Mabotolo okhala mufiriji nthawi zambiri amatanthauza makabati a zakumwa m'masitolo akuluakulu, mafiriji, makabati a makeke, ndi zina zotero, kutentha kwake kuli pansi pa 8°C. Mabwenzi omwe akuchita bizinesi yodzaza ndi zinthu zozizira padziko lonse lapansi akhala ndi chisokonezo ichi: zikuonekeratu kuti akukambirana za katundu wa panyanja wa $4,000 pa chidebe chilichonse, koma mtengo wonse womaliza umafika pa $6,000.
Mabotolo opangidwa mufiriji ochokera kunja ndi osiyana ndi mabotolo ouma wamba. Ndalama zoyendera zawo ndi dongosolo lophatikizana la "ndalama zoyambira + ndalama zowongolera kutentha + ndalama zowonjezera zoopsa". Kulephera kusamala pang'ono pa ulalo uliwonse kungayambitse kuwononga ndalama.
Kuphatikiza ndi kuwerengera mtengo kwaposachedwa kwa nyama yozizira ya ku Europe yomwe kasitomala watumiza kunja, tiyeni tifotokoze bwino mtengo wa zinthuzi zomwe zabisika kumbuyo kwa katundu wapanyanja kuti tikuthandizeni kupewa misampha yamtengo wapatali.
I. Ndalama zoyendera: Kunyamula katundu panyanja ndi "ndalama yolowera" yokha
Gawo ili ndi "gawo lalikulu" la mtengo wake, koma si chinthu chimodzi chokha cha katundu wa panyanja. M'malo mwake, limapangidwa ndi "katundu wamba + ndalama zowonjezera za unyolo wozizira" zomwe zimakhala ndi kusinthasintha kwamphamvu kwambiri.
1. Kunyamula katundu panyanja: Ndizachilendo kuti unyolo wozizira ukhale wokwera mtengo ndi 30%-50% kuposa zotengera wamba.
Makontena okhala mufiriji ayenera kukhala pamalo okhazikika a kampani ya sitima ndipo amafunika magetsi opitilira kuti kutentha kukhale kochepa, kotero mtengo woyambira wa katundu wokha ndi wokwera kwambiri kuposa wa makontena wamba ouma. Mwachitsanzo, kutenga makontena a 20GP, katundu wapanyanja wa katundu wamba wochokera ku Europe kupita ku China ndi pafupifupi $1,600-$2,200, pomwe makontena okhala mufiriji omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito popangira nyama yozizira amakwera mwachindunji kufika $3,500-$4,500; kusiyana kwa njira za Southeast Asia n'koonekeratu, pomwe makontena wamba amawononga $800-$1,200, ndipo makontena okhala mufiriji amawirikiza kawiri kufika $1,800-$2,500.
Apa tiyenera kudziwa kuti kusiyana kwa mitengo ndi kwakukulu pazifukwa zosiyanasiyana zowongolera kutentha: nyama yozizira imafunika kutentha kosalekeza kwa -18°C mpaka -25°C, ndipo mtengo wake wogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ndi wokwera ndi 20%-30% kuposa wa ziwiya zosungiramo mkaka zomwe zimakhala ndi kutentha kwa 0°C-4°C.
2. Ndalama Zowonjezera: Mitengo ya mafuta ndi nyengo zingapangitse kuti ndalama zikhale "zokwera kwambiri"
Gawo ili ndilo lomwe lingathe kupitirira bajeti, ndipo zonse ndi "ndalama zokhwima" zomwe makampani otumiza katundu angawonjezere nthawi iliyonse akafuna:
- Bunker Adjustment Factor (BAF/BRC): Dongosolo loziziritsira la makontena oziziritsira liyenera kugwira ntchito mosalekeza, ndipo mafuta amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri kuposa a makontena wamba, kotero gawo la mafuta owonjezera nalonso ndi lalikulu. Mu kotala lachitatu la 2024, mafuta owonjezera pa kontena iliyonse anali pafupifupi $400-$800, zomwe zikutanthauza 15%-25% ya katundu yense. Mwachitsanzo, MSC posachedwapa yalengeza kuti kuyambira pa Marichi 1, 2025, ndalama zobweza mafuta a katundu woziziritsira wotumizidwa ku United States zidzakwezedwa, kutsatira kusinthasintha kwa mitengo yamafuta padziko lonse lapansi.
- Ndalama Yowonjezera pa Nyengo Yaikulu (PSS): Ndalamayi ndi yopewera pa nthawi ya zikondwerero kapena nyengo yokolola m'madera olima. Mwachitsanzo, panthawi yotumiza zipatso zaku Chile kumayiko akumwera kwa dziko lapansi nthawi yachilimwe, zotengera zozizira zomwe zimatumizidwa ku United States zidzalipitsidwa ndalama zokwana $500 pa chidebe chilichonse; miyezi iwiri Chikondwerero cha Masika chisanachitike ku China, chiwongola dzanja cha zotengera zozizira kuchokera ku Europe kupita ku China chimawonjezeka ndi 30%-50%.
- Ndalama zowonjezera pa zipangizo: Ngati ziwiya zozizira kwambiri zokhala ndi chinyezi zikugwiritsidwa ntchito, kapena ntchito zoziziritsira zisanayambike, kampani yotumiza katundu idzalipiritsa ndalama zina zogwiritsira ntchito zipangizo za $200-$500 pa chidebe chilichonse, zomwe zimachitika kawirikawiri potumiza zipatso zapamwamba.
II. Kuchotsa madoko ndi misonkho: Zomwe zimakhala zovuta kwambiri pa "ndalama zobisika"
Anthu ambiri amawerengera mtengo asanafike padoko, koma amanyalanyaza "mtengo wa nthawi" wa chidebe chozizira chomwe chili padoko - mtengo wa tsiku ndi tsiku wa chidebe chozizira chomwe chili padoko ndi kawiri kapena katatu kuposa wa chidebe wamba.
1. Demurrage + kutsekeredwa m'ndende: "Wopha anthu nthawi" pa zotengera zozizira
Makampani otumiza katundu nthawi zambiri amapereka chidebe chaulere cha masiku 3-5, ndipo nthawi yosungiramo katundu waulere padoko ndi masiku 2-3. Chikapitirira malire a nthawi, ndalamazo zimawirikiza kawiri patsiku. 100% ya chakudya chochokera kunja chiyenera kuyesedwa ndikuyikidwa m'malo otetezedwa. Ngati doko lili lodzaza, ndalama zochotsera katundu zokha zimatha kufika pa 500-1500 yuan patsiku, ndipo ndalama zosungira zidebe zosungidwa mufiriji ndizokwera mtengo kwambiri, madola 100-200 patsiku.
Kasitomala wina anaitanitsa nyama yozizira kuchokera ku France. Chifukwa cha chidziwitso cholakwika pa satifiketi yochokera, chilolezo cha msonkho chinachedwetsedwa kwa masiku 5, ndipo ndalama zolipirira kusungidwa + zolipirira kundende zokha zinawononga ndalama zoposa 8,000 RMB, zomwe zinali pafupifupi 20% kuposa momwe ankayembekezera.
2. Kuchotsa ndi kuwunika misonkho: Ndalama zotsatizana sizingasungidwe
Gawo ili ndi ndalama zokhazikika, koma chisamaliro chiyenera kuperekedwa ku "chilengezo cholondola" kuti tipewe ndalama zina:
- Ndalama zolipirira nthawi zonse: Ndalama zolipirira msonkho (200-500 yuan pa tikiti iliyonse), ndalama zolipirira msonkho (300-800 yuan pa tikiti iliyonse), ndi ndalama zolipirira msonkho (500-1000 yuan) ndi zokhazikika. Ngati kusungira kwakanthawi m'malo ozizira omwe akuyang'aniridwa ndi msonkho kukufunika, ndalama zolipirira msonkho za 300-500 yuan patsiku zidzawonjezedwa.
- Misonkho ndi msonkho wowonjezera mtengo: Iyi ndi "gawo lalikulu" la mtengo, koma ikhoza kusungidwa kudzera m'mapangano amalonda. Mwachitsanzo, pogwiritsa ntchito satifiketi ya FORM E ya RCEP, ma durian aku Thailand amatha kutumizidwa kunja popanda msonkho; Zogulitsa mkaka zaku Australia zitha kuchepetsedwa mwachindunji kukhala 0 ndi satifiketi yochokera. Kuphatikiza apo, HS code iyenera kukhala yolondola. Mwachitsanzo, ayisikilimu yolembedwa pansi pa 2105.00 (ndi msonkho wa 6%) imatha kusunga misonkho ya madola masauzande ambiri pa chidebe chilichonse poyerekeza ndi yolembedwa pansi pa 0403 (ndi msonkho wa 10%).
III. Ndalama zothandizira: Zikuoneka ngati zazing'ono, koma kuwonjezera pa ndalama zodabwitsa
Mtengo wa maulalo awa si wokwera, koma umawonjezeka, nthawi zambiri umakhala 10%-15% ya mtengo wonse.
1. Ndalama zolipirira kulongedza ndi kugwiritsa ntchito: Kulipira kuti zinthu zisungidwe bwino
Katundu wophikidwa mufiriji amafunika kulongedza kwapadera kosanyowa komanso kosagwedezeka. Mwachitsanzo, kulongedza nyama yozizira pogwiritsa ntchito vacuum kungachepetse kuchuluka kwa mafuta ndi 30%, zomwe sizimangopulumutsa katundu komanso zimasunga kutsitsimuka, komanso ndalama zolongedza ndi $100-$300 pa chidebe chilichonse. Kuphatikiza apo, ma forklift aukadaulo oziziritsa amafunika kuti anyamule ndi kutsitsa katundu, ndipo ndalama zogwirira ntchito ndi 50% kuposa za katundu wamba. Ngati katunduyo akuopa kugundidwa ndipo akufunika kuyikidwa pamanja, ndalamazo zidzakwera kwambiri.
2. Inshuwalansi yamtengo wapatali: Kupereka chitetezo pa "katundu wowonongeka"
Ngati kulamulira kutentha kwa katundu wozizira kwalephera, kudzakhala kutayika konse, kotero inshuwalansi siingapulumutsidwe. Nthawi zambiri, inshuwalansi imatengedwa pa 0.3%-0.8% ya mtengo wa katunduyo. Mwachitsanzo, pa nyama yozizira yamtengo wa $50,000, ndalama zolipirira zimakhala pafupifupi $150-$400. Pa maulendo ataliatali monga South America ndi Africa, ndalama zolipirira zidzakwera kufika pa 1%, chifukwa nthawi yoyendera ikakhala yayitali, chiopsezo chowongolera kutentha chimakhala chachikulu.
3. Ndalama zolipirira mayendedwe apakhomo: Mtengo wa mtunda womaliza
Pa mayendedwe ochokera ku doko kupita ku malo osungiramo zinthu zozizira mkati mwa dzikolo, katundu wa magalimoto oziziritsa ndi wokwera ndi 40% kuposa wa magalimoto wamba. Mwachitsanzo, ndalama zoyendera chidebe chozizira cha 20GP kuchokera ku Shanghai Port kupita ku malo osungiramo zinthu zozizira ku Suzhou ndi 1,500-2,000 yuan. Ngati ndi kumadera apakati ndi akumadzulo, ndalama zina zokwana 200-300 yuan pa makilomita 100 zidzawonjezedwa, ndipo ndalama zoyendetsera galimoto zopanda kanthu zobwerera nazo ziyenera kuphatikizidwanso.
IV. Maluso othandiza owongolera ndalama: njira zitatu zosungira 20% ya ndalama
Pambuyo pomvetsetsa kapangidwe ka ndalama, kuwongolera ndalama kungachitike mwadongosolo. Nazi njira zina zotsimikizika:
1. Sankhani LCL ya magulu ang'onoang'ono ndikusaina mapangano a nthawi yayitali a magulu akuluakulu:
Ngati kuchuluka kwa katundu kuli kochepera mamita 5 a cubic, LCL (Kuchepera kwa katundu wa Container) imasunga 40%-60% ya katunduyo poyerekeza ndi FCL. Ngakhale kuti nthawi yogwira ntchito ndi yochepa masiku 5-10, ndi yoyenera maoda oyesera; ngati kuchuluka kwa kusungitsa pachaka kupitirira makontena 50, sainani mgwirizano wa nthawi yayitali mwachindunji ndi kampani yotumiza kuti mupeze kuchotsera kwa 5%-15%.
2. Kuwongolera kutentha ndi nthawi moyenera kuti muchepetse kuwononga mphamvu:
Khazikitsani kutentha kofunikira kocheperako malinga ndi mawonekedwe a katunduyo. Mwachitsanzo, nthochi zitha kusungidwa pa 13°C, ndipo palibe chifukwa chozichepetsa kufika pa 0°C; lumikizanani ndi kampani yochotsera katundu pasadakhale kuti mukonze zinthu musanafike padoko, pewani nthawi yowunikira mkati mwa tsiku limodzi, ndikupewa kuchedwa.
3. Gwiritsani ntchito ukadaulo kuti muchepetse ndalama:
Ikani GPS yowunikira kutentha pa ziwiya zosungiramo zinthu mufiriji kuti muzitsatira kusintha kwa kutentha nthawi yeniyeni, kupewa kutayika konse chifukwa cha kulephera kwa zida; gwiritsani ntchito njira yosungiramo zinthu yokha, yomwe ingachepetse ndalama zogwirira ntchito zosungiramo zinthu zozizira ndi 10%-20%.
Pomaliza, chidule: Kuwerengera mtengo kuyenera kusiya "malo osinthika"
Njira yogulira zinthu zosungiramo zinthu zozizira zomwe zatumizidwa kunja ingathe kufotokozedwa mwachidule motere: (Kutumiza katundu panyanja + ndalama zowonjezera) + (Ndalama zolipirira doko + ndalama zochotsera katundu wakunja) + (Kulongedza + inshuwalansi + ndalama zoyendera m'nyumba) + 10% ya bajeti yosinthika. 10% iyi ndi yofunika kwambiri pothana ndi mavuto monga kukwera kwa mitengo yamafuta ndi kuchedwa kwa kuchotsa katundu wakunja.
Kupatula apo, mfundo yaikulu ya mayendedwe ozizira ndi "kusunga zinthu zatsopano". M'malo mongokhala osasamala ndi ndalama zofunika, ndi bwino kuchepetsa ndalama zobisika pokonzekera bwino - kusunga khalidwe la katundu ndiko kusunga ndalama zambiri.
Nthawi yolemba: Novembala-12-2025 Mawonedwe: