Kufotokozera kwapaketi kwa makabati owonetsera ma keke apakompyuta kumapanga maziko owerengera katundu wapadziko lonse lapansi. Mwa mitundu yodziwika bwino padziko lonse lapansi, makabati ang'onoang'ono apakompyuta (utali wa 0.8-1 mita) amakhala ndi voliyumu ya pafupifupi 0.8-1.2 cubic metres ndi kulemera kwakukulu kwa 60-90 kg; zitsanzo sing'anga-kakulidwe (1-1.5 mamita) ndi buku la 1.2-1.8 kiyubiki mamita ndi kulemera okwana 90-150 makilogalamu; zitsanzo zazikulu zachikhalidwe (zopitilira 1.5 metres) nthawi zambiri zimapitilira ma kiyubiki mita 2 mu voliyumu ndipo zimatha kulemera kuposa 200 kg.
M'zinthu zapadziko lonse lapansi, zonyamula panyanja zimawerengedwa ndi "ma kiyubiki mita", pomwe zonyamula ndege zimawerengedwa kutengera mtengo wapamwamba pakati pa "ma kilogalamu" kapena "kulemera kwake" (kutalika × m'lifupi × kutalika ÷ 5000, ndi ndege zina zogwiritsa ntchito 6000). Mwachitsanzo, kabati kakang'ono ka keke kakang'ono ka mamita 1.2, kulemera kwake ndi 300 kg (1.5 cubic metres × 200). Ngati kutumizidwa ndi ndege kuchokera ku China kupita ku Ulaya, katundu wofunika kwambiri ndi pafupifupi $ 3-5 pa kilogalamu, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti katundu wandege okha kuyambira $900-1500; panyanja ($ 20-40 pa kiyubiki mita), katundu wofunikira ndi $ 30-60 okha, koma kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe kake ndi utali wa masiku 30-45.
Kuphatikiza apo, zofunikira zolondola za zida zimawonjezera ndalama zowonjezera.Chifukwa cha ma compressor omangidwira ndi magalasi owala, zoyendera zapadziko lonse lapansi ziyenera kutsata miyezo ya ISTA 3A. Mtengo wamabokosi amatabwa oletsa kupendekeka ndi pafupifupi $50-100 pagawo lililonse, kupitilira mtengo wapakatikati wapaulendo wapanyumba. Maiko ena (monga Australia ndi New Zealand) amafunanso zida kuti zizitsagana ndi ziphaso zofukiza, ndi chindapusa cha $30-50 pa batch.
2. Kusiyanasiyana kwa Mtengo ndi Zochitika Zogwiritsidwa Ntchito za Mayendedwe Odutsa malire
Pazamalonda apadziko lonse lapansi, kusankha kwamayendedwe kumatsimikizira mwachindunji mtengo wa katundu, ndikusiyana kwamitengo pakati pamitundu yosiyanasiyana kufika nthawi zopitilira 10:
- Zonyamula panyanja: Yoyenera mayendedwe ambiri (mayunitsi 10 kapena kupitilira apo). Chidebe chathunthu (chidebe cha mapazi a 20 chingathe kusunga makabati apakati pa 20-30) kuchokera ku Asia kupita ku madoko akuluakulu a ku Ulaya (Rotterdam, Hamburg) amawononga pafupifupi $ 1500-3000, yoperekedwa ku unit imodzi ndi $ 50-150 yokha; LCL (Yochepa ndi Container Load) imawerengedwa ndi ma kiyubiki mita, ndi Asia kupita ku West Coast ya North America pafupifupi $ 30-50 pa kiyubiki mita, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale katundu wapakatikati wa kabati pafupifupi $45-90, koma ndi ndalama zowonjezera zotulutsira (pafupifupi $20-30 pagawo lililonse).
- Zonyamula ndege: Yoyenera kuyitanitsa mwachangu. Zonyamula ndege zochokera ku Asia kupita ku North America zimakhala pafupifupi $4-8 pa kilogalamu imodzi, yokhala ndi kabati imodzi yapakatikati (300 kg dimensional weight) yogula $1200-2400, 20-30 kuposa yonyamula panyanja; katundu wa ndege ku Ulaya (mwachitsanzo, Germany kupita ku France) ndi wotsika, pafupifupi $2-3 pa kilogalamu imodzi, ndi mtengo wa unit imodzi ukutsikira ku $600-900.
- Zoyendera pamtunda: Zochepa kumayiko oyandikana nawo, monga mkati mwa EU kuchokera ku Spain kupita ku Poland. Zoyendera zapamtunda 专线 zimawononga pafupifupi $ 1.5-2 pa kilomita imodzi, ndipo ulendo wa 1000-km umawononga $ 150-200 pagawo, ndi nthawi ya masiku 3-5 komanso mtengo wapakati panyanja ndi ndege.
Ndikoyenera kudziwa kuti katundu wapadziko lonse lapansi samaphatikizapo chiphaso cha kopita. Mwachitsanzo, ku United States, makabati a keke otumizidwa kunja amakhala ndi msonkho wa 2.5% -5% (HTS code 841869), kuphatikizapo ndalama zolipirira makasitomala (pafupifupi $ 100-200 pa katundu aliyense), kuonjezera mtengo weniweni wa 10% -15%.
3. Mphamvu ya Regional Logistics Networks pa Terminal Freight
Kusalinganizika kwa ma network a zinthu zapadziko lonse lapansi kumabweretsa kusiyana kwakukulu pamitengo yogawa ma terminal kumadera onse:
Misika yokhwima ku Europe ndi America: Ndi zomangamanga zokonzedwa bwino, ndalama zogawa kuchokera kumadoko kupita kumasitolo ndizochepa. Ku US, kuchokera ku Port of Los Angeles kupita kumzinda wa Chicago, mtengo wamayendedwe apamtunda wa nduna imodzi yapakati ndi pafupifupi $80-150; ku Ulaya, kuchokera ku Port of Hamburg kupita kumzinda wa Munich, ndi pafupi € 50-100 (yofanana ndi $ 60-120), ndi mwayi wokonzekera (yofuna ndalama zowonjezera $ 20-30).
Misika yomwe ikubwera: Mitengo yomaliza ndiyokwera kwambiri. Kum'mwera chakum'mawa kwa Asia (mwachitsanzo, Jakarta, Indonesia), malipiro operekedwa kuchokera ku doko kupita kumzinda ndi pafupifupi $ 100-200 pa unit, ndi ndalama zowonjezera monga zolipiritsa ndi zolowera; m'mayendedwe akumtunda kuchokera ku Port of Lagos, Nigeria, chifukwa cha vuto la misewu, katundu wamtundu umodzi amatha kufika $200-300, omwe amawerengera 30% -50% ya mtengo wa CIF.
Madera akutali: Kutumiza kangapo kumabweretsa mtengo wowirikiza kawiri. Maiko monga Paraguay ku South America ndi Malawi mu Africa amafuna kuti katundu azitumizidwa ku madoko oyandikana nawo, ndipo katundu wokwanira wa nduna imodzi yapakati (kuphatikiza transshipment) amafika $800-1500, kupitilira mtengo wogulira zidazo.
4. Njira Zowongolera Ndalama Zonyamula katundu mu Global Sourcing
Muzamalonda apadziko lonse lapansi, kukonzekera koyenera kwa maulalo azinthu kumatha kuchepetsa mtengo wa katundu:
Kuyenda kochuluka pakati: Maoda a mayunitsi 10 kapena kupitilira apo pogwiritsa ntchito zonyamula katundu wam'madzi amatha kupulumutsa 30% -40% poyerekeza ndi LCL. Mwachitsanzo, kutumiza kuchokera ku China kupita ku Brazil, chidebe chodzaza mamita 20 chimawononga pafupifupi $ 4000 (yokhoza kugwira mayunitsi 25), ndi gawo limodzi la $ 160; kutumiza m'magulu 10 osiyana a LCL kungapangitse kuti katundu aliyense atengerepo $300.
Kapangidwe ka nyumba yosungiramo katundu: Kubwereketsa malo osungira kunja kwa misika yayikulu monga North America ndi Europe, pogwiritsa ntchito chitsanzo cha "chidebe chathunthu cham'nyanja + chogawa katundu wakunja", kungachepetse ndalama zotumizira kamodzi kuchokera pa $ 150 pagawo mpaka $ 50-80. Mwachitsanzo,Amazon FBAMalo osungiramo katundu aku Europe amathandizira kusungirako zida zozizira, ndi renti ya pamwezi pafupifupi $ 10-15 pa unit, yotsika kwambiri kuposa mtengo wotumizira mayiko angapo.
5. Zolemba za Global Market Freight Ranges
Kutengera ndi momwe zinthu ziliri padziko lonse lapansi, katundu wapadziko lonse lapansi wamakabati owonetsera makeke apakompyuta amatha kufotokozedwa mwachidule m'magulu otsatirawa (zonse za makabati apakati, kuphatikiza katundu woyambira + chilolezo cha kasitomu + kutumiza ma terminal):
- Malonda apakati pachigawo (mwachitsanzo, mkati mwa EU, mkati mwa North America): $150-300;
- Mayendedwe apakati panyanja pafupi ndi nyanja (Asia kumwera chakum’maŵa kwa Asia, Ulaya kupita kumpoto kwa Africa): $300-600;
- Mayendedwe a m’nyanja ya Intercontinental (Asia ku North America, Europe kupita ku South America): $600-1200;
- Madera akutali (kumtunda kwa Africa, mayiko ang'onoang'ono aku South America): $ 1200-2000.
Kuphatikiza apo, ndalama zowonjezera panthawi zapadera zimafunikira chisamaliro: pakukwera kulikonse kwamafuta amafuta 10%, mitengo yapanyanja imakwera ndi 5% -8%; kusokonekera kwa njira komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha mikangano yazandale (monga vuto la ku Nyanja Yofiira) kungathe kuwirikiza kawiri mitengo ya katundu panjira za ku Asia-Europe, kuonjezera mtengo wa unit imodzi ndi $300-500.
Nthawi yotumiza: Sep-10-2025 Maonedwe: