Zotengera zokhala mufiriji nthawi zambiri zimatanthawuza makabati a zakumwa zam'sitolo, mafiriji, makabati a makeke, ndi zina zotere, kutentha kuchepera 8°C. Anzake omwe akuchita nawo bizinesi yozizira padziko lonse lapansi onse akhala ndi chisokonezo: kukambirana momveka bwino za katundu wapanyanja wa $ 4,000 pachidebe chilichonse, koma mtengo wake wonse umafikira $6,000.
Zotengera zolowa mufiriji ndizosiyana ndi zotengera wamba zowuma. Ndalama zawo zoyendera ndi dongosolo lophatikizika la "malipiro oyambira + malipiro owongolera kutentha + owonjezera pachiwopsezo". Kuyang'anira pang'ono pa ulalo uliwonse kungapangitse kuti mtengo ukhale wosalamulirika.
Kuphatikizidwa ndi kuwerengetsera kwaposachedwa kwamitengo yamakasitomala a nyama yowundana ya ku Europe yomwe kasitomala watumiza kunja, tiyeni tifotokozere bwino zinthu zamtengo wapatalizi zobisika kuseri kwa katundu wapanyanja kuti zikuthandizeni kupewa misampha yamitengo.
I. Ndalama zoyendera: Zonyamula panyanja ndi "ndalama zolowera"
Mbali imeneyi ndi “gawo lalikulu” la mtengo wake, koma si katundu wapanyanja. M'malo mwake, imakhala ndi "katundu woyambira + wowonjezera wozizira" wokhala ndi kusinthasintha kwamphamvu kwambiri.
1. Zonyamula panyanja: Ndi zachilendo kuti unyolo wozizira ukhale wokwera 30% -50% kuposa zotengera wamba
Zotengera zokhala mufiriji zimafunika kukhala pamalo ozizira omwe kampani ya sitimayo imadzipereka ndipo imafunikira magetsi osalekeza kuti asatenthedwe, ndiye kuti katundu wofunikirawo ndiwokwera kwambiri kuposa zotengera zowuma wamba. Kutengera 20GP muli mwachitsanzo, ndi nyanja katundu katundu wamba ku Ulaya kuti China ndi za $1,600-$2,200, pamene muli firiji zotengera ntchito yozizira nyama mwachindunji kukwera kwa $3,500-$4,500; kusiyana kwa njira zakumwera chakum'mawa kwa Asia kuli koonekeratu, zotengera wamba zimawononga $800-$1,200, ndi zotengera zokhala mufiriji kuwirikiza kawiri mpaka $1,800-$2,500.
Tiyenera kuzindikira apa kuti kusiyana kwa mtengo kulinso kwakukulu pazifukwa zosiyanasiyana zowongolera kutentha: nyama yowundana imafuna kutentha kosalekeza kwa -18 ° C mpaka -25 ° C, ndipo mtengo wake wogwiritsira ntchito mphamvu ndi 20% -30% kuposa wa zotengera zamkaka zamkaka ndi kutentha kwa 0 ° C-4 ° C.
2. Zowonjezera: Mitengo yamafuta ndi nyengo zimatha kupangitsa kuti mtengo ukhale wokwera kwambiri.
Gawoli ndilomwe lingathe kupitirira bajeti, ndipo zonsezi ndi "ndalama zolimba" zomwe makampani otumiza katundu angawonjezere pakufuna kwake:
- Bunker Adjustment Factor (BAF/BRC): Makina a firiji a zotengera zokhala mufiriji amayenera kugwira ntchito mosalekeza, ndipo mafuta amafuta ndi okwera kwambiri kuposa omwe amatengera wamba, ndiye kuti kuchuluka kwamafuta owonjezera ndikwambiri. M'gawo lachitatu la 2024, mafuta owonjezera pachidebe chilichonse anali pafupifupi $400- $800, zomwe zikutanthauza 15% -25% ya katundu wonse. Mwachitsanzo, MSC posachedwapa yalengeza kuti kuyambira pa Marichi 1, 2025, chindapusa chobwezera mafuta amafuta amafuta otumizidwa ku United States chidzakwezedwa, kutsatira kusinthasintha kwamitengo yamafuta padziko lonse lapansi.
- Peak Season Surcharge (PSS): Ndalamazi sizingalephereke panthawi ya zikondwerero kapena nyengo yokolola m'madera okolola. Mwachitsanzo, m’nyengo imene zipatso za ku Chile zimatumiza kunja kwambiri m’chilimwe cha kum’mwera kwa dziko lapansi, makontena afiriji otumizidwa ku United States adzalipitsidwa mtengo wamtengo wapatali wa $500 pa chidebe chilichonse; miyezi iwiri Chikondwerero cha Spring chisanachitike ku China, kuchuluka kwa zotengera zafiriji kuchokera ku Europe kupita ku China kumawonjezeka ndi 30% -50%.
- Zida zowonjezera zowonjezera: Ngati zitsulo zokhala ndi firiji zapamwamba zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi chinyezi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, kapena ntchito zoziziritsa kale zikufunika, kampani yotumizira idzapereka ndalama zowonjezera zogwiritsira ntchito zipangizo za $ 200- $ 500 pa chidebe, zomwe zimakhala zofala poitanitsa zipatso zamtengo wapatali.
II. Kuloledwa kwa madoko ndi kasitomu: Zomwe zimakonda kwambiri "ndalama zobisika"
Anthu ambiri amangowerengera mtengo wake asanafike padoko, koma osanyalanyaza "mtengo wanthawi" wa chidebe chozizira chomwe chimakhala padoko - mtengo watsiku ndi tsiku wa chidebe chokhala ndi firiji ndi nthawi 2-3 kuposa chidebe wamba.
1. Demurrage + kutsekeredwa: “Wopha nthawi” wa zotengera zosungidwa mufiriji
Makampani otumizira nthawi zambiri amapereka chidebe chaulere cha masiku 3-5, ndipo nthawi yosungiramo kwaulere padoko ndi masiku 2-3. Ikadutsa malire a nthawi, malipirowo amawirikiza kawiri tsiku lililonse. 100% ya chakudya chochokera kunja chiyenera kuyang'aniridwa ndikuyika kwaokha. Ngati doko ladzaza, demurrage yokha imatha kufika 500-1500 yuan patsiku, ndipo ndalama zotsekera ziwiya zafiriji ndizokwera mtengo kwambiri, madola 100-200 patsiku.
Wogula anatumiza nyama yachisanu kuchokera ku France. Chifukwa cha chidziwitso cholakwika pa satifiketi yochokera, chilolezo chamilandu chinachedwetsedwa kwa masiku 5, ndipo chindapusa cha demurrage + ndende chokha chimawononga ndalama zoposa 8,000 RMB, zomwe zinali pafupifupi 20% kuposa momwe amayembekezera.
2. Chilolezo cha kasitomu ndi kuyendera: Ndalama zotsatila sizingasungidwe
Gawoli ndi ndalama zokhazikika, koma chidwi chiyenera kuperekedwa ku "chidziwitso cholondola" kuti tipewe ndalama zowonjezera:
- Malipiro anthawi zonse: Ndalama zolengeza za kasitomu (200-500 yuan pa tikiti), chindapusa chotsimikizira (300-800 yuan pa tikiti), komanso chindapusa choyendera (500-1000 yuan) ndizokhazikika. Ngati kusungirako kwakanthawi kumalo osungirako ozizira koyang'aniridwa ndi miyambo kumafunika, ndalama zosungirako zokwana 300-500 yuan patsiku zidzawonjezedwa.
- Misonkho ndi msonkho wowonjezera mtengo: Ichi ndi "gawo lalikulu" la mtengo wake, koma ukhoza kupulumutsidwa kudzera mu mgwirizano wamalonda. Mwachitsanzo, pogwiritsa ntchito satifiketi ya FORM E ya RCEP, ma durians aku Thai amatha kutumizidwa kunja kwaulere; Zogulitsa zamkaka zaku Australia zitha kuchepetsedwa mitengo yake mpaka 0 ndi satifiketi yochokera. Kuphatikiza apo, HS code iyenera kukhala yolondola. Mwachitsanzo, ayisikilimu omwe ali pansi pa 2105.00 (ndi msonkho wa 6%) akhoza kupulumutsa madola masauzande pamisonkho pachidebe chilichonse poyerekeza ndi kuikidwa pansi pa 0403 (ndi msonkho wa 10%).
III. Ndalama zothandizira: Zimawoneka zazing'ono, koma kuwonjezera pamtengo wodabwitsa
Mtengo waumwini wa maulalo awa siwokwera, koma amawonjezera, nthawi zambiri amawerengera 10% -15% ya mtengo wonse.
1. Malipiro olongedza ndi opareshoni: Kulipirira kusungirako mwatsopano
Zinthu zokhala mufiriji zimafunikira kuyika kwapadera kosagwirizana ndi chinyezi komanso kusagwedezeka. Mwachitsanzo, kuyika vacuum ya nyama yozizira kumatha kuchepetsa voliyumu ndi 30%, zomwe sizimangopulumutsa katundu komanso zimasunga kutsitsimuka, koma mtengo wolongedza ndi $ 100- $ 300 pachidebe chilichonse. Kuphatikiza apo, ma forklift aukadaulo ozizira amafunikira pakutsitsa ndikutsitsa, ndipo ndalama zolipirira ndizokwera 50% kuposa katundu wamba. Ngati katunduyo akuwopa kugundana ndipo akufunika kuyika kuwala pamanja, chindapusacho chidzakweranso.
2. Inshuwaransi premium: Kupereka chitetezo kwa "katundu wowonongeka"
Kuwongolera kutentha kwa zinthu zafiriji kukalephera, kudzakhala kutayika kwathunthu, kotero inshuwaransi siyingapulumutsidwe. Nthawi zambiri, inshuwaransi imatengedwa pa 0.3% -0.8% ya mtengo wamtengo wapatali. Mwachitsanzo, pamtengo wa $50,000 wa nyama yachisanu, mtengo wake ndi pafupifupi $150-$400. Kwa misewu yayitali monga South America ndi Africa, ndalama zolipirira zidzakwera kuposa 1%, chifukwa nthawi yayitali yoyendera, imakhala ndi chiopsezo chowongolera kutentha.
3. Ndalama zoyendera pakhomo: Mtengo wa mtunda wotsiriza
Pamayendedwe kuchokera padoko kupita kumalo ozizira ozizira, katundu wamagalimoto afiriji amakwera 40% kuposa magalimoto wamba. Mwachitsanzo, ndalama zoyendetsera chidebe chozizira cha 20GP kuchokera ku Shanghai Port kupita kumalo ozizira ku Suzhou ndi 1,500-2,000 yuan. Ngati ili kumadera apakati ndi kumadzulo, 200-300 yuan pa kilomita 100 idzawonjezedwa, ndipo chindapusa chobwerera opanda kanthu chiyeneranso kuphatikizidwa.
IV. Maluso othandiza kuwongolera mtengo: Njira zitatu zopulumutsira 20% yamitengo
Pambuyo pomvetsetsa mtengo wamtengo wapatali, kuwongolera mtengo kutha kuchitika mwadongosolo. Nazi njira zotsimikiziridwa:
1. Sankhani LCL pamagulu ang'onoang'ono ndikusayina makontrakitala anthawi yayitali amagulu akulu:
Pamene voliyumu yonyamula katunduyo ili yosakwana 5 kiyubiki metres, LCL (Yosakwana Container Load) imapulumutsa 40% -60% ya katunduyo poyerekeza ndi FCL. Ngakhale kuti nthawi yogwira ntchito ndi masiku 5-10 pang'onopang'ono, ndiyoyenera kuyitanitsa mayesero; ngati voliyumu yosungitsa yapachaka iposa zotengera 50, saina pangano lanthawi yayitali mwachindunji ndi kampani yotumiza kuti muchepetse 5% -15%.
2. Yang'anirani bwino kutentha ndi nthawi kuti muchepetse kuwononga mphamvu:
Khazikitsani kutentha kofunikira molingana ndi mawonekedwe a katundu. Mwachitsanzo, nthochi zimatha kusungidwa pa 13 ° C, ndipo palibe chifukwa chotsitsa mpaka 0 ° C; lumikizanani ndi kampani yopereka chilolezo pasadakhale kuti mukonzekere zida zisanafike padoko, sungani nthawi yoyendera mpaka mkati mwa tsiku limodzi, ndikupewa kusokoneza.
3. Gwiritsani ntchito ukadaulo kuti muchepetse ndalama:
Ikani zowunikira zowongolera kutentha kwa GPS pazotengera zokhala mufiriji kuti muwone kusintha kwa kutentha munthawi yeniyeni, kupewa kutaya kwathunthu chifukwa chakulephera kwa zida; gwiritsani ntchito makina osungira katundu, omwe angachepetse mtengo wogwiritsira ntchito posungirako ozizira ndi 10% -20%.
Pomaliza, chidule: Kuwerengera mtengo kuyenera kusiya "malo osinthika"
Mtengo wa zotengera zafiriji zotumizidwa kunja ukhoza kufotokozedwa mwachidule monga: (Basic sea katundu + surcharges) + (Port fees + Customs clearance fees) + (Packaging + inshuwaransi + ndalama zoyendera zapakhomo) + 10% bajeti yosinthika. 10% iyi ndiyofunikira kwambiri pothana ndi zovuta zadzidzidzi monga kukwera mtengo kwamafuta ndi kuchedwa kuchotsedwa kwa kasitomu.
Kupatula apo, pachimake pamayendedwe ozizira ndi "kuteteza mwatsopano". M'malo mokhala wotopa ndi ndalama zofunikira, ndi bwino kuchepetsa ndalama zobisika mwa kukonzekera bwino - kusunga khalidwe la katundu ndiko kupulumutsa kwakukulu.
Nthawi yotumiza: Nov-12-2025 Maonedwe: