Ko ngā pouaka whakamātao me ngā pouaka tio, hei taputapu rokiroki pāmahana iti mō te whakamahinga o te whare me te arumoni, kua kitea ngā whakahoutanga tonu o te kōwhiringa hauhautanga e aro ana ki te "whakarerekētanga pai o te hauhautanga" me ngā "whakaritenga ture taiao". Ko ngā momo me ngā āhuatanga matua i ngā wāhanga rerekē he tino rite ki ngā hiahia o ngā taputapu.
Te nuinga o te wā: Te whakamahinga o ngā hauhautanga CFC me te "tino whai hua engari he nui te kino"
Mai i te tekau tau atu i 1950 ki te tekau tau atu i 1990, ko te R12 (dichlorodifluoromethane) te hau whakamatao matua. Mō te urutau ki ngā taputapu, he tino ōrite ngā āhuatanga pāmahana o te R12 ki ngā hiahia o te rokiroki pāmahana iti – me te pāmahana mimiti paerewa o te -29.8°C, ka taea te whakatutuki i ngā whakaritenga pāmahana o ngā wāhanga pupuri hou o te pouaka whakamātao (0-8°C) me ngā wāhanga tio (i raro iho i te -18°C). Heoi anō, he tino kaha te pumau matū me te hototahitanga pai ki ngā paipa parahi, ngā anga maitai, me ngā hinu whakahinuhinu kohuke i roto i ngā pouaka whakamātao, kāore i te maha te pirau, te aukati rānei i ngā paipa, ā, ka taea te whakarite i te roanga o te ora o te taputapu mō te neke atu i te 10 tau.
Ko te uara ODP o te R12 he 1.0 (he paearu mō te kaha whakangaro-ozone) me te uara GWP tata ki te 8500, e hanga ana i tētahi hau kati kōtuhi kaha. I te whakaurunga o te Montreal Protocol, kua āta aukatia te whakamahinga o te R12 i te ao whānui i roto i ngā pouaka tio hou mai i te tau 1996. I tēnei wā, ko ētahi taputapu tawhito anake kei te toe tonu ngā pouaka whakamātao pēnei, ā, e anga atu ana ki te raruraru kāore he puna kē atu i te wā tiaki.
Wāhanga whakawhiti: Ngā herenga o te "whakakapinga wāhanga" ki ngā hauhautanga HCFC
Hei whakaoti i te whakakorenga o te R12, i whakamahia mō te wā poto te R22 (difluoromonochloromethane) i roto i ētahi pouaka tio arumoni (pērā i ngā pouaka tio iti o ngā toa hokomaha). Ko tōna painga kei roto i te tata o tōna mahi thermodynamic ki tērā o te R12, me te kore e hiahiatia he whakarerekētanga nui ki te hoahoa compressor me te paipa o te pouaka tio, ā, ka whakaitihia tōna uara ODP ki te 0.05, ka tino ngoikore ai tōna kaha ki te whakangaro i te ozone.
Heoi, e kitea ana hoki ngā ngoikoretanga o te R22: i tētahi taha, ko tōna uara GWP he tata ki te 1810, nō ngā hau kati kōtuhi teitei tonu, kāore e rite ki te ia o te tiaki taiao mō te wā roa; i tētahi atu taha, ko te whai huatanga o te whakamatao (COP) o te R22 he iti iho i te R12, ka piki ake te whakamahinga hiko mā te 10%-15% ina whakamahia i roto i ngā pouaka whakamātao o te whare, nō reira kāore i te noho hei mea matua o ngā pouaka whakamātao o te whare. Nā te tere o te whakakorenga o ngā pouaka whakamātao HCFC o te ao i te tau 2020, kua mutu te whakamahi i te R22 i roto i te mara o ngā pouaka whakamātao me ngā pouaka tio.
I. Ngā pouaka whakamatao matua o nāianei: Te urutaunga motuhake ki ngā āhuatanga o ngā HFC me ngā momo GWP iti
I tēnei wā, ko te kōwhiringa hauhautanga mō ngā pouaka whakamātao i te mākete e whakaatu ana i ngā āhuatanga o te "rerekētanga i waenga i te whakamahinga o te whare me te whakamahinga arumoni, me te taurite i waenga i te tiaki taiao me te utu", e wehea ana kia rua ngā momo matua, e urutau ana ki ngā hiahia mahi o ngā taputapu rerekē:
1. Ngā pouaka tio iti: "Te mana pumau" o ngā pouaka whakamātao
Ko te R134a (tetrafluoroethane) te hauhautanga matua mō ngā pouaka whakamātao o nāianei (ina koa ko ngā tauira he iti iho i te 200L te kaha), neke atu i te 70%. E toru ngā āhuatanga e kitea ai ōna painga matua mō te urutau: tuatahi, e tutuki ana i ngā paerewa tiaki taiao, me te uara ODP o te 0, e whakakore katoa ana i te mōrearea o te kino o te paparanga ozone me te tutuki i ngā whakaritenga taketake o ngā ture taiao o te ao; tuarua, he pai tana mahi thermodynamic, me te pāmahana mimiti paerewa o te -26.1°C, e taea ai e te compressor teitei-pai o te pouaka whakamātao te whakatutuki i te pāmahana o te wāhanga tio mai i te -18°C ki te -25°C, ā, ko tōna pai o te whakamatao (COP) he 8%-12% teitei ake i te R22, ka taea ai te whakaiti i te whakapaunga hiko o ngā taputapu; tuatoru, he pono te haumaru, nō te akomanga A1 ngā hauhautanga (kāore e paitini, kāore hoki e mura), ahakoa he iti noa te turuturu, e kore e tūpono he tūponotanga haumaru ki te taiao whānau, ā, he pai te hototahitanga ki ngā wāhanga kirihou me te hinu whakahinuhinu i roto i te pouaka whakamātao, ā, he iti te tere rahunga.
Hei tāpiritanga, ka whakamahia e ētahi pouaka whakamātao whare-waenga-ki-te-pai te R600a (isobutane, he hauwaiwai) – he hauhautanga taiao, he 0 te uara ODP me te 3 anake te uara GWP, he pai ake te mahi taiao i te R134a, ā, ko tōna pai ki te whakamātao he 5%-10% teitei ake i te R134a, ka taea ai te whakaiti i te whakapaunga pūngao. Heoi, no roto te R600a i te akomanga A3 hauhautanga (he tino mura), ā, ina tae tōna kukū rōrahi ki te hau ki te 1.8%-8.4%, ka pahū ina pāngia e te mura tuwhera. Nō reira, ka whakamahia anake i roto i ngā pouaka whakamātao o te whare (ko te nui o te utu he 50g-150g anake, he iti iho i tērā o ngā taputapu arumoni), ā, me whai taputapu kimi ārai-tātari (pērā i ngā pūoko pēhanga) me ngā pūhiko ātete-pahūtanga te pouaka whakamātao, ā, he 15%-20% teitei ake te utu i tērā o ngā tauira R134a, nō reira kāore anō kia tino rongonui.
2. Ngā pouaka tio arumoni / ngā pouaka whakamātao nui: "Te urunga āta haere" o ngā pouaka whakamātao iti-GWP
He nui ake ngā whakaritenga mō ngā pouaka tio arumoni (pērā i ngā pouaka tio moutere hūpermakete) mō te "tiaki taiao" me te "pai o te whakamatao" o ngā pouaka tio nā te mea he nui te kaha (neke atu i te 500L) me te nui o te kawenga whakamatao. I tēnei wā, e rua ngā wāhanga o ngā kōwhiringa matua:
(1) Ngā ranunga HFC: "Te urutaunga kawenga-teitei" o te R404A
Ko te R404A (he ranunga o te pentafluoroethane, te difluoromethane, me te tetrafluoroethane) te hauhautanga matua mō ngā pouaka tio pāmahana iti arumoni (pērā i ngā pouaka tio tere -40°C), e 60% pea te nui o te hauhautanga. Ko tōna painga he tino pai te mahi whakamatao i raro i ngā āhuatanga pāmahana iti - i te pāmahana mimiti o te -40°C, ko te kaha whakamatao he 25%-30% teitei ake i te R134a, ka taea te whakatutuki wawe i ngā hiahia rokiroki pāmahana iti o ngā pouaka tio; ā, nō te akomanga A1 ngā pouaka tio (kāore i te paitini, kāore hoki e mura), me te nui o te utu tae atu ki te maha kirokaramu (he nui ake i te pouaka tio o te whare), me te kore e manukanuka ki ngā tūponotanga mura, ka urutau ki te mahi kawenga teitei o ngā pouaka tio nui.
Heoi, kua āta kitea haere ngā ngoikoretanga tiaki taiao o te R404A. Ko tōna uara GWP e eke ana ki te 3922, nō ngā hau kati kōtuhi teitei. I tēnei wā, kua whakaputa ture te Kotahitanga o Ūropi me ētahi atu rohe hei whakawhāiti i tōna whakamahinga (pērā i te aukati i te whakamahinga o ngā hauhautanga me te GWP>2500 i roto i ngā pouaka tio arumoni hou i muri i te tau 2022). Nō reira, kei te āta whakakapia te R404A e ngā hauhautanga iti-GWP.
(2) Ngā momo GWP iti: "Ngā huarahi kē atu mō te taiao" o te R290 me te CO₂
I raro i te whakakaha o ngā ture taiao, kua noho ko te R290 (propane) me te CO₂ (R744) hei kōwhiringa hou mō ngā pouaka tio arumoni, e urutau ana ki ngā hiahia rerekē i roto i ngā horopaki rerekē:
R290 (poropāne): E whakamahia ana i roto i ngā pouaka tio arumoni iti (pērā i ngā pouaka tio whakapae o ngā toa hokomaha). Ko tōna uara ODP he 0, ko te uara GWP he tata ki te 3, me te tino kaha ki te tiaki taiao; ā, ko tōna pai o te whakamatao he 10%-15% teitei ake i tērā o te R404A, ka taea te whakaiti i te whakapaunga pūngao whakahaere o ngā pouaka tio arumoni (ka neke atu i te 20 hāora te mahi a ngā taputapu arumoni i te rā, ā, he nui te ōwehenga o ngā utu whakapaunga pūngao). Heoi, no roto te R290 i ngā pouaka tio akomanga A3 (he tino mura), ā, me tino whakahaere te nui o te utu i roto i te 200g (nō reira he iti noa iho mō ngā pouaka tio iti). Hei tāpiri, me whakamahi te pouaka tio i ngā kōpeke ātete-pahū, ngā paipa ārai-tātari (pērā i ngā paipa koranu parahi-nikara) me ngā hoahoa hauhautanga me te whakamarara wera. I tēnei wā, kua neke atu i te 30% tōna ōwehenga i roto i ngā pouaka tio toa hokomaha o Ūropi.
CO₂ (R744): E whakamahia ana i roto i ngā pouaka tio arumoni tino iti te pāmahana (pērā i ngā pouaka tio tauira koiora -60°C). Ko tōna pāmahana mimiti paerewa ko -78.5°C, ka taea te whakatutuki i te rokiroki tino iti te pāmahana me te kore he pūnaha pouaka whakamātao matatini; ā, he uara ODP o te 0 me te uara GWP o te 1, me te tiaki taiao e kore e taea te whakakapi, ā, kāore e paitini, kāore hoki e mura, he pai ake te haumaru i te R290. Heoi, he iti te pāmahana whakahirahira o te CO₂ (31.1°C). Ina neke ake te pāmahana taiao i te 25°C, me whakamahi te hangarau "huringa whakawhiti-whakahirahira", ka eke te pēhanga kōpeke o te pouaka tio ki te 10-12MPa, me whakamahi i ngā paipa maitai kore waikura kaha me ngā kōpeke ātete-pēhanga teitei, me te utu 30%-40% teitei ake i te utu o ngā pouaka tio R404A. Nō reira, e whakamahia ana i tēnei wā i roto i ngā horopaki he tino nui ngā whakaritenga mō te tiaki taiao me te pāmahana iti (pērā i ngā pouaka tio rangahau hauora me te pūtaiao).
II. Ngā au o ngā pouaka whakamatao ā muri ake nei: Ko te GWP iti me te haumaru teitei hei aronga matua
I te taha o ngā ture taiao o te ao (pēnei i te Ture Hau-F a te EU, te mahere whakatinanatanga o te Kawa o Montreal a Haina) me ngā whakapainga hangarau taputapu, ka whakaatuhia e ngā hauhautanga mō ngā pouaka whakamātao me ngā pouaka tio ngā au nui e toru ā muri ake nei:
Ngā pouaka whakamātao o te whare: Ka āta whakakapia te R134a e te R600a – me te pakari o ngā hangarau ārai-tātari me te ātete-pahū (pēnei i ngā rīpene hiri hou, ngā taputapu tapahi tātari aunoa), ka āta heke te utu o te R600a (e matapaetia ana ka heke te utu mā te 30% i roto i ngā tau e 5 e whai ake nei), ā, ka whakamāramahia ōna painga o te tiaki taiao me te pai o te whakamatao. E matapaetia ana ka neke atu te ōwehenga o te R600a i roto i ngā pouaka whakamātao o te whare i te 50% i te tau 2030, ka whakakapia te R134a hei mea matua.
Ngā pouaka tio arumoni"Whanaketanga ara-rua" o ngā ranunga CO₂ me HFO – mō ngā pouaka tio arumoni pāmahana tino iti (i raro i te -40°C), ka haere tonu te pakari hangarau o te CO₂ ki te whakapai ake (pēnei i ngā pūwero huringa whakawhiti-whakahirahira tino whai hua), ā, ka heke haere te utu, me te ōwehenga e tumanakohia ana kia neke atu i te 40% i te tau 2028; mō ngā pouaka tio arumoni pāmahana-waenga (-25°C ki te -18°C), ka noho ko te R454C (he ranunga o ngā HFO me ngā HFC, GWP≈466) hei mea matua, me te mahi pouaka whakamātao e tata ana ki te R404A, ā, nō te akomanga A2L ngā pouaka whakamātao (he iti te paitini me te iti te mura), me te kore he here tino kaha ki te nui o te utu, te whakataurite i te tiaki taiao me te whai hua.
Ngā paerewa haumaru kua whakapai akeMai i te "tiakitanga kore mahi" ki te "aroturukitanga hohe" – ahakoa ngā taputapu o te whare, o te arumoni rānei, ko ngā pūnaha hauhautanga o muri ake nei ka rite ki ngā mahi "aroturukitanga turuturu atamai + maimoatanga ohorere aunoa" (pēnei i ngā pūoko turuturu taiaho mō ngā pouaka whakamātao o te whare, ngā whakaoho kukū me ngā taputapu hononga hau mō ngā pouaka tio arumoni), inā koa mō ngā pouaka whakamātao mura pērā i te R600a me te R290, hei whakakore i ngā tūponotanga haumaru pea mā roto i ngā tikanga hangarau me te whakatairanga i te rongonui whānui o ngā pouaka whakamātao iti-GWP.
III. Te kaupapa matua o te whakataurite i ngā horopaki matua
Mō ngā hiahia o ngā kaiwhakamahi rerekē, ka taea te whai i ngā mātāpono e whai ake nei i te wā e whiriwhiri ana i ngā pouaka whakamātao:
Ngā kaiwhakamahi o te whare: Ka aro nui ki ngā tauira R600a (te whakataurite i te tiaki taiao me te penapena pūngao) – ki te taea e te tahua (200-500 yuan teitei ake i ngā tauira R134a), me aro nui ki ngā pouaka whakamātao kua tohua ki te "hau whakamatao R600a". Ko te whakamahinga hiko he 8%-12% te iti iho i te whakamahinga hiko o ngā tauira R134a, ā, he pai ake te taiao; i muri i te hoko, me aro nui ki te karo i te taha o muri o te pouaka whakamātao (kei reira te pūwero) kia tata ki ngā mura tuwhera, me te tirotiro tonu i te piri o ngā hiri tatau hei whakaiti i te tūponotanga o te turuturu.
Ngā kaiwhakamahi arumoni:Kōwhiria kia rite ki ngā hiahia pāmahana (te utu taurite me te tiaki taiao) – ka taea e ngā pouaka tio pāmahana-waenga (pēnei i ngā pouaka tio toa ngāwari) te whiriwhiri i ngā tauira R290, me ngā utu whakamahi pūngao whakahaere roa iti iho; mō ngā pouaka tio pāmahana-iti rawa (pēnei i ngā taputapu tio tere), ki te rawaka te tahua, ka pai ake ngā tauira CO₂, e hangai ana ki te ia o ngā ture taiao, ā, ka karo i te mōrearea o te whakakorenga ā muri ake nei; ki te mea he āwangawanga te aro ki te utu wā poto, ka taea te whiriwhiri i ngā tauira R454C hei whakawhiti, hei taurite i te mahi me te tiaki taiao.
Te tiaki me te whakakapingaKia tino ōrite ki te momo hauhautanga taketake – i te wā e tiaki ana i ngā pouaka whakamātao me ngā pouaka tio tawhito, kaua e whakakapi noa i te momo hauhautanga (pēnei i te whakakapinga R134a ki te R600a), nā te mea he rerekē ngā whakaritenga o ngā hauhautanga mō te hinu whakahinuhinu me te pēhanga o te paipa. Ka pā kino te hauhautanga, ka kore rānei te hauhautanga mēnā ka whakamahia ngātahitia. Me whakapā atu ki ngā tohunga ki te tāpiri i ngā hauhautanga kia rite ki te momo kua tohua ki te pereti ingoa taputapu.
Te wā tuku: 29 o Ākuhata-2025 Ngā tirohanga: