E mārama ana te hunga kei roto i te pakihi kaweake o ngā kāpata inu kotahi-tatau ki te EU ko te tiwhikete CE te "uruwhenua" mō ngā hua kia uru ture ki te mākete o te EU. Heoi, he maha ngā kaitono tuatahi ka pāngia e ngā whakaroa tiwhikete, ka ngaro rānei ngā ota nā te kore oti o ngā tuhinga, kāore rānei i te tutuki i ngā whakaritenga. Inaa, mā te whai i te huarahi tika me te whakarite rauemi e ai ki te rārangi arowhai, ka taea te haere pai o te tukanga tiwhikete.
Tuatahi, he mea nui kia mārama ko ngā kāpata inu tatau kotahi kei roto i ngā taputapu whakamatao. Ko te tiwhikete CE e hiahia ana kia tutukihia ngā aratohu matua e toru: te Low Voltage Directive (LVD), te Electromagnetic Compatibility Directive (EMC), me te Energy Efficiency Directive (ERP). Me tutuki hoki i ngā hua e whakamahi ana i ngā refrigerants ngā whakaritenga o te FGas Regulation. Me whakarite ngā tuhinga katoa kia tutuki ai ēnei aratohu—kāore he okotahi.
I. Ngā Tuhinga Matua: He Mea Hira Ngā Kōnae Tūāpapa, Kāore e Taea te Waiho
Ko tēnei tuhinga te pūtake mō te tiwhikete CE. Ahakoa te whiriwhiri i te whakapuakitanga-ā-koe, te tiwhikete rānei a te Rōpū Whakamōhiotia, me whakarato katoa ngā rauemi me te manatoko he pono, he tika hoki.
1. Ngā Tohu Paetae Pakihi me ngā Tuhinga Mōhiohio Hinonga
Ko te kaupapa matua o ēnei tuhinga ko te manatoko i te mana ture o te pakihi me te mana pupuri hua o te kamupene hei ārai i ngā tautohe mō ngā taonga hinengaro. Kei roto i ēnei ko:
He kape o te raihana pakihi a te kamupene (kua tāia ki te hiri mana o te kamupene), e whakaū ana i te whānuitanga o te pakihi ko te hanga, te hoko rānei i ngā taputapu whakamatao;
Tiwhikete rēhitatanga tohu hokohoko (mēnā e tika ana), e whakamārama ana i te mana o te waitohu hua hei karo i ngā tūponotanga takahi i muri mai;
Ngā Mōhiohio mō te Māngai Whakamana o te EU (me whai mana mō ngā kamupene ehara i te EU), tae atu ki te ingoa o te māngai, te wāhi noho, ngā taipitopito whakapā, me te whakaaetanga whakamanatanga. He taunakitanga nui tēnei mā ngā kaiwhakahaere o te EU ki te whai i te kawenga;
Puka Tono Tiwhikete CE, e hiahia ana kia whakaoti tika i ngā taipitopito matua pēnei i te ingoa hua, te tauira, ngā whakatakotoranga, ngā tohutohu e tika ana, me ngā paerewa.
2. Ngā Tuhinga Hangarau (TCF): Te Kaupapa Matua o te Tiwhikete
Ko ngā tuhinga hangarau te taunakitanga matua e whakaatu ana i te tutuki o ngā hua ki ngā paerewa o te EU. Me pupuri mō te iti rawa o te 10 tau hei tirotiro, nā te mea ka taea e ngā mana whakahaere o te EU te whakahaere i ngā tirotiro ā-wā i ngā wā katoa. Me whakauru ngā tuhinga hangarau mō ngā kāpata inu tatau kotahi ki ēnei e whai ake nei:
Whakaahuatanga taipitopito o te hua: Kei roto ko te ingoa o te hua, te tauira, ngā mahi, te whakamahinga e whakaarohia ana, te taiao whakahaere (hei tauira, ngā awhe pāmahana me te haumākū e tika ana), me te wehewehe mārama i ngā rerekētanga tauira i roto i ngā raupapa hua (mēnā e tika ana);
Ngā Tuhi Hoahoa me ngā Hanganga: Kapihia ngā hoahoa hanganga mīhini, ngā hoahoa hiko, ngā whakatakotoranga papa whakahaere, ngā tūtohi rere o te pūnaha whakamatao, me ētahi atu. Me whakamahi ngā tuhi i ngā tohu paerewa Pākehā, me te whakamārama mārama i ngā ine, ngā tau wāhanga, me ngā hononga hononga. Mena ka tohaina ngā tuhi puta noa i ngā tauira maha, me whakamārama mārama tēnei;
Pire Rauemi (BOM): Whakarārangihia ngā wāhanga katoa o te hua mā te ingoa, te tauira, ngā whakatakotoranga, me ngā mōhiohio a te kaiwhakarato. Ina koa mō ngā wāhanga hiko nui (hei tauira, ngā kaiwawao ara iahiko, ngā whakapā, ngā motuka, ngā pūwero) me ngā wāhanga pouaka whakamātao, tāpirihia ngā tau tiwhikete hanganga ture e rite ana;
Pūrongo Aromatawai Mōrearea: Tāutuhia ngā mōrearea pea i te wā e hoahoa ana, e whakamahi ana hoki i ngā hua (hei tauira, te ru hiko, te ahi, te mauheretanga ā-mīhini, te turuturu o te hauhautanga) i runga i te EN ISO 12100, me te whakaatu taipitopito i ngā mahi whakahaere mōrearea kua whakatinanahia me ngā hua manatoko;
Ngā Tuhinga o te Tukanga Whakaputa: Whakaurua ngā whakaahuatanga o te rere o te whakaputanga, ngā pūwāhi whakahaere tukanga matua, me ngā paerewa whakahaere kounga hei whakaatu i ngā mahi whakaputa paerewa.
3. Ngā Pūrongo Whakamātautau Hua: Te Taunakitanga Pūmau o te Whakatutukitanga
Me tuku ngā pūrongo whakamātautau e ngā taiwhanga kua whakamanahia e te EU (hei tauira, TÜV, SGS) me ngā Rōpū Whakamōhiotia rānei, me ngā tūemi whakamātautau e tino ōrite ana ki ngā tohutohu e tika ana me ngā paerewa kua whakatauritea. Me whakaoti e ngā kāpata inu tatau kotahi ngā whakamātautau matua e whai ake nei, me te whakarato pūrongo:
Pūrongo Whakamātautau Haumaru Ngaohiko Iti LVD: I runga i te EN 60335-1 (Haumaru Whānui mō ngā Taputapu Whare) me te EN 60335-2-24 (Ngā Whakaritenga Motuhake mō ngā Taputapu Pouaka Whakamātao). Kei roto i ngā tūemi whakamātautau ko te whakamātautau ngaohiko ātete ārai (1500V/1 meneti kāore he pakaru), te whakamātautau iahiko turuturu (≤0.75mA), me te whakamātautau haere tonu o te whenua hei whakarite i te haumaru hiko;
Pūrongo Whakamātautau Hototahi Hikohiko EMC: I runga i te EN 55014-1 (Ngā Tukunga Whakahaere) me te EN 61000-3-2 (Au Harmonic), me tutuki ngā herenga pēnei i te irahiko ≤30dBμV/m i te roopu 30MHz–1GHz me ngā piki me ngā heke o te ngaohiko tīmatanga/mutu o te kōpeketanga ≤10%, e ārai ana i te pokanoa hikohiko ki ētahi atu taputapu;
Pūrongo Whakamātautau Whai Hua Pūngao ERP: E ai ki te EN 62552, me whiwhi i te whakatauranga whai hua pūngao A+, teitei ake rānei. Ko ngā ture hou o te tau 2025 e hiahia ana kia ≤1.0W te whakapaunga hiko tūtatari;
Tiwhikete Whakatutukitanga Hau-F: Mena kei te whakamahi te hua i ngā pouaka whakamātao kua whakapūkarahia ki te fluorine, homai he taunakitanga kei te GWP o te pouaka whakamātao te
Ngā Tiwhikete Whakatutukitanga o ngā Wāhanga Matua: Ngā tārua o ngā tuhinga tiwhikete CE mō ngā wāhanga matua pēnei i ngā compressors, ngā motuka, me ngā breakers circuit, me te whakarite kia tutuki ēnei wāhanga i ngā paerewa o te EU.
4. Whakapuakitanga o te Whakatutukitanga (DoC): Te Whakapumautanga a te Kamupene ki te Whakatutukitanga
Ko te Whakapuakitanga Whakatutuki he tuhinga ture kua hainatia e te kaihanga, e te Māngai Whakamana o te EU rānei, hei tauākī whakamutunga e whakaū ana kua tutuki te hua i ngā whakaritenga o te ture a te EU. Me whakauru ēnei āhuatanga matua:
Ingoa o te kaihanga, te wāhi noho, me ngā taipitopito o te Māngai Whakamana o te EU (mō ngā kamupene ehara i te EU);
Ingoa hua, tauira, me te tau rangatū (mēnā e tika ana);
Rārangi o ngā Aratohu a te EU e tika ana (hei tauira, LVD, EMC, ERP) me ngā tau paerewa kua whakatauritea e pā ana;
Te ingoa o te kaihaina, tōna tūranga, me te rā i hainatia ai, me te hiri mana o te kamupene.
II. Ngā Rauemi Tautoko Tāpiri: Whakaritea mā te Ngāwari i runga i ngā Āhuatanga o te Hua
Haunga ngā rauemi matua, i ētahi wā motuhake ka hiahiatia he tuhinga tāpiri hei ārai i ngā whakaroa tiwhikete nā te ngaro o ngā rauemi:
Pukapuka Kaiwhakamahi Hua: Me whakauru kia kotahi te reo ā-ture o te EU (hei tauira, te reo Ingarihi, te reo Tiamana, te reo Wīwī), e kapi ana i ngā aratohu tāutanga, ngā tikanga whakahaere, ngā tikanga tiaki, me ngā whakatūpato haumaru (hei tauira, "Kaua e piki ngā tamariki," "Kaua e pā ki te rā tika"), me ngā tohutohu whakakore para. Me whakaatu te pukapuka i te wāhi noho o te Māngai Whakamana o te EU;
Tapanga Hua me ngā Tauira Takai: Me whakaatu mārama te ingoa o te hua, te tauira, ngā mōhiohio kaihanga, te tohu CE (rahi ≥5mm, mārama, ā, he pakari), te tapanga whakatauranga whai hua pūngao, me ētahi atu. Me whakauru ngā tohu whakatūpato haumaru me ngā whakatūpato tuku ki ngā tuhi hoahoa takai;
Ngā tuhinga mō te pūnaha whakahaere kounga: Pērā i te tiwhikete ISO 9001, ngā pūrongo arotake kounga ā-roto, me ētahi atu. He mea whakahau mō ngā hua mōrearea nui, i te wā rānei e whiriwhiri ana i te tiwhikete Module D/E;
Tauākī Rerekētanga Hua Raupapa: Ina whakamanahia he maha ngā momo tauira, me whakamārama mārama ngā rerekētanga hanganga, wāhanga, me te mahi hei ārai i te whakakorenga o te tiwhikete nā ngā rerekētanga kāore i arohia.
III. Aratohu Ārai i ngā Mahanga 2025: Ngā Hapa Kaua rawa e Mahi
He maha ngā kaihoko ki tāwāhi kāore i eke ki te tiwhikete, ehara i te mea nā te kore o ngā rauemi i oti, engari nā ngā taipitopito kāore i tutuki i te ture. I runga i ngā ture hou, anei ētahi hapa e toru e kitea pinepine ana:
Reo tuhinga kāore e tutuki ana i ngā whakaritenga: Ngā tuhinga hangarau, ngā pukapuka ārahi rānei kāore i tuhia ki te reo mana o te EU, ngā whakamāoritanga hē rānei. Koinei te take tino noa mō te whakakorenga. Ka tūtohu mātou kia arotakehia ngā rauemi e tētahi tari whakamāori ngaio;
Ngā pūrongo whakamātautau kore mana: Ngā pūrongo i tukuna e ngā taiwhanga kāore i te whai tohu, ngā tūemi whakamātautau rānei kāore i te kapi i ngā aratohu katoa e tika ana. Ka tūtohu mātou kia whakaūhia i mua i te wā mēnā kei te taiwhanga te mana CNAS, te mana rānei o te EU Notified Body;
Te pupuri i ngā kōnae hangarau kāore i te tutuki i ngā whakaritenga: Te korenga e pupuri i ngā tuhinga mō ngā tau 10 e hiahiatia ana, te kore rānei e rerekē te ihirangi kua tuhia me ngā whakaritenga o te hua. Tērā pea ka kitea e ngā mana whakahaere o te EU ēnei take i ngā wā tirotiro tūpono, ka arahi pea ki te whakahokinga mai o ngā hua me ngā whiu.
IV. Ngā Pātai Auau: Te Whakautu i ō Āwangawanga
P1: Ka taea e ngā kāpata inu tatau kotahi te whiwhi tiwhikete CE mā te whakapuakitanga whaiaro?
Āe. Kei roto ngā kāpata inu tatau kotahi i ngā taputapu whare iti-mōrearea, ā, ka taea te whakamahi i te tauira whakapuakitanga-whaiaro (Module A). Kāore e hiahiatia he whai wāhi a te Tinana Whakamōhiotia; ka taea e ngā kamupene te whakahaere whakamātautau me te whakaputa whakapuakitanga motuhake. Heoi, mō ngā hoahoa hua uaua, mō ngā whakaritenga motuhake rānei a te kiritaki, ka taea te whiriwhiri i te tiwhikete mā te Tinana Whakamōhiotia hei whakarei ake i te mana.
P2: He aha te wā whai mana o te tiwhikete CE?
A: Kāore he wā whai mana kua whakaritea. Heoi, ki te huri te hoahoa hua, ngā tukanga hanga rānei, ki te whakahoutia rānei ngā tohutohu, ngā paerewa rānei o te EU, me arotake anō te tutuki i ngā whakaritenga. Me whakahou ngā tuhinga tiwhikete me ngā whakapuakitanga ina hiahiatia.
P3: Kia pēhea te roa o te tukanga whakamana i muri i te whakaritenga o ngā rauemi?
A: I raro i ngā āhuatanga maeneene, e 12 wiki te roa o te tauira whakapuakitanga-ā-koe. Mena ka whai wāhi mai tētahi Rōpū Whakamōhiotia mō te whakamātautau me te arotake, e 36 wiki te roa o te huringa, i runga i te uaua o te hua me te whai huatanga o te taiwhanga.
Hei whakarāpopototanga, ko te kaupapa matua o ngā rauemi tiwhikete CE mō ngā kāpata inu tatau kotahi ko te "oti, te tika, me te tutuki i ngā whakaritenga." Mā te arotahi ki ngā tohutohu matua e toru—LVD, EMC, me te ERP—me te kohikohi i ngā tuhinga nui katoa pēnei i ngā kōnae hangarau, ngā pūrongo whakamātautau, me ngā whakapuakitanga tutuki i runga i te rārangi arowhai, me te aro hoki ki ngā taipitopito hei karo i ngā mahanga, ka taea te whiwhi tiwhikete angitu. Mena kei a koe tonu ngā pātai mō ngā whakaritenga motuhake mō te whakarite rauemi, he mea tika kia kōrero ki tētahi rōpū tiwhikete ngaio i mua i te wā hei karo i te moumou taima me ngā rauemi nā te kore whakarite.
Te wā tuku: Hanuere-04-2026 Ngā tirohanga: