Nkag siab txog qhov sib txawv ntawm hom tub yees rau lub tub yees

Cov khoom siv tub yees niaj hnub no yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev khaws khoom noj, tab sis cov tub yees xws li R134a, R290, R404a, R600a, thiab R507 sib txawv hauv daim ntawv thov. R290 feem ntau yog siv rau hauv cov tub yees dej txias, thaum R143a feem ntau ua haujlwm hauv cov npias me me. R600a feem ntau yog tshwj xeeb rau cov khoom siv khov kho.

Cov tub yees yog cov hlab ntsha ntawm lub tub yees, ua rau cov tub yees kom nqus tau cov cua sov thiab tswj kom txias sab hauv. Txawm li cas los xij, tsis yog txhua lub tub yees tau tsim sib npaug - lawv cov tshuaj lom neeg muaj pes tsawg leeg, kev cuam tshuam ib puag ncig, kev ruaj ntseg profiles, thiab kev ua haujlwm sib txawv. Rau cov neeg siv khoom, cov kws tshaj lij, thiab cov kws tshaj lij kev lag luam hauv Tebchaws Europe thiab North America, kev nkag siab txog qhov sib txawv no yog qhov tseem ceeb, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum muaj kev tswj hwm nruj kom txo qis cov pa tawm hauv tsev cog khoom thiab tiv thaiv txheej txheej ozone.

Kev Ntsuas Kev Ntsuas Core rau Cov Tub Txias

Ua ntej dhia mus rau hauv ib tus neeg hom, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tau txheeb xyuas cov kev ntsuas uas tseem ceeb tshaj plaws rau daim ntawv thov tub yees. Cov txheej txheem no tau lees paub thoob ntiaj teb hauv HVAC / R (Tshav Kub, Qhov Cuab Yeej, Cua Txias, Tub Txias) kev lag luam thiab kev txiav txim siab kev tswj hwm thoob ntiaj teb:

• ODP (Ozone Depletion Potential): Ib qho kev ntsuas ntawm ntau npaum li cas cov khoom ua rau lub ozone txheej. Qhov ntsuas ntsuas yog R11 (tam sim no txwv cov tub yees), nrog rau ODP ntawm 1. Qhov ntsuas ntawm 0 txhais tau tias cov tub yees tsis muaj qhov cuam tshuam ozone.
• GWP (Lub Ntiaj Teb Warming Potential): Ib qho kev ntsuas ntawm cov khoom muaj txiaj ntsig rau kev hloov pauv huab cua tshaj 100 xyoo, piv rau carbon dioxide (CO₂, GWP = 1). Cov GWP qis dua yog qhov tseem ceeb raws li kev cai lij choj xws li EU's F-Gas Regulation thiab US EPA's SNAP (Txoj Cai Hloov Tshiab Tseem Ceeb).
• ASHRAE Kev Nyab Xeeb Kev Nyab Xeeb: Tus qauv (ASHRAE 34-2022) uas ntsuas cov tub yees los ntawm cov nplaim taws (Class 1: non-flammable; Class 2L: me ntsis flammable; Class 2: flammable; Class 3: flammable) thiab toxicity (Class A: low toxicity; Class B: high toxicity). Feem ntau cov tub yees tub yees poob rau hauv Chav A.
• Kev Ua Haujlwm Thermodynamic: suav nrog kev ua kom txias txias (COP, lossis Coefficient ntawm Kev Ua Haujlwm, qhov siab dua = ntau dua), kev ua haujlwm siab (yuav tsum phim lub tub yees lub compressor tsim), thiab qhov kub thiab txias (tsim rau nruab nrab-kub fridges lossis qis-kub freezers).
• Compatibility: Ua hauj lwm nrog lub tub yees lub compressor lubricants (piv txwv li, ntxhia roj, POE roj) thiab cov ntaub ntawv (xws li, seals, hoses) kom tsis txhob muaj kev puas tsuaj rau lub cev.

Kev Ntsuam Xyuas Cov Tub Yees Tus Kheej

Txhua lub tub yees muaj lub zog tshwj xeeb thiab cov kev txwv, ua rau nws tsim nyog rau kev siv tshwj xeeb - los ntawm cov tub yees hauv tsev mus rau lub freezers. Hauv qab no yog cov ncauj lus kom ntxaws txog txhua hom.

1. R134a (Tetrafluoroethane)

Hom Tshuaj: Ntshiab hydrofluorocarbon (HFC)

Cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb:

• ODP: 0 (kev nyab xeeb ozone)
• GWP: 1,430 (ib IPCC Sixth Assessment Report, 100-xyoo qab ntug)
• ASHRAE Kev Nyab Xeeb Chav Kawm: A1 (tsis yog-flammable, tsawg toxicity)
• Kev khiav hauj lwm siab: Nruab nrab (piv rau lwm cov tub yees)
• Compatibility: Ua hauj lwm nrog POE (polyol ester) los yog PAG (polyalkylene glycol) lubricants.

Kev Ua Haujlwm & Kev Siv:

R134a tau tshwm sim hauv xyoo 1990 los hloov R12 (CFC nrog ODP siab, tam sim no raug txwv raws li Montreal Protocol). Nws tau dhau los ua ib qho tseem ceeb hauv tsev fridges, me me dej txias txias, thiab lub tub yees portable vim nws tsis yog-flammable xwm thiab yooj yim kev koom ua ke rau hauv uas twb muaj lawm systems. Nws qhov kev ua kom txias txias (COP) yog qhov nruab nrab - txaus rau tus qauv fridge kub (2-8 ° C rau lub thawv tshiab, -18 ° C rau lub tub yees) tab sis qis dua li cov tub yees zoo li R600a.

Regulatory & Environmental Status:

Thaum R134a muaj kev nyab xeeb ozone, nws GWP siab tau ua rau muaj kev txwv nyob hauv Europe thiab North America. Raws li EU Txoj Cai F-Gas Regulation (EC No 517/2014), R134a kev siv hauv cov cuab yeej siv tub yees tshiab tau raug txiav tawm txij li xyoo 2020, nrog rau kev txo qis ntxiv. Nws tseem muaj nyob hauv cov tub yees qub tab sis tau hloov los ntawm cov kev xaiv qis-GWP hauv cov qauv tshiab.

Cov kev sib tw: GWP siab txwv kev muaj peev xwm mus ntev; qis efficiency tshaj tej yam ntuj tso refrigerants.

2. R600a (Isobutane)

Hom Tshuaj: Ntshiab hydrocarbon (HC, "natural refrigerant" muab los ntawm roj av / roj)

Cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb:

• ODP: 0 (kev nyab xeeb ozone)
• GWP: 3 (kev cuam tshuam huab cua tsis zoo-ib qho qis tshaj muaj)
• ASHRAE Kev Nyab Xeeb Chav Kawm: A3 (cov nplaim hluav taws kub heev, tsis muaj tshuaj lom)
• Kev khiav hauj lwm siab: Tsawg (yuav tsum tau compressors tsim rau cov tshuab tsis tshua muaj siab)
• Compatibility: Ua haujlwm nrog cov roj ntxhia lossis alkylbenzene (AB) lubricants (tsis yog POE / PAG).

Kev Ua Haujlwm & Kev Siv:

R600a yog tam sim no cov tub yees tseem ceeb hauv tsev fridges niaj hnub hauv Europe thiab North America. Nws cov kev ua haujlwm txias txias (COP 5-10% siab dua R134a) txo qis kev siv hluav taws xob, ua raws li EU Energy Label thiab US ENERGY STAR® cov qauv. Nws qhov GWP qis kuj ua rau nws ua raws li cov cai nruj heev.

Kev Nyab Xeeb & Kev Txiav Txim Siab:

Flammability yog R600a qhov kev sib tw tseem ceeb. Txhawm rau txo qis kev pheej hmoo, cov tuam txhab txwv nws qhov nqi me me hauv cov tub yees (feem ntau ≤150 grams) thiab siv cov khoom pov thawj tawg (xws li, kaw compressors, tsis muaj hluav taws xob qhov chaw). Cov kws kho mob xav tau kev cob qhia tshwj xeeb los daws cov dej xau, vim tias muaj zog R600a vapor yog nplaim taws.

Kev sib tw: Cov nplaim taws kub hnyiab yuav tsum muaj kev nyab xeeb-tsim qauv tsim thiab tuav; incompatible nrog POE / PAG roj.

3. R290 (Propane)

Hom Tshuaj: Ntshiab hydrocarbon (HC, ntuj refrigerant)

Cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb:

• ODP: 0 (kev nyab xeeb ozone)
• GWP: 3 (tib yam li R600a, qhov cuam tshuam rau huab cua tsis zoo)
• ASHRAE Kev Nyab Xeeb Chav Kawm: A3 (muaj hluav taws kub heev, tsis muaj tshuaj lom - me ntsis ntau dua li R600a, nrog lub zog qis dua)
• Kev khiav hauj lwm siab: Nruab nrab-tsawg (siab dua R600a, qis dua R134a)
• Compatibility: Ua haujlwm nrog cov roj ntxhia lossis AB lubricants.

Kev Ua Haujlwm & Kev Siv:

R290 muaj qhov tshwj xeeb ua kom txias txias - nws COP yog 10-15% siab dua R134a, ua rau nws zoo tagnrho rau cov tub yees siv hluav taws xob. Nws yog siv nyob rau hauv me me mus rau nruab nrab lub tsev fridges, mini-fridges, thiab ib co coj mus muag zaub txias (qhov twg tus nqi yog txwv). Hauv cov cheeb tsam xws li EU, nws tau txais kev pom zoo los hloov pauv ncaj qha rau R134a hauv cov qauv tshiab.

Kev Nyab Xeeb & Kev Tswj Xyuas Txheej Txheem:

Zoo li R600a, R290's flammability yuav tsum muaj kev nyab xeeb nruj: kev txwv tsis pub them nqi (≤150 grams rau cov fridges hauv tsev), cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tsis zoo, thiab cov khoom tsis muaj hluav taws kub hauv lub tub yees sab hauv. Nws tau ua raws li EU F-Gas Regulation thiab US EPA SNAP, tsis muaj cov phiaj xwm theem qis vim nws qhov GWP qis.

Kev sib tw: Cov nplaim hluav taws ntau dua li R600a; yuav tsum muaj kev soj ntsuam kev nyab xeeb ntau dua thaum tsim khoom.

4. R404a (Blend ntawm R125, R134a, R143a)

Hom Tshuaj: Ze-azeotropic HFC sib xyaw (ntau HFCs sib xyaw ua ke los ua cov khoom ntawm ib lub tub yees)

Cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb:

• ODP: 0 (kev nyab xeeb ozone)
• GWP: 3,922 (qhov siab heev - ib qho ntawm cov tub yees feem ntau cuam tshuam rau huab cua)
• ASHRAE Kev Nyab Xeeb Chav Kawm: A1 (tsis yog-flammable, tsawg toxicity)
• Kev khiav hauj lwm siab: Siab (zoo rau cov tshuab qis qis)
• Compatibility: Ua haujlwm nrog POE lubricants.

Kev Ua Haujlwm & Kev Siv:

R404a yog ib zaug tus qauv kub rau kev lag luam tub yees, suav nrog kev taug kev hauv lub freezers, cov khoom siv hauv tsev loj, thiab cov tub yees muaj kev lag luam uas ua haujlwm ntawm -20 ° C txog -40 ° C. Nws muaj peev xwm ua kom txias txias thiab ruaj khov ntawm qhov kub thiab txias ua rau nws zoo tagnrho rau cov ntawv thov no.

Regulatory & Environmental Status:

R404a's ultra-high GWP tau coj mus rau nws qhov ze-tag nrho cov theem tawm hauv Tebchaws Europe thiab North America. Raws li EU F-Gas Regulation, nws siv rau hauv cov cuab yeej tshiab raug txwv nyob rau hauv 2020, thiab nws ntshuam/export raug txwv hnyav heev. Hauv Teb Chaws Asmeskas, EPA tau teev npe R404a ua "cov khoom siv siab-GWP" thiab yuav tsum tau hloov nrog cov kev xaiv qis-GWP (xws li R452A, R513A) hauv cov tshuab tshiab. Nws tseem nyob hauv cov khw muag khoom qub qub tab sis tab tom raug txiav tawm los ntawm kev rov ua dua tshiab.

Kev Sib Tw: Txwv tsis pub GWP; tsis zoo zog efficiency piv rau cov kev hloov niaj hnub; pab txhawb kev hloov pauv huab cua.

5. R507 (Blend ntawm R125 & R143a)

Hom Tshuaj: Azeotropic HFC blends (sib tov uas boils / condense ntawm ib tug kub, zoo li ib tug ntshiab refrigerant)

Cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb:

• ODP: 0 (kev nyab xeeb ozone)
• GWP: 3,985 (ze li zoo ib yam rau R404a, ultra-siab)
• ASHRAE Kev Nyab Xeeb Chav Kawm: A1 (tsis yog-flammable, tsawg toxicity)
• Kev khiav hauj lwm siab: Siab (me ntsis siab dua R404a)
• Compatibility: Ua haujlwm nrog POE lubricants.

Kev Ua Haujlwm & Kev Siv:

R507 yog ib tug kwv tij txheeb ze ntawm R404a, tsim rau cov tub yees uas tsis tshua muaj kev lag luam (piv txwv li, cov tub yees sib sib zog nqus, cov khoom noj khoom haus khov) uas yuav tsum tau ua kom txias txias ntawm -30 ° C txog -50 ° C. Nws qhov xwm txheej azeotropic txhais tau tias nws tsis sib cais rau hauv cov khoom thaum lub sij hawm xau, ua kom yooj yim txij nkawm - qhov zoo dua nyob ze-azeotropic blends zoo li R404a.

Regulatory & Environmental Status:

Zoo li R404a, R507's siab GWP tau coj mus rau cov kev cai nruj. EU F-Gas Regulation txwv tsis pub siv cov cuab yeej tshiab hauv 2020, thiab US EPA tau xaiv nws ua "cov khoom muaj kev txhawj xeeb" raws li SNAP. Nws tau raug hloov los ntawm cov kev xaiv qis-GWP xws li R448A (GWP = 1,387) thiab R449A (GWP = 1,397) hauv cov ntawv thov kev lag luam.

Kev sib tw: GWP siab heev; tsis muaj kev vam meej mus sij hawm ntev raws li kev cai thoob ntiaj teb emissions; txwv rau cov txheej txheem qub txeeg qub teg.

Tus nqi sib txawv ntawm cov tub yees sib txawv. Nov yog daim duab qhia txog lub Rau Hli 2025:

Comparative Overview of Refrigerants

Cov lus hauv qab no qhia txog qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb ntawm tsib lub tub yees, qhia txog lawv qhov kev tsim nyog rau kev siv tshwj xeeb:

Regulatory Trends & Industry Shifts

Kev lag luam thoob ntiaj teb cov tub yees tau raug tsav los ntawm ob lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb: tshem tawm ozone-depleting tshuaj (ua tiav rau feem ntau cov tub yees) thiab txo qis cov pa hluav taws xob hauv tsev cog khoom (qhov tseem ceeb tam sim no). Hauv Tebchaws Europe thiab North America, cov cai tswjfwm nrawm nrawm rau qhov kev xaiv qis-GWP:

• EU F-Gas Regulation: 79% txo HFC noj los ntawm 2030 (piv rau 2015 qib) thiab txwv tsis pub siab-GWP tub yees (GWP> 2,500) hauv cov khoom siv tub yees tshiab.
• Teb Chaws Asmeskas EPA SNAP: Sau cov tub yees qis-GWP (xws li R600a, R290, R452A) raws li "tau txais" rau feem ntau cov ntawv thov thiab txwv tsis pub cov kev xaiv siab GWP (xws li R404a, R507) hauv cov tshuab tshiab.

Rau cov neeg siv khoom, qhov no txhais tau tias:

• Cov tub yees tshiab hauv tsev yuav luag tsuas yog siv R600a lossis R290 (vim lawv cov GWP qis thiab ua haujlwm siab).
• Cov tub yees ua lag luam yuav hloov mus rau cov khoom siv qis GWP (xws li R448A, R454C) lossis cov tub yees zoo li CO₂ (R744) rau cov tshuab loj.
• Cov tub yees qub uas siv R134a, R404a, lossis R507 yuav tsum tau muab pov tseg kom zoo lossis rov ua dua kom ua raws li cov cai.

Kev xaiv cov tub yees kom zoo rau lub tub yees yog nyob ntawm kev ntsuas plaub yam: kev cuam tshuam ib puag ncig (ODP / GWP), kev nyab xeeb (flammable / toxicity), kev ua tau zoo (kev ua haujlwm / siab), thiab kev tswj hwm kev tswj hwm. Rau feem ntau cov kev siv niaj hnub no:

• R600a thiab R290 yog cov kev xaiv zoo tshaj plaws rau tsev fridges, muab ultra-low GWP thiab kev ua haujlwm siab (nrog rau kev ntsuas kev nyab xeeb los daws cov nplaim taws).
• R404a thiab R507 yog qhov qub rau cov tshuab tshiab, txwv rau cov khoom lag luam qub txeeg qub teg kom txog thaum rov ua dua lossis hloov pauv.
• R134a yog ib qho kev xaiv hloov pauv, maj mam ua theem tawm hauv kev pom zoo ntawm cov tub yees ntuj.

Raws li kev tswj hwm nruj thiab thev naus laus zis nce ntxiv, kev lag luam tseem yuav ua qhov tseem ceeb rau cov tub yees ntuj thiab cov khoom siv qis-GWP-kom ntseeg tau tias cov tshuab tub yees muaj txiaj ntsig zoo thiab ruaj khov rau lub sijhawm ntev. Rau cov kws tshaj lij thiab cov neeg siv khoom, kev paub txog qhov sib txawv no yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev txiav txim siab, ua raws.

Cov peev txheej: ASHRAE Phau Ntawv Qhia—Lub Tub Yees (2021), IPCC Sixth Assessment Report (2022), EU F-Gas Regulation (EC No 517/2014), US EPA SNAP Program (2023).