Mafiriji ndi mafiriji, monga zida zosungiramo kutentha kwapakhomo ndi zamalonda, awona kubwereza kosalekeza pakusankha mafiriji komwe kumayang'ana "kusintha bwino kwa firiji" ndi "zofunikira pakuwongolera chilengedwe". Mitundu yodziwika bwino komanso mawonekedwe pamagawo osiyanasiyana amagwirizana kwambiri ndi zosowa za zida.
Kuyamba koyambirira: Kugwiritsa ntchito mafiriji a CFC okhala ndi "mphamvu kwambiri koma zovulaza kwambiri"
Kuchokera m'ma 1950 mpaka 1990s, R12 (dichlorodifluoromethane) inali firiji yodziwika bwino kwambiri. Ponena za kusinthika kwa zida, zida za thermodynamic za R12 zimayenderana bwino ndi zosowa zosungirako kutentha - ndi kutentha kwanyengo ya -29.8 ° C, zimatha kukwaniritsa zofunikira za kutentha kwa firiji zosungirako zatsopano (0-8 ° C) ndi zipinda zozizira (pansi -18 ° C). Kuphatikiza apo, inali ndi kukhazikika kwamphamvu kwamankhwala komanso kumagwirizana bwino ndi mapaipi amkuwa, zipolopolo zachitsulo, ndi mafuta opaka mchere amchere mkati mwa firiji, zomwe sizimayambitsa dzimbiri kapena kutsekeka kwa mapaipi, ndipo zimatha kuonetsetsa kuti zidazi zikugwira ntchito kwa zaka zopitilira 10.
R12 ili ndi mtengo wa ODP wa 1.0 (chizindikiro cha kuthekera kwa kuwonongeka kwa ozoni) ndi mtengo wa GWP pafupifupi 8500, zomwe zimapangitsa kukhala mpweya wowonjezera kutentha. Poyamba kugwira ntchito ya Montreal Protocol, kugwiritsa ntchito R12 padziko lonse m'mafiriji ongopangidwa kumene kwaletsedwa pang'onopang'ono kuyambira 1996. Pakali pano, ndi zida zina zakale zokha zomwe zimakhala ndi mafiriji otsalira oterowo, ndipo zimayang'anizana ndi vuto lakuti palibe njira zina zopangira.
Gawo losinthira: Zochepera "zosintha pang'ono" ndi mafiriji a HCFC
Kuti atseke gawo la R12, R22 (difluoromonochloromethane) idagwiritsidwa ntchito mwachidule m'mafiriji amalonda (monga mafiriji ang'onoang'ono a sitolo). Ubwino wake umakhala kuti ntchito yake ya thermodynamic ili pafupi ndi R12, popanda kufunikira kosintha kwakukulu pamapangidwe a kompresa ndi mapaipi a mufiriji, ndipo mtengo wake wa ODP umachepetsedwa mpaka 0,05, kufooketsa mphamvu yake yowononga ozoni.
Komabe, zofooka za R22 ndizodziwikiratu: kumbali imodzi, mtengo wake wa GWP uli pafupi ndi 1810, udakali wa mpweya wowonjezera kutentha, womwe sumagwirizana ndi nthawi yayitali yoteteza chilengedwe; Komano, mphamvu ya refrigeration (COP) ya R22 ndiyotsika kuposa ya R12, zomwe zidzachititsa kuti mphamvu zowonjezera ziwonjezeke ndi pafupifupi 10% -15% zikagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mafiriji apanyumba, kotero sizinakhale zofala kwambiri za firiji zapakhomo. Ndi kuchulukitsidwa kwapadziko lonse kwa mafiriji a HCFC mu 2020, R22 idasiya kugwiritsa ntchito mafiriji ndi mafiriji.
I. Mafiriji omwe alipo panopa: Kusintha kwachindunji kwa ma HFC ndi mitundu yotsika ya GWP
Pakali pano, kusankha refrigerant kwa firiji mumsika kumasonyeza makhalidwe a "kusiyana pakati pa ntchito zapakhomo ndi zamalonda, ndi kulingalira pakati pa chitetezo cha chilengedwe ndi mtengo", makamaka zogawidwa m'magulu awiri akuluakulu, zomwe zimagwirizana ndi zosowa za zipangizo zosiyanasiyana:
1.Mafiriji ang'onoang'ono: "Kulamulira kokhazikika" kwa mafiriji
R134a (tetrafluoroethane) ndiye refrigerant yodziwika bwino kwambiri yamafiriji apano (makamaka zitsanzo zokhala ndi mphamvu zosakwana 200L), zomwe zimapitilira 70%. Zopindulitsa zake zazikulu zosinthika zikuwonetsedwa m'zinthu zitatu: choyamba, zimagwirizana ndi miyezo ya chitetezo cha chilengedwe, ndi mtengo wa ODP wa 0, kuthetsa kwathunthu chiwopsezo cha kuwonongeka kwa ozoni ndikutsata zofunikira za malamulo a chilengedwe padziko lonse; chachiwiri, ntchito yake ya thermodynamic ndiyoyenera, yokhala ndi kutentha kwa mpweya wa -26.1 ° C, komwe, pamodzi ndi kompresa yochita bwino kwambiri ya firiji, imatha kukwaniritsa kutentha kwa chipinda chozizira kuchokera -18 ° C mpaka -25 ° C, komanso kutentha kwake kwa firiji (COP) ndi 8% -12% kuposa momwe mungagwiritsire ntchito zida za R22; chachitatu, ili ndi chitetezo chodalirika, cha kalasi ya A1 refrigerants (yopanda poizoni komanso yosayaka), ngakhale kutayikira pang'ono kumachitika, sikungawononge chitetezo cha banja, ndipo kumagwirizana bwino ndi zigawo zapulasitiki ndi kompresa mafuta opaka mafuta mkati mwa firiji, ndi kulephera kochepa.
Kuonjezera apo, mafiriji ena apakatikati mpaka apamwamba adzagwiritsa ntchito R600a (isobutane, hydrocarbon) - firiji yachilengedwe, yomwe ili ndi mtengo wa ODP wa 0 ndi mtengo wa GWP wa 3 okha, ndi ntchito yabwino kwambiri ya chilengedwe kuposa R134a, ndipo mphamvu yake ya firiji ndi 5% -10% kuposa yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito R134a. Komabe, R600a ndi ya kalasi ya A3 refrigerants (yoyaka kwambiri), ndipo kuchuluka kwake mumlengalenga kukafika 1.8% -8.4%, imaphulika ikakumana ndi lawi lotseguka. Chifukwa chake, zimangogwiritsidwa ntchito m'mafiriji am'nyumba (kuchuluka kwake kumangokhala 50g-150g, kutsika kwambiri kuposa zida zamalonda), ndipo firiji imayenera kukhala ndi zida zodziwikiratu kutayikira (monga masensa akukakamiza) ndi ma compressor osaphulika, omwe mtengo wake ndi 15% -20% kuposa womwe sunatchulidwe kwambiri ndi R13.
2. Mafiriji amalonda / mafiriji akulu: "Kulowa pang'onopang'ono" kwa mafiriji a GWP otsika
Mafiriji amalonda (monga mafiriji a pachilumba cha supermarket) ali ndi zofunika kwambiri pa "chitetezo cha chilengedwe" komanso "kuwongolera bwino kwa firiji" zamafiriji chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwawo (nthawi zambiri kupitilira 500L) komanso kuchuluka kwa firiji. Pakadali pano, zosankha zazikuluzikulu zimagawidwa m'magulu awiri:
(1) Zosakaniza za HFCs: "Kusintha kolemetsa" kwa R404A
R404A (msanganizo wa pentafluoroethane, difluoromethane, ndi tetrafluoroethane) ndiye mufiriji wamba wa mafiriji osatentha kwambiri (monga -40°C mafiriji oziziritsa msanga), owerengera pafupifupi 60%. Ubwino wake ndikuti ntchito yake ya firiji pansi pa kutentha kochepa ndi yabwino kwambiri - pa kutentha kwa evaporation ya -40 ° C, mphamvu ya firiji ndi 25% -30% kuposa ya R134a, yomwe imatha kukwaniritsa mwamsanga zosungirako zosungirako kutentha kwa mafiriji; ndipo ndi ya kalasi A1 refrigerants (osakhala poizoni ndi osayaka), ndi malipiro kuchuluka kwa makilogalamu angapo (kuposa kutali ndi mafiriji apanyumba), popanda kudandaula za zoopsa kuyaka, kuzolowera ndi mkulu katundu ntchito mufiriji lalikulu.
Komabe, zofooka zachitetezo cha chilengedwe za R404A zakhala zowonekera pang'onopang'ono. Mtengo wake wa GWP ndi wokwera kwambiri mpaka 3922, wa mpweya wowonjezera kutentha. Pakadali pano, European Union ndi zigawo zina zapereka malamulo oletsa kugwiritsa ntchito kwake (monga kuletsa kugwiritsa ntchito mafiriji okhala ndi GWP> 2500 mufiriji yongopangidwa kumene pambuyo pa 2022). Chifukwa chake, R404A imasinthidwa pang'onopang'ono ndi mafiriji a GWP otsika.
(2) Mitundu ya Low-GWP: “Njira zina za chilengedwe” za R290 ndi CO₂
Potengera malamulo okhwima a chilengedwe, R290 (propane) ndi CO₂ (R744) zakhala zisankho zomwe zikungokulirakulira pamafiriji amalonda, zomwe zimagwirizana ndi zosowa zosiyanasiyana m'malo osiyanasiyana:
R290 (propane): Amagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka mufiriji ting'onoting'ono (monga mafiriji opingasa sitolo yabwino). Mtengo wake wa ODP ndi 0, mtengo wa GWP uli pafupifupi 3, wokhala ndi chitetezo champhamvu kwambiri cha chilengedwe; ndi mphamvu yake ya firiji ndi 10% -15% yoposa ya R404A, yomwe ingachepetse kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zogwiritsira ntchito mafiriji amalonda (zida zamalonda zimagwira ntchito kwa maola oposa 20 patsiku, ndipo ndalama zogwiritsira ntchito mphamvu zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri). Komabe, R290 ndi ya mafiriji amtundu wa A3 (oyaka kwambiri), ndipo mtengo wake uyenera kuwongoleredwa mosamalitsa mkati mwa 200g (kotero amangokhala mafiriji ang'onoang'ono). Kuphatikiza apo, mufirijiyo amayenera kukhala ndi makina oletsa kuphulika, mapaipi oletsa kutayikira (monga mapaipi a aloyi a nickel) ndi mapangidwe a mpweya wabwino komanso kutulutsa kutentha. Pakadali pano, gawo lake m'mafiriji osavuta ku Europe apitilira 30%.
CO₂ (R744): Amagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka mufiriji wamalonda wotsika kwambiri (monga -60°C mufiriji wa biological samples). Kutentha kwake kwa evaporation ndi -78.5 ° C, komwe kumatha kusungirako kutentha kocheperako popanda njira yovuta ya firiji ya cascade; ndipo ili ndi mtengo wa ODP wa 0 ndi mtengo wa GWP wa 1, wokhala ndi chitetezo chosasinthika cha chilengedwe, ndipo ndi chosaopsa komanso chosapsa, ndi chitetezo chabwino kuposa R290. Komabe, CO₂ ili ndi kutentha kochepa kwambiri (31.1 ° C). Kutentha kozungulira kumadutsa 25 ° C, ukadaulo wa "transcritical cycle" umafunika, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kukakamiza kwa firiji kukhala kokwera kwambiri mpaka 10-12MPa, zomwe zimafuna kugwiritsa ntchito mapaipi achitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri komanso ma compressor osagwira mwamphamvu kwambiri, okhala ndi mtengo wa 30% -40% kuposa wa freezers R404A. Chifukwa chake, pakadali pano amagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka pazochitika zomwe zili ndi zofunika kwambiri pachitetezo cha chilengedwe komanso kutentha kochepa (monga zoziziritsa kusanthula zamankhwala ndi sayansi).
II. Zosintha zam'tsogolo zamafiriji: GWP yotsika komanso chitetezo chokwanira chimakhala mayendedwe ofunikira
Kuphatikizidwa ndi malamulo apadziko lonse a zachilengedwe (monga EU F-Gas Regulation, ndondomeko ya kukhazikitsidwa kwa Montreal Protocol ya China) ndi kukweza kwa zipangizo zamakono, mafiriji amafiriji ndi mafiriji adzawonetsa zochitika zazikulu zitatu mtsogolomu:
Mafiriji apanyumba: R600a pang'onopang'ono m'malo mwa R134a - ndi kukhwima kwa anti-leakage ndi kuphulika-proof technologies (monga mipiringidzo yatsopano yosindikizira, zipangizo zowonongeka zowonongeka), mtengo wa R600a udzachepa pang'onopang'ono (zikuyembekezeka kuti mtengowo udzatsika ndi 30% m'zaka 5 zikubwerazi), ndipo ubwino wake udzakhala wowunikira kwambiri. Tikuyembekezeredwa kuti gawo la R600a m'firiji zapakhomo lidzadutsa 50% pofika 2030, m'malo mwa R134a ngati gawo lalikulu.
Zozizira zamalonda: "Kukula kwapawiri" kwa CO₂ ndi HFOs zosakaniza - kwa mafiriji otsika kwambiri otsika kutentha (pansi -40 ° C), kukhwima kwaukadaulo kwa CO₂ kupitilirabe bwino (monga ma compressor ochita bwino kwambiri a transcritical cycle), ndipo mtengowo udzachepa pang'onopang'ono, ndi gawo lomwe likuyembekezeka kupitilira 40% ndi 20%; kwa mafiriji amalonda apakati kutentha (-25 ° C mpaka -18 ° C), R454C (osakaniza a HFOs ndi HFCs, GWP≈466) adzakhala ofala, ndi ntchito ya firiji pafupi ndi R404A, ndi ya kalasi ya A2L refrigerants (kawopsedwe wochepa ndi kutsika kwa chitetezo chochepa pa chitetezo cha chilengedwe), popanda zoletsa zowononga zachilengedwe, zopanda malire.
Miyezo yokwezedwa yachitetezo: Kuchokera ku "chitetezo chopanda pake" kupita ku "kuyang'anitsitsa" - mosasamala kanthu za zipangizo zapakhomo kapena zamalonda, makina a refrigerant amtsogolo adzakhala okonzeka ndi ntchito za "luntha lotayirira + lodzidzimutsa mwadzidzidzi" (monga ma sensors laser leakage a mafiriji apanyumba, ma alarm a ndende ndi zida zolumikizira mpweya wabwino kwa mafiriji amalonda), makamaka mafiriji oyaka moto, monga ma R2600 owopsa achitetezo, monga ma R2600 amphamvu oteteza chitetezo. ndikulimbikitsa kutchuka kwathunthu kwa mafiriji a GWP otsika.
III. Kufunika kofananira ndi zochitika zenizeni
Pazofuna za ogwiritsa ntchito osiyanasiyana, mfundo zotsatirazi zitha kutsatiridwa posankha mafiriji:
Ogwiritsa ntchito m'nyumba: Chofunika kwambiri chimaperekedwa kwa zitsanzo za R600a (kugwirizanitsa chitetezo cha chilengedwe ndi kupulumutsa mphamvu) - ngati bajeti ilola (200-500 yuan kuposa zitsanzo za R134a), chofunika kwambiri chiyenera kuperekedwa kwa firiji zolembedwa "R600a refrigerant". Kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zawo ndi 8% -12% kutsika poyerekeza ndi mitundu ya R134a, ndipo ndi okonda zachilengedwe; mutatha kugula, tcheru chiyenera kulipidwa kuti mupewe kumbuyo kwa firiji (kumene compressor ili) kukhala pafupi ndi moto wotseguka, ndikuyang'ana nthawi zonse kulimba kwa zisindikizo za pakhomo kuti muchepetse chiopsezo cha kutayikira.
Ogwiritsa ntchito malonda:Sankhani molingana ndi zosowa za kutentha (kulinganiza mtengo ndi kuteteza chilengedwe) - mafiriji apakati (monga mafiriji osavuta a sitolo) angasankhe mitundu ya R290, yokhala ndi ndalama zochepa zogwiritsa ntchito nthawi yayitali; kwa mafiriji otsika kwambiri (monga zida zozizira mwachangu), ngati bajeti ili yokwanira, zitsanzo za CO₂ zimakondedwa, zomwe zimagwirizana ndi chikhalidwe cha malamulo a chilengedwe ndikupewa kuopsa kwa gawo mtsogolo; ngati kukhudzidwa kwakanthawi kochepa kuli kodetsa nkhawa, zitsanzo za R454C zitha kusankhidwa ngati kusintha, kusanja magwiridwe antchito komanso kuteteza chilengedwe.
Kukonza ndi kusintha: Gwirizanani mwamphamvu ndi mtundu wa refrigerant wapachiyambi - posunga mafiriji akale ndi mafiriji, musasinthe mosasamala mtundu wa refrigerant (monga kusintha R134a ndi R600a), chifukwa mafiriji osiyanasiyana ali ndi zofunika zosiyanasiyana za kompresa mafuta opaka mafuta ndi kukakamiza kwa mapaipi. Kugwiritsa ntchito mosakanikirana kungayambitse kuwonongeka kwa kompresa kapena kulephera kwa firiji. Ndikofunikira kulumikizana ndi akatswiri kuti muwonjezere mafiriji molingana ndi mtundu womwe walembedwa pa nameplate ya zida.
Nthawi yotumiza: Aug-29-2025 Maonedwe: