ua kom txias" thiab "cov kev cai tswjfwm ib puag ncig". Cov hom thiab cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb hauv ntau theem sib txawv yog sib xws nrog cov kev xav tau ntawm cov khoom siv.
Cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb thaum ntxov: Kev siv cov tshuaj CFCs refrigerants nrog "kev ua haujlwm siab tab sis muaj kev phom sij ntau"
Txij li xyoo 1950 txog xyoo 1990, R12 (dichlorodifluoromethane) yog cov khoom siv txias tseem ceeb. Hais txog kev hloov pauv ntawm cov khoom siv, cov khoom thermodynamic ntawm R12 tau phim zoo kawg nkaus rau qhov xav tau ntawm kev khaws cia qhov kub qis - nrog rau qhov kub evaporation tus qauv ntawm -29.8 ° C, nws tuaj yeem ua tau raws li qhov xav tau ntawm qhov kub ntawm cov tub yees txias (0-8 ° C) thiab cov tub yees khov (qis dua -18 ° C). Ntxiv mus, nws muaj kev ruaj khov tshuaj lom neeg muaj zog heev thiab sib xws zoo nrog cov kav dej tooj liab, cov plhaub hlau, thiab cov roj nplua nyeem hauv cov tub yees, tsis tshua ua rau xeb lossis cov kav dej txhaws, thiab tuaj yeem ua kom lub neej ua haujlwm ntawm cov khoom siv tau ntau dua 10 xyoo.
R12 muaj tus nqi ODP ntawm 1.0 (tus qauv rau lub peev xwm ua rau ozone puas tsuaj) thiab tus nqi GWP ntawm kwv yees li 8500, ua rau nws yog cov pa roj av uas muaj zog heev. Nrog rau kev pib siv ntawm Montreal Protocol, kev siv R12 thoob ntiaj teb hauv cov tub yees tshiab tau raug txwv tsis pub siv txij li xyoo 1996. Tam sim no, tsuas yog qee cov khoom siv qub tseem muaj cov tshuaj txias seem, thiab ntsib teeb meem ntawm tsis muaj lwm qhov chaw thaum lub sijhawm kho.
Theem Hloov Pauv: Cov Kev Txwv ntawm "kev hloov pauv ib nrab" nrog HCFCs refrigerants
Txhawm rau txuas qhov kev txo qis ntawm R12, R22 (difluoromonochloromethane) tau siv ib ntus hauv qee lub tub yees lag luam (xws li cov tub yees me me hauv khw muag khoom yooj yim). Nws qhov zoo yog tias nws qhov kev ua haujlwm thermodynamic ze rau R12, tsis tas yuav hloov kho ntau rau lub tub yees lub compressor thiab cov kav dej tsim, thiab nws tus nqi ODP raug txo kom txog 0.05, ua rau nws lub peev xwm ua rau ozone tsis muaj zog.
Txawm li cas los xij, qhov tsis zoo ntawm R22 kuj pom tseeb: ntawm ib sab tes, nws tus nqi GWP yog li 1810, tseem yog cov pa roj av siab, uas tsis ua raws li kev tiv thaiv ib puag ncig mus sij hawm ntev; ntawm qhov tod tes, qhov ua tau zoo ntawm kev txias (COP) ntawm R22 qis dua li ntawm R12, uas yuav ua rau kev siv hluav taws xob ntau ntxiv txog li 10% -15% thaum siv rau hauv cov tub yees hauv tsev, yog li nws tsis tau dhau los ua lub hauv paus ntawm cov tub yees hauv tsev. Nrog rau kev tshem tawm thoob ntiaj teb ntawm HCFCs refrigerants hauv xyoo 2020, R22 tau rho tawm ntawm daim ntawv thov hauv thaj chaw ntawm cov tub yees thiab cov tub yees.
I. Cov tshuaj txias tam sim no: Kev hloov kho tshwj xeeb ntawm HFCs thiab cov hom GWP qis
Tam sim no, kev xaiv cov khoom siv tub yees rau cov tub yees hauv kev ua lag luam qhia txog cov yam ntxwv ntawm "kev sib txawv ntawm kev siv hauv tsev thiab kev lag luam, thiab kev sib npaug ntawm kev tiv thaiv ib puag ncig thiab tus nqi", feem ntau muab faib ua ob hom tseem ceeb, hloov kho rau cov kev xav tau ntawm cov khoom siv sib txawv:
1. Cov tub yees me me: "Kev ruaj khov" ntawm cov tshuaj refrigerants
R134a (tetrafluoroethane) yog cov tub yees txias uas siv ntau tshaj plaws rau cov tub yees txias tam sim no (tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov qauv uas muaj peev xwm tsawg dua 200L), uas suav txog ntau dua 70%. Nws cov txiaj ntsig tseem ceeb ntawm kev hloov pauv tau pom tseeb hauv peb yam: thawj zaug, nws ua tau raws li cov qauv kev tiv thaiv ib puag ncig, nrog tus nqi ODP ntawm 0, tshem tawm tag nrho qhov kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev puas tsuaj ntawm txheej ozone thiab ua raws li cov kev cai yooj yim ntawm cov cai ib puag ncig thoob ntiaj teb; qhov thib ob, nws qhov kev ua tau zoo thermodynamic yog qhov tsim nyog, nrog rau qhov kub evaporation tus qauv ntawm -26.1 ° C, uas, ua ke nrog lub tshuab compressor ua haujlwm siab ntawm lub tub yees txias, tuaj yeem ua tiav qhov kub ntawm lub chaw khov ntawm -18 ° C txog -25 ° C, thiab nws cov txiaj ntsig tub yees txias (COP) yog 8% -12% siab dua li ntawm R22, uas tuaj yeem txo qhov kev siv hluav taws xob ntawm cov khoom siv; qhov thib peb, nws muaj kev nyab xeeb txhim khu kev qha, koom nrog chav kawm A1 refrigerants (tsis muaj tshuaj lom thiab tsis kub hnyiab), txawm tias muaj qhov xau me ntsis, nws yuav tsis ua rau muaj kev phom sij rau tsev neeg ib puag ncig, thiab muaj kev sib raug zoo nrog cov khoom yas thiab compressor lubricating roj hauv lub tub yees, nrog rau qhov tsis ua haujlwm tsawg.
Ntxiv mus, qee lub tub yees hauv tsev nruab nrab mus rau qib siab yuav siv R600a (isobutane, ib qho hydrocarbon) - ib qho tub yees ntuj, uas muaj tus nqi ODP ntawm 0 thiab tus nqi GWP ntawm tsuas yog 3, nrog rau kev ua haujlwm ib puag ncig zoo dua li R134a, thiab nws cov txiaj ntsig tub yees yog 5% -10% siab dua li ntawm R134a, uas tuaj yeem txo qhov kev siv hluav taws xob ntxiv. Txawm li cas los xij, R600a yog cov tub yees chav kawm A3 (hnyav heev), thiab thaum nws qhov ntim concentration hauv huab cua ncav cuag 1.8% -8.4%, nws yuav tawg thaum raug rau hluav taws qhib. Yog li ntawd, nws tsuas yog txwv rau kev siv hauv cov tub yees hauv tsev (tus nqi them yog txwv rau 50g-150g, qis dua li ntawm cov khoom siv lag luam), thiab lub tub yees yuav tsum tau nruab nrog cov khoom siv tiv thaiv kev xau (xws li cov ntsuas siab) thiab cov compressors tawg-pov thawj, nrog tus nqi siab dua 15% -20% dua li ntawm R134a qauv, yog li nws tsis tau nrov tag nrho.
2. Cov tub yees lag luam / cov tub yees loj: "Maj mam nkag mus" ntawm cov tub yees qis-GWP
Cov tub yees lag luam (xws li cov tub yees hauv khw muag khoom loj) muaj cov kev xav tau ntau dua rau "kev tiv thaiv ib puag ncig" thiab "kev ua haujlwm txias" ntawm cov tub yees vim lawv muaj peev xwm loj (feem ntau ntau dua 500L) thiab kev thauj khoom txias siab. Tam sim no, cov kev xaiv tseem ceeb tau muab faib ua ob pawg:
(1) Cov khoom sib xyaw HFCs: "Kev hloov kho siab" ntawm R404A
R404A (kev sib xyaw ntawm pentafluoroethane, difluoromethane, thiab tetrafluoroethane) yog cov tub yees tseem ceeb rau cov tub yees txias qis-kub lag luam (xws li -40 ° C lub tub yees khov sai), suav txog li 60%. Nws qhov zoo yog tias nws cov kev ua haujlwm tub yees hauv qab qhov kub qis yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws - ntawm qhov kub evaporation ntawm -40 ° C, lub peev xwm tub yees yog 25% -30% siab dua li ntawm R134a, uas tuaj yeem ua tau raws li qhov xav tau khaws cia qis-kub ntawm cov tub yees; thiab nws yog rau chav kawm A1 tub yees (tsis muaj tshuaj lom thiab tsis kub hnyiab), nrog rau tus nqi them txog li ob peb kilograms (ntau dua li ntawm cov tub yees hauv tsev), tsis txhawj txog kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev kub hnyiab, hloov kho rau kev ua haujlwm siab ntawm cov tub yees loj.
Txawm li cas los xij, qhov tsis zoo ntawm kev tiv thaiv ib puag ncig ntawm R404A tau maj mam dhau los ua qhov tseem ceeb. Nws tus nqi GWP siab txog 3922, uas yog cov pa roj av siab. Tam sim no, European Union thiab lwm thaj chaw tau tshaj tawm cov cai los txwv nws txoj kev siv (xws li txwv tsis pub siv cov tub yees nrog GWP> 2500 hauv cov tub yees lag luam tshiab tsim tom qab xyoo 2022). Yog li ntawd, R404A maj mam hloov los ntawm cov tub yees qis-GWP.
(2) Hom Low-GWP: "Kev xaiv ib puag ncig" ntawm R290 thiab CO₂
Vim muaj kev cai tswjfwm ib puag ncig nruj dua, R290 (propane) thiab CO₂ (R744) tau dhau los ua cov kev xaiv tshiab rau cov tub yees lag luam, hloov kho rau cov kev xav tau sib txawv hauv ntau qhov xwm txheej sib txawv:
R290 (propane)Feem ntau siv rau hauv cov tub yees me me (xws li cov tub yees kab rov tav ntawm cov khw muag khoom yooj yim). Nws tus nqi ODP yog 0, GWP tus nqi yog li 3, nrog rau kev tiv thaiv ib puag ncig zoo heev; thiab nws cov txiaj ntsig tub yees yog 10% -15% siab dua li ntawm R404A, uas tuaj yeem txo qhov kev siv hluav taws xob ntawm cov tub yees lag luam (cov khoom siv lag luam ua haujlwm ntau dua 20 teev hauv ib hnub, thiab cov nqi siv hluav taws xob suav nrog feem ntau). Txawm li cas los xij, R290 yog cov tub yees chav kawm A3 (hlawv tau yooj yim), thiab tus nqi them yuav tsum tau tswj hwm nruj me ntsis hauv 200g (yog li nws tsuas yog txwv rau cov tub yees me me). Tsis tas li ntawd, lub tub yees yuav tsum tau txais cov compressors tawg-pov thawj, cov kav dej tiv thaiv kev xau (xws li cov kav dej tooj liab-nickel alloy) thiab cov qauv cua thiab cua sov dissipation. Tam sim no, nws qhov feem pua hauv cov tub yees European tau tshaj 30%.
CO₂ (R744)Feem ntau siv rau hauv cov tub yees lag luam uas kub heev (xws li -60°C cov tub yees qauv biological). Nws qhov kub evaporation tus qauv yog -78.5°C, uas tuaj yeem ua tiav qhov khaws cia kub heev yam tsis muaj lub tshuab txias cascade nyuaj; thiab nws muaj tus nqi ODP ntawm 0 thiab tus nqi GWP ntawm 1, nrog rau kev tiv thaiv ib puag ncig uas tsis tuaj yeem hloov pauv tau, thiab tsis muaj tshuaj lom thiab tsis kub hnyiab, nrog kev nyab xeeb zoo dua li R290. Txawm li cas los xij, CO₂ muaj qhov kub tseem ceeb qis (31.1°C). Thaum qhov kub ib puag ncig tshaj 25°C, xav tau "transcritical cycle" technology, ua rau lub compressor siab ntawm lub tub yees siab txog li 10-12MPa, xav tau kev siv cov kav dej stainless hlau muaj zog thiab cov compressors tiv taus siab, nrog tus nqi siab dua 30% -40% dua li ntawm R404A tub yees. Yog li ntawd, tam sim no nws feem ntau siv rau hauv cov xwm txheej uas muaj qhov xav tau siab heev rau kev tiv thaiv ib puag ncig thiab qhov kub qis (xws li cov tub yees kho mob thiab kev tshawb fawb).
II. Cov qauv yav tom ntej ntawm cov tub yees: GWP qis thiab kev nyab xeeb siab dhau los ua cov lus qhia tseem ceeb
Ua ke nrog cov cai ib puag ncig thoob ntiaj teb (xws li EU F-Gas Regulation, Tuam Tshoj txoj kev npaj siv Montreal Protocol) thiab kev txhim kho thev naus laus zis, cov tub yees rau lub tub yees thiab lub tub yees khov yuav qhia peb qhov kev hloov pauv tseem ceeb yav tom ntej:
Cov tub yees hauv tsev: R600a maj mam hloov R134a - nrog rau kev loj hlob ntawm cov thev naus laus zis tiv thaiv kev xau thiab kev tawg (xws li cov ntawv kaw tshiab, cov khoom siv txiav tawm tsis siv neeg), tus nqi ntawm R600a yuav maj mam txo qis (nws xav tias tus nqi yuav poob 30% hauv 5 xyoos tom ntej), thiab nws cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev tiv thaiv ib puag ncig siab thiab kev ua haujlwm txias siab yuav raug hais txog. Nws xav tias qhov feem pua ntawm R600a hauv cov tub yees hauv tsev yuav tshaj 50% los ntawm xyoo 2030, hloov R134a ua lub hauv paus tseem ceeb.
Cov tub yees lag luam: "Kev tsim kho ob txoj kev" ntawm CO₂ thiab HFOs sib xyaw - rau cov tub yees lag luam kub qis heev (qis dua -40 ° C), kev loj hlob ntawm CO₂ yuav txuas ntxiv mus zoo dua (xws li cov compressors transcritical cycle ua haujlwm siab), thiab tus nqi yuav maj mam txo qis, nrog rau qhov feem pua yuav tshaj 40% los ntawm 2028; rau cov tub yees lag luam kub nruab nrab (-25 ° C txog -18 ° C), R454C (kev sib xyaw ntawm HFOs thiab HFCs, GWP≈466) yuav dhau los ua lub hauv paus, nrog rau kev ua haujlwm txias ze rau R404A, thiab koom nrog cov tub yees A2L chav kawm (tsawg lom thiab qis flammability), tsis muaj kev txwv nruj rau tus nqi them, sib npaug kev tiv thaiv ib puag ncig thiab kev siv tau.
Cov qauv kev nyab xeeb tau txhim kho dua tshiabLos ntawm "kev tiv thaiv tsis siv neeg" mus rau "kev saib xyuas nquag" - tsis hais txog cov khoom siv hauv tsev lossis cov khoom siv lag luam, cov tshuab ua kom txias yav tom ntej feem ntau yuav muaj cov haujlwm "kev saib xyuas qhov xau ntse + kev kho mob thaum muaj xwm txheej ceev" (xws li cov cuab yeej ntsuas laser xau rau cov tub yees hauv tsev, cov tswb ceeb toom concentration thiab cov khoom siv txuas cua rau cov tub yees lag luam), tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau cov tub yees uas yooj yim hlawv xws li R600a thiab R290, kom tshem tawm cov kev phom sij kev nyab xeeb los ntawm kev siv tshuab thiab txhawb kev nrov ntawm cov tub yees qis-GWP.
III. Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev sib phim qhov xwm txheej tseem ceeb
Rau cov kev xav tau ntawm cov neeg siv sib txawv, cov hauv paus ntsiab lus hauv qab no tuaj yeem ua raws li thaum xaiv cov tub yees txias:
Cov neeg siv hauv tsev: Muab qhov tseem ceeb rau cov qauv R600a (kev sib npaug ntawm kev tiv thaiv ib puag ncig thiab kev txuag hluav taws xob) - yog tias cov peev nyiaj tso cai (200-500 yuan siab dua li cov qauv R134a), yuav tsum muab qhov tseem ceeb rau cov tub yees uas muaj cim "R600a refrigerant". Lawv siv hluav taws xob tsawg dua 8% -12% piv rau cov qauv R134a, thiab lawv zoo rau ib puag ncig; tom qab yuav khoom, yuav tsum tau them sai sai kom tsis txhob muab sab nraub qaum ntawm lub tub yees (qhov chaw uas lub compressor nyob) ze rau cov nplaim taws qhib, thiab tsis tu ncua xyuas qhov nruj ntawm lub qhov rooj kaw kom txo qhov kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev xau.
Cov neeg siv lag luam:Xaiv raws li qhov xav tau ntawm qhov kub thiab txias (kev sib npaug ntawm tus nqi thiab kev tiv thaiv ib puag ncig) - cov tub yees txias nruab nrab (xws li cov tub yees khov hauv khw muag khoom yooj yim) tuaj yeem xaiv cov qauv R290, nrog rau cov nqi siv hluav taws xob qis dua rau lub sijhawm ntev; rau cov tub yees txias kub qis heev (xws li cov khoom siv khov sai), yog tias cov peev nyiaj txaus, cov qauv CO₂ yog qhov zoo dua, uas ua raws li qhov sib txawv ntawm cov cai ib puag ncig thiab zam kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev tshem tawm yav tom ntej; yog tias kev nkag siab txog tus nqi luv luv yog qhov txhawj xeeb, cov qauv R454C tuaj yeem xaiv ua kev hloov pauv, sib npaug ntawm kev ua tau zoo thiab kev tiv thaiv ib puag ncig.
Kev saib xyuas thiab kev hloov pauvSiv cov roj txias uas zoo ib yam li cov roj qub - thaum koj tswj cov tub yees thiab cov tub yees qub, tsis txhob hloov cov roj txias yam tsis xav txog (xws li hloov R134a nrog R600a), vim tias cov roj txias sib txawv muaj cov kev xav tau sib txawv rau cov roj compressor thiab cov kav dej siab. Kev siv sib xyaw ua ke yuav ua rau lub compressor puas tsuaj lossis lub tub yees tsis ua haujlwm. Yuav tsum hu rau cov kws tshaj lij kom ntxiv cov roj txias raws li hom cim rau ntawm daim ntawv lo ntawm lub cuab yeej.
Lub sijhawm tshaj tawm: Lub Yim Hli-29-2025 Cov neeg saib: