Mafiriji ndi mafiriji, monga zida zosungiramo zinthu zotentha kwambiri zogwiritsidwa ntchito m'nyumba ndi m'mabizinesi, awona kusintha kosalekeza pakusankha mafiriji kumayang'ana kwambiri "kusinthasintha kwa magwiridwe antchito a firiji" ndi "zofunikira pakuwongolera chilengedwe". Mitundu ndi makhalidwe akuluakulu m'magawo osiyanasiyana amagwirizana kwambiri ndi zosowa za zida.
Kumayambiriro kwa ntchito: Kugwiritsa ntchito ma CFC refrigerants "ogwira ntchito bwino koma owononga kwambiri"
Kuyambira m'ma 1950 mpaka m'ma 1990, R12 (dichlorodifluoromethane) inali refrigerant yodziwika bwino. Ponena za kusinthasintha kwa zida, mphamvu ya thermodynamic ya R12 inali yofanana bwino ndi zosowa za kusungirako kutentha kochepa - ndi kutentha kwanthawi zonse kwa -29.8°C, imatha kukwaniritsa mosavuta zofunikira za kutentha kwa zipinda zosungiramo firiji (0-8°C) ndi zipinda zozizira (pansi pa -18°C). Kuphatikiza apo, inali ndi kukhazikika kwamphamvu kwa mankhwala komanso imagwirizana bwino ndi mapaipi amkuwa, zipolopolo zachitsulo, ndi mafuta opaka mchere mkati mwa firiji, zomwe sizimayambitsa dzimbiri kapena kutsekeka kwa mapaipi, ndipo zimatha kutsimikizira kuti zidazo zikugwira ntchito kwa zaka zoposa 10.
R12 ili ndi ODP ya 1.0 (chiwerengero cha mphamvu yowononga ozone) ndi GWP ya pafupifupi 8500, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ikhale mpweya wamphamvu wowonjezera kutentha. Pamene Montreal Protocol inayamba kugwira ntchito, kugwiritsa ntchito R12 padziko lonse lapansi m'mafiriji atsopano kwaletsedwa pang'onopang'ono kuyambira 1996. Pakadali pano, zida zakale zokha ndi zomwe zili ndi mafiriji otsala, ndipo zikukumana ndi vuto la kusowa kwa njira zina zokonzera.
Gawo losinthira: Zoletsa za "kusintha pang'ono" ndi ma refrigerants a HCFC
Pofuna kuthetsa kutha kwa R12, R22 (difluoromonochloromethane) idagwiritsidwa ntchito kwakanthawi m'mafiriji ena amalonda (monga mafiriji ang'onoang'ono ogulitsa). Ubwino wake ndi wakuti magwiridwe ake a thermodynamic ali pafupi ndi a R12, popanda kufunikira kusintha kwakukulu pa kapangidwe ka compressor ndi mapaipi a firiji, ndipo mtengo wake wa ODP umachepetsedwa kufika pa 0.05, zomwe zimafooketsa kwambiri mphamvu yake yochotsera ozone.
Komabe, zofooka za R22 ndizodziwikiratu: kumbali imodzi, mtengo wake wa GWP ndi pafupifupi 1810, womwe umakhalabe ndi mpweya woipa kwambiri, womwe sukugwirizana ndi njira yotetezera chilengedwe kwa nthawi yayitali; kumbali ina, mphamvu yoziziritsira (COP) ya R22 ndi yotsika kuposa ya R12, zomwe zipangitsa kuti mphamvu zamagetsi ziwonjezeke ndi pafupifupi 10%-15% ikagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mafiriji apakhomo, kotero sanakhale chinthu chachikulu m'mafiriji apakhomo. Ndi kutha kwa mafiriji a HCFC padziko lonse lapansi mu 2020, R22 yasiya kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'mafiriji ndi mafiriji.
I. Mafiriji omwe alipo masiku ano: Kusintha kwa HFC ndi mitundu ya GWP yochepa malinga ndi momwe zinthu zilili
Pakadali pano, kusankha mafiriji pamsika kukuwonetsa mawonekedwe a "kusiyana pakati pa kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'nyumba ndi m'malonda, komanso kufanana pakati pa kuteteza chilengedwe ndi mtengo", makamaka kugawidwa m'mitundu iwiri yayikulu, yogwirizana ndi zosowa za zida zosiyanasiyana:
1. Mafiriji ang'onoang'ono: "Kulamulira kokhazikika" kwa mafiriji
R134a (tetrafluoroethane) ndiye refrigerant yodziwika bwino kwambiri pa mafiriji omwe alipo (makamaka mitundu yomwe ili ndi mphamvu zosakwana 200L), yomwe imaposa 70%. Ubwino wake waukulu wosinthira umawonetsedwa m'mbali zitatu: choyamba, imakwaniritsa miyezo yoteteza chilengedwe, yokhala ndi ODP ya 0, ndikuchotsa kwathunthu chiopsezo cha kuwonongeka kwa ozone layer ndikutsatira zofunikira zoyambira za malamulo apadziko lonse lapansi okhudza chilengedwe; chachiwiri, magwiridwe ake a thermodynamic ndi oyenera, yokhala ndi kutentha kokhazikika kwa -26.1°C, komwe, pamodzi ndi compressor yogwira ntchito bwino kwambiri ya firiji, kumatha kutentha bwino kwa chipinda chozizira kuyambira -18°C mpaka -25°C, ndipo mphamvu yake yoziziritsira (COP) ndi yokwera ndi 8%-12% kuposa ya R22, zomwe zingachepetse kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu kwa zida; Chachitatu, ili ndi chitetezo chodalirika, chomwe chili m'mafiriji a kalasi A1 (osakhala ndi poizoni komanso osayaka), ngakhale kutayikira pang'ono kutachitika, sikungayambitse ngozi pabanja, ndipo imagwirizana bwino ndi zida zapulasitiki ndi mafuta opaka compressor mkati mwa firiji, ndipo imalephera kugwira ntchito.
Kuphatikiza apo, mafiriji ena apakati mpaka apamwamba a m'nyumba amagwiritsa ntchito R600a (isobutane, hydrocarbon) - firiji yachilengedwe, yomwe ili ndi ODP ya 0 ndi GWP ya 3 yokha, yokhala ndi magwiridwe antchito abwino kwambiri kuposa R134a, ndipo magwiridwe antchito ake oziziritsa ndi 5%-10% kuposa R134a, zomwe zingachepetse kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu. Komabe, R600a ndi ya mafiriji a kalasi A3 (otha kuyaka kwambiri), ndipo kuchuluka kwake mumlengalenga kukafika pa 1.8%-8.4%, idzaphulika ikayikidwa pamoto wotseguka. Chifukwa chake, imagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mafiriji apakhomo okha (ndalama zomwe zimayikidwa zimakhala zochepa kwambiri kuposa 50g-150g, zochepa kwambiri kuposa zida zamalonda), ndipo firiji iyenera kukhala ndi zida zodziwonera zotsutsana ndi kutuluka kwa madzi (monga masensa opanikizika) ndi ma compressor osaphulika, omwe mtengo wake ndi 15%-20% kuposa wa mitundu ya R134a, kotero sichinatchulidwe mokwanira.
2. Mafiriji amalonda / mafiriji akuluakulu: "Kulowa pang'onopang'ono" kwa mafiriji otsika a GWP
Mafiriji amalonda (monga mafiriji a pachilumba chachikulu) ali ndi zofunikira kwambiri pa "kuteteza chilengedwe" ndi "kusunga bwino firiji" ya mafiriji chifukwa cha mphamvu zawo zazikulu (nthawi zambiri zopitirira 500L) komanso kuchuluka kwa firiji. Pakadali pano, zosankha zazikulu zagawidwa m'magulu awiri:
(1) Zosakaniza za HFC: “Kusintha kwa katundu wambiri” kwa R404A
R404A (yosakaniza pentafluoroethane, difluoromethane, ndi tetrafluoroethane) ndiye refrigerant yodziwika bwino ya mafiriji amalonda otentha pang'ono (monga mafiriji ozizira mwachangu -40°C), omwe ali pafupifupi 60%. Ubwino wake ndikuti magwiridwe ake oziziritsa pansi pa kutentha kochepa ndi abwino kwambiri - kutentha kwa -40°C, mphamvu yoziziritsira ndi 25%-30% kuposa ya R134a, yomwe imatha kukwaniritsa zosowa zosungira kutentha kochepa za mafiriji; ndipo ndi ya mafiriji a kalasi A1 (osakhala ndi poizoni komanso osayaka), okhala ndi ndalama zokwana makilogalamu angapo (zoposa kwambiri za mafiriji apakhomo), osadandaula za zoopsa zoyaka, zomwe zimagwirizana ndi ntchito yayikulu ya mafiriji akuluakulu.
Komabe, zofooka za R404A zoteteza chilengedwe zakhala zikuonekera pang'onopang'ono. Mtengo wake wa GWP ndi wokwera kufika pa 3922, womwe ndi mpweya woipa kwambiri wowononga chilengedwe. Pakadali pano, European Union ndi madera ena apereka malamulo oletsa kugwiritsa ntchito kwake (monga kuletsa kugwiritsa ntchito ma refrigerant okhala ndi GWP>2500 m'mafiriji atsopano opangidwa pambuyo pa 2022). Chifukwa chake, R404A pang'onopang'ono ikusinthidwa ndi ma refrigerant otsika a GWP.
(2) Mitundu ya GWP Yotsika: "Njira zina zachilengedwe" za R290 ndi CO₂
Potengera malamulo okhwima okhudza zachilengedwe, R290 (propane) ndi CO₂ (R744) zakhala njira zatsopano zogwiritsira ntchito mafiriji amalonda, zomwe zikugwirizana ndi zosowa zosiyanasiyana m'njira zosiyanasiyana:
R290 (propane): Amagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka m'mafiriji ang'onoang'ono amalonda (monga mafiriji ozungulira m'sitolo). Mtengo wake wa ODP ndi 0, mtengo wake wa GWP ndi pafupifupi 3, ndi chitetezo champhamvu kwambiri pa chilengedwe; ndipo mphamvu yake yoziziritsira ndi 10%-15% kuposa ya R404A, zomwe zingachepetse kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu yogwiritsira ntchito mafiriji amalonda (zipangizo zamalonda zimagwira ntchito kwa maola opitilira 20 patsiku, ndipo ndalama zogwiritsira ntchito mphamvu zimakhala gawo lalikulu). Komabe, R290 ndi ya mafiriji a kalasi A3 (otha kuyaka kwambiri), ndipo kuchuluka kwa ndalama kuyenera kulamulidwa mosamalitsa mkati mwa 200g (kotero ndi ochepa okha). Kuphatikiza apo, firiji iyenera kugwiritsa ntchito ma compressor osaphulika, mapaipi oletsa kutayikira (monga mapaipi a copper-nickel alloy) ndi mapangidwe a mpweya wabwino ndi kutentha. Pakadali pano, gawo lake m'mafiriji a ku Europe lapitirira 30%.
CO₂ (R744): Amagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka m'mafiriji amalonda omwe amatentha kwambiri (monga mafiriji a -60°C a zitsanzo zamoyo). Kutentha kwake kokhazikika kwa evaporation ndi -78.5°C, komwe kumatha kusunga kutentha kochepa kwambiri popanda makina ovuta oziziritsira; ndipo ili ndi ODP ya 0 ndi GWP ya 1, yokhala ndi chitetezo chosasinthika cha chilengedwe, ndipo siili ndi poizoni komanso yosayaka, yokhala ndi chitetezo chabwino kuposa R290. Komabe, CO₂ ili ndi kutentha kochepa (31.1°C). Kutentha kozungulira kukapitirira 25°C, ukadaulo wa "transcritical cycle" umafunika, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti compressor ya firiji ikhale yokwera mpaka 10-12MPa, zomwe zimafuna kugwiritsa ntchito mapaipi achitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri komanso ma compressor olimbana ndi kuthamanga kwambiri, omwe mtengo wake ndi 30%-40% kuposa mafiriji a R404A. Chifukwa chake, pakadali pano imagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka m'malo omwe ali ndi zofunikira kwambiri zoteteza chilengedwe komanso kutentha kochepa (monga mafiriji ofufuza zamankhwala ndi sayansi).
II. Zochitika zamtsogolo za ma refrigerant: Kutsika kwa GWP ndi chitetezo champhamvu zimakhala njira zazikulu zoyendetsera
Kuphatikiza ndi malamulo apadziko lonse lapansi okhudza chilengedwe (monga EU F-Gas Regulation, dongosolo la China la Montreal Protocol) komanso kukweza ukadaulo wa zida, mafiriji a mafiriji ndi mafiriji adzawonetsa zinthu zitatu zazikulu mtsogolo:
Mafiriji apakhomo: R600a pang'onopang'ono ikulowa m'malo mwa R134a – ndi kukhwima kwa ukadaulo woletsa kutuluka kwa madzi ndi kuphulika (monga zingwe zatsopano zotsekera, zida zodulira madzi zokha), mtengo wa R600a udzatsika pang'onopang'ono (akuyembekezeka kuti mtengowo udzatsika ndi 30% m'zaka 5 zikubwerazi), ndipo ubwino wake woteteza chilengedwe kwambiri komanso kugwiritsa ntchito bwino firiji udzawonetsedwa. Akuyembekezeka kuti gawo la R600a m'mafiriji apakhomo lidzapitirira 50% pofika chaka cha 2030, m'malo mwa R134a ngati chinthu chachikulu.
Mafiriji amalonda: "Kukula kwa CO₂ ndi HFOs kawiri-kawiri" - pa mafiriji amalonda otsika kwambiri (osakwana -40°C), kukhwima kwaukadaulo kwa CO₂ kudzapitirirabe kukula (monga ma compressor a transcritical cycle compressors ogwira ntchito bwino kwambiri), ndipo mtengo wake udzachepa pang'onopang'ono, ndipo chiwerengerocho chikuyembekezeka kupitirira 40% pofika chaka cha 2028; pa mafiriji amalonda otentha kwambiri (-25°C mpaka -18°C), R454C (chisakanizo cha HFOs ndi HFCs, GWP≈466) chidzakhala chachikulu, ndi magwiridwe antchito a firiji ofanana ndi a R404A, ndipo ali m'mafiriji a kalasi A2L (poizoni wochepa komanso woyaka pang'ono), popanda zoletsa zokhwima pa kuchuluka kwa ndalama, kulinganiza chitetezo cha chilengedwe ndi magwiridwe antchito.
Miyezo yowonjezereka ya chitetezo: Kuyambira "chitetezo chosagwira ntchito" mpaka "kuyang'anira mwachangu" - mosasamala kanthu za zida zapakhomo kapena zamalonda, makina oziziritsira amtsogolo nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi ntchito za "kuyang'anira kutayikira kwanzeru + chithandizo chadzidzidzi chodzidzimutsa" (monga masensa otayikira a laser a mafiriji apakhomo, ma alarm owunikira ndi zida zolumikizira mpweya wa mafiriji amalonda), makamaka mafiriji oyaka moto monga R600a ndi R290, kuti athetse zoopsa zomwe zingachitike kudzera munjira zaukadaulo ndikulimbikitsa kufalikira kwathunthu kwa mafiriji otsika a GWP.
III. Kufunika kofunikira pakufananiza zochitika zazikulu
Pa zosowa za ogwiritsa ntchito osiyanasiyana, mfundo zotsatirazi zitha kutsatiridwa posankha mafiriji:
Ogwiritsa ntchito m'nyumba: Ma R600a amaperekedwa patsogolo (kulinganiza kuteteza chilengedwe ndi kusunga mphamvu) - ngati bajeti ilola (200-500 yuan kuposa ma R134a), mafiriji olembedwa kuti "R600a refrigerant" ayenera kuperekedwa patsogolo. Kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zawo ndi kotsika ndi 8%-12% kuposa ma R134a, ndipo ndi abwino kwambiri kwa chilengedwe; mutagula, muyenera kuyang'anitsitsa kuti kumbuyo kwa firiji (komwe compressor ili) kusakhale pafupi ndi malawi otseguka, ndikuyang'ana nthawi zonse kulimba kwa zitseko kuti muchepetse chiopsezo cha kutuluka kwa madzi.
Ogwiritsa ntchito malonda:Sankhani malinga ndi zosowa za kutentha (kulinganiza mtengo ndi kuteteza chilengedwe) - mafiriji otenthetsera apakatikati (monga mafiriji osungiramo zinthu) amatha kusankha mitundu ya R290, yokhala ndi ndalama zochepa zogwiritsira ntchito mphamvu kwa nthawi yayitali; pa mafiriji otenthetsera otsika kwambiri (monga zida zoziziritsira mwachangu), ngati bajetiyo ndi yokwanira, mitundu ya CO₂ ndi yomwe imakondedwa, yomwe ikugwirizana ndi zomwe malamulo azachilengedwe amalimbikitsa ndipo imapewa chiopsezo chosiya kugwira ntchito mtsogolo; ngati kukhudzidwa ndi mtengo kwakanthawi kochepa kuli kodetsa nkhawa, mitundu ya R454C ikhoza kusankhidwa ngati kusintha, kulinganiza magwiridwe antchito komanso kuteteza chilengedwe.
Kukonza ndi kusintha: Gwirizanitsani bwino mtundu woyambirira wa firiji - mukasunga mafiriji akale ndi mafiriji, musasinthe mtundu wa firiji mwachisawawa (monga kusintha R134a ndi R600a), chifukwa mafiriji osiyanasiyana ali ndi zofunikira zosiyanasiyana pa compressor mafuta odzola ndi kuthamanga kwa mapaipi. Kugwiritsa ntchito mosiyanasiyana kungayambitse kuwonongeka kwa compressor kapena kulephera kuzizira. Ndikofunikira kulumikizana ndi akatswiri kuti muwonjezere mafiriji malinga ndi mtundu womwe walembedwa pa dzina la chipangizocho.
Nthawi yolemba: Ogasiti-29-2025 Mawonedwe: