Mafotokozedwe a makabati owonetsera makeke a pakompyuta ndi omwe amapangira kuwerengera katundu wapadziko lonse lapansi. Pakati pa mitundu yayikulu yomwe imafalikira padziko lonse lapansi, makabati ang'onoang'ono a pakompyuta (kutalika kwa mita 0.8-1) ali ndi voliyumu yokwana pafupifupi 0.8-1.2 cubic meters ndi kulemera konse kwa 60-90 kg; mitundu yapakatikati (mita 1-1.5) ili ndi voliyumu ya 1.2-1.8 cubic meters ndi kulemera konse kwa 90-150 kg; mitundu yayikulu yopangidwa mwamakonda (yoposa mamita 1.5) nthawi zambiri imaposa 2 cubic meters ndipo imatha kulemera kupitirira 200 kg.
Mu kayendedwe ka zinthu padziko lonse lapansi, katundu wa panyanja amawerengedwa ndi "makilogalamu a cubic", pomwe katundu wa pandege amawerengedwa kutengera mtengo wapamwamba pakati pa "makilogalamu" kapena "kulemera kofanana" (kutalika × m'lifupi × kutalika ÷ 5000, ndipo makampani ena andege amagwiritsa ntchito 6000). Mwachitsanzo, potengera kabati ya makeke yapakatikati ya mita 1.2, kulemera kwake ndi 300 kg (makilogalamu a cubic 1.5 × 200). Ngati itatumizidwa ndi ndege kuchokera ku China kupita ku Europe, katundu woyambira ndi pafupifupi $3-5 pa kg, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti katundu wa pandege yekha akhale pakati pa $900-1500; panyanja ($20-40 pa kiyubiki mita), katundu woyambira ndi $30-60 yokha, koma nthawi yoyendera ndi yayitali ngati masiku 30-45.
Kuphatikiza apo, zofunikira pa kulondola kwa zida zimawonjezera ndalama zowonjezera.Chifukwa cha ma compressor omangidwa mkati ndi magalasi otenthedwa, mayendedwe apadziko lonse lapansi ayenera kutsatira miyezo ya ISTA 3A yolongedza. Mtengo wa mabokosi amatabwa oletsa kupindika ndi pafupifupi $50-100 pa unit iliyonse, zomwe zimaposa mtengo wa phukusi losavuta lolongedza mayendedwe apakhomo. Mayiko ena (monga Australia ndi New Zealand) amafunanso kuti zida ziziphatikizidwa ndi satifiketi yofukiza, ndi ndalama zokwana $30-50 pa batch iliyonse.
2. Kusiyana kwa Mtengo ndi Zochitika Zoyenera za Njira Zoyendera Zodutsa Malire
Mu malonda apadziko lonse lapansi, kusankha njira yoyendera kumatsimikiza mwachindunji mtengo wonyamula katundu, ndipo kusiyana kwa mtengo pakati pa njira zosiyanasiyana kumafika nthawi zoposa 10:
- Katundu wa panyanja: Yoyenera kunyamulidwa molemera (mayunitsi 10 kapena kuposerapo). Chidebe chokwanira (chidebe cha mamita 20 chingathe kusunga makabati apakatikati okwana 20-30) kuchokera ku Asia kupita ku madoko akuluakulu aku Europe (Rotterdam, Hamburg) chimawononga pafupifupi $1500-3000, chomwe chimaperekedwa ku yuniti imodzi ndi $50-150 yokha; LCL (Yocheperako kuposa Katundu wa Chidebe) imawerengedwa ndi ma cubic metres, ndipo Asia ku West Coast ya North America ndi pafupifupi $30-50 pa cubic mita, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kabati imodzi yapakatikati ikhale ndi katundu wa pafupifupi $45-90, koma ndi ndalama zowonjezera zotulutsira (pafupifupi $20-30 pa yuniti).
- Kunyamula katundu pandege: Yoyenera kuyitanitsa mwachangu. Katundu wa ndege wochokera ku Asia kupita ku North America ndi pafupifupi $4-8 pa kg, ndipo kabati imodzi yapakatikati (yolemera makilogalamu 300) imadula $1200-2400, nthawi 20-30 kuposa katundu wapanyanja; katundu wa ndege wamkati mwa Europe (monga Germany kupita ku France) ndi wotsika, pafupifupi $2-3 pa kg, ndipo mtengo wa unit imodzi umatsika kufika $600-900.
- Mayendedwe apansi: Kungopita kumayiko oyandikana nawo, monga mkati mwa EU kuchokera ku Spain kupita ku Poland. Mayendedwe apamtunda amawononga pafupifupi $1.5-2 pa km, ndipo ulendo wa makilomita 1000 umawononga $150-200 pa unit, ndi nthawi ya masiku 3-5 komanso ndalama pakati pa katundu wapanyanja ndi wamlengalenga.
Ndikofunikira kudziwa kuti katundu wakunja sakuphatikizapo ndalama zolipirira katundu wakunja. Mwachitsanzo, ku United States, makabati a makeke amalonda ochokera kunja amalipiridwa msonkho wa 2.5%-5% (HTS code 841869), kuphatikiza ndalama zolipirira katundu wakunja (pafupifupi $100-200 pa katundu aliyense), zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mtengo weniweni wa katundu ukhale wotsika ndi 10%-15%.
3. Mphamvu ya Ma Network a Zamalonda a Zigawo pa Kutumiza Ma Terminal
Kusalingana kwa maukonde apadziko lonse lapansi kumabweretsa kusiyana kwakukulu pamitengo yogawa ma terminal m'madera osiyanasiyana:
Misika yokhwima ku Europe ndi America: Ndi zomangamanga zoyendetsera zinthu zomwe zakonzedwa bwino, ndalama zogulira zinthu kuchokera ku madoko kupita ku masitolo ndizochepa. Ku US, kuyambira ku Port of Los Angeles kupita ku downtown Chicago, ndalama zoyendera zapansi pa kabati imodzi yapakatikati ndi pafupifupi $80-150; ku Europe, kuyambira ku Port of Hamburg kupita ku downtown Munich, ndi pafupifupi €50-100 (yofanana ndi $60-120), ndi mwayi wotumiza zinthu nthawi yomwe yakonzedwa (zofunika ndalama zina zowonjezera $20-30).
Misika yatsopano: Mitengo yotsika mtengo kwambiri ndi yokwera. Ku Southeast Asia (monga Jakarta, Indonesia), ndalama zotumizira kuchokera ku doko kupita mumzinda ndi pafupifupi $100-200 pa unit iliyonse, ndi ndalama zowonjezera monga milipiro ndi ndalama zolowera; poyendetsa mkati mwa dziko kuchokera ku Port of Lagos, Nigeria, chifukwa cha misewu yoipa, katundu wa unit imodzi akhoza kufika $200-300, zomwe zimapangitsa 30%-50% ya mtengo wa CIF wa doko.
Malo akutali: Kutumiza katundu wambiri kumabweretsa ndalama zambiri. Mayiko monga Paraguay ku South America ndi Malawi ku Africa amafuna kuti katundu atumizidwe kudzera m'madoko oyandikana nawo, ndipo katundu yense wa kabati imodzi yapakatikati (kuphatikizapo kutumiza katundu) amafika $800-1500, zomwe zimaposa mtengo wogulira zida zokha.
4. Njira Zowongolera Ndalama Zogulira Katundu Padziko Lonse
Mu malonda apadziko lonse lapansi, kukonzekera bwino maulalo azinthu zoyendera kungachepetse bwino kuchuluka kwa ndalama zoyendera:
Mayendedwe akuluakulu oyendera limodzi: Maoda a mayunitsi 10 kapena kuposerapo pogwiritsa ntchito katundu wodzaza ndi zidebe panyanja angapulumutse 30%-40% poyerekeza ndi LCL. Mwachitsanzo, kutumiza kuchokera ku China kupita ku Brazil, chidebe chodzaza cha mamita 20 chimawononga pafupifupi $4000 (chokhoza kusunga mayunitsi 25), ndi gawo la $160 pa yuniti; kutumiza m'magulu 10 osiyana a LCL kungapangitse kuti katundu wodzaza ndi mayunitsi opitilira $300 pa yuniti.
Kapangidwe ka nyumba yosungiramo katundu m'madera osiyanasiyana: Kubwereka nyumba zosungiramo katundu zakunja m'misika yofunika kwambiri monga North America ndi Europe, pogwiritsa ntchito njira ya "full container sea shipment + overseas warehouse distribution", kungachepetse ndalama zotumizira kamodzi kuchoka pa $150 pa unit kufika pa $50-80. Mwachitsanzo,Amazon FBANyumba zosungiramo zinthu zaku Europe zimathandiza kusungiramo zida zozizira, zomwe zimalipira lendi ya pamwezi ya pafupifupi $10-15 pa unit iliyonse, yotsika kwambiri poyerekeza ndi mtengo wotumizira zinthu zambiri zakunja.
5. Malangizo a Mizere Yonyamula Zinthu Padziko Lonse
Kutengera ndi momwe zinthu zilili padziko lonse lapansi, makabati owonetsera makeke padziko lonse lapansi amatha kufotokozedwa m'magulu otsatirawa (onse a makabati apakatikati, kuphatikiza katundu wamba + chilolezo cha misonkho + kutumiza katundu wa terminal):
- Malonda apakati pa madera (monga mkati mwa EU, mkati mwa North America): $150-300;
- Mayendedwe apafupi ndi nyanja (ku Asia kupita ku Southeast Asia, Europe kupita ku North Africa): $300-600;
- Mayendedwe a panyanja pakati pa ma continental (ku Asia kupita ku North America, Europe kupita ku South America): $600-1200;
- Madera akutali (mkati mwa Africa, mayiko ang'onoang'ono aku South America): $1200-2000.
Kuphatikiza apo, ndalama zowonjezera panthawi zapadera zimafunika kusamalidwa: pa kukwera kulikonse kwa 10% kwa mitengo yamafuta, ndalama zonyamula katundu panyanja zimakwera ndi 5%-8%; njira zodutsira zomwe zimayambitsidwa ndi mikangano yandale (monga vuto la Nyanja Yofiira) zimatha kuwirikiza kawiri mitengo yonyamula katundu panjira za ku Asia-Europe, ndikuwonjezera mtengo wa unit imodzi ndi $300-500.
Nthawi yolemba: Sep-10-2025 Mawonedwe: