Kumvetsetsa Kusiyana Pakati pa Mitundu Yozizira ya Mafiriji

Zipangizo zamakono zosungiramo firiji n’zofunika kwambiri posunga chakudya, komabe mafiriji monga R134a, R290, R404a, R600a, ndi R507 amasiyana kwambiri pakugwiritsa ntchito. R290 imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'makabati a zakumwa zozizira, pomwe R143a imagwiritsidwa ntchito pafupipafupi m'makabati ang'onoang'ono amowa. R600a nthawi zambiri imasungidwa pazida zapadera zozizira.

Mafiriji ndi amene amathandiza kuti mafiriji azitha kutentha komanso kuti m’kati mwake muzizizira bwino. Komabe, si mafiriji onse omwe amapangidwa mofanana-mankhwala awo, momwe angakhudzire chilengedwe, mbiri yachitetezo, ndi machitidwe amasiyana kwambiri. Kwa ogula, amisiri, ndi akatswiri amakampani ku Europe ndi North America, kumvetsetsa kusiyana kumeneku ndikofunikira, makamaka pakati pa kukakamiza kokhazikika kuti muchepetse kutulutsa kwa mpweya wowonjezera kutentha ndikuteteza ozoni.

Zofunikira Zowunika Zopangira Mafiriji

Musanadumphire mumitundu yosiyanasiyana, ndikofunikira kutanthauzira miyeso yomwe ili yofunika kwambiri pakugwiritsa ntchito firiji. Njirazi zimadziwika padziko lonse lapansi mumakampani a HVAC/R (Kutentha, Mpweya Wozizira, Zozizira, Zozizira) ndikuwongolera zisankho padziko lonse lapansi:

• ODP (Kutha Kwa Ozoni): Muyeso wa kuchuluka kwa zinthu zomwe zimawononga ozoni layer. Chizindikiro ndi R11 (firiji yoletsedwa tsopano), yokhala ndi ODP ya 1. Chiwerengero cha 0 chimatanthauza kuti firiji ilibe zotsatira zowononga ozoni.
• GWP (Global Warming Potential): Mulingo wakuthandizira kwazinthu pakusintha kwanyengo pazaka 100, poyerekeza ndi mpweya woipa (CO₂, GWP = 1). Makhalidwe otsika a GWP amayikidwa patsogolo pansi pa malamulo monga EU F-Gas Regulation ndi US EPA's SNAP (Significant New Alternatives Policy).
• Gulu la Chitetezo cha ASHRAE: Muyezo (ASHRAE 34-2022) umene umayesa mafiriji mwa kupsa (Kalasi 1: zosapsa; Kalasi 2L: zoyaka pang’ono; Kalasi 2: zoyaka; Kalasi 3: zoyaka kwambiri) ndi kawopsedwe (Kalasi A: kawopsedwe kochepa; Kalasi B: kawopsedwe kwambiri). Mafiriji ambiri amagwera m'kalasi A.
• Magwiridwe a Thermodynamic: Kumaphatikizapo kuzizira bwino (COP, kapena Coefficient of Performance, pamene apamwamba = bwino), kuthamanga kwa ntchito (kuyenera kufanana ndi mapangidwe a kompresa ya furiji), ndi kutentha (koyenera ma furiji apakati kapena mafiriji osatentha kwambiri).
• Kuyanjanitsa: Imagwira ntchito ndi mafuta opaka kompresa a furiji (monga mafuta amchere, mafuta a POE) ndi zida (monga zosindikizira, mapaipi) kuti apewe kuwonongeka kwa dongosolo.

Munthu Payekha Refrigerant Analysis

Firiji iliyonse ili ndi mphamvu ndi malire ake, ndikupangitsa kuti ikhale yoyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito mwapadera - kuyambira mafiriji apanyumba mpaka mafiriji ogulitsa. Pansipa pali tsatanetsatane wamtundu uliwonse.

1. R134a (Tetrafluoroethane)

Mtundu wa Chemical: Pure hydrofluorocarbon (HFC)

Zofunika Kwambiri:

• ODP: 0 (ozoni-otetezeka)
• GWP: 1,430 (pa IPCC Sixth Assessment Report, 100-year horizon)
• Gulu la Chitetezo cha ASHRAE: A1 (osayaka, kawopsedwe kochepa)
• Kuthamanga kwa Opaleshoni: Yapakatikati (poyerekeza ndi mafiriji ena)
• Kugwirizana: Imagwira ntchito ndi mafuta a POE (polyol ester) kapena PAG (polyalkylene glycol).

Magwiridwe & Ntchito:

R134a inatulukira m’zaka za m’ma 1990 monga choloŵa m’malo mwa R12 (CFC yokhala ndi ODP yapamwamba, yomwe tsopano ndiyoletsedwa pansi pa Montreal Protocol). Zinakhala zofunikira kwambiri m'mafuriji apanyumba, zoziziritsira zakumwa zazing'ono, ndi mafiriji onyamula chifukwa chosapsa ndi moto komanso kuphatikiza kosavuta ndi machitidwe omwe alipo. Kuzizira kwake (COP) ndikokwanira—kukwanira kutentha kwa furiji (2–8°C m’chipinda chatsopano, -18°C mufiriji) koma kutsika kuposa mafiriji achilengedwe monga R600a.

Kayendetsedwe & Zachilengedwe:

Ngakhale kuti R134a ndi yotetezedwa ndi ozoni, GWP yake yapamwamba yachititsa kuti ku Ulaya ndi North America kukhale ziletso. Pansi pa EU's F-Gas Regulation (EC No 517/2014), kugwiritsa ntchito kwa R134a m'zida zatsopano zafiriji kwatsitsidwa kuyambira 2020, ndikuchepetsa kwina. Zimakhala zofala m'mafuriji akale koma zikusinthidwa ndi njira zotsika za GWP mumitundu yatsopano.

Zovuta: GWP yapamwamba imalepheretsa kukhalapo kwa nthawi yayitali; kutsika bwino kuposa mafiriji achilengedwe.

2. R600a (Isobutane)

Mtundu wa Chemical: Pure hydrocarbon (HC, "firiji yachilengedwe" yochokera ku petroleum/gesi)

Zofunika Kwambiri:

• ODP: 0 (ozoni-otetezeka)
• GWP: 3 (zowonongeka kwanyengo - chimodzi mwazotsika kwambiri)
• Gulu la Chitetezo cha ASHRAE: A3 (yoyaka kwambiri, kawopsedwe kakang'ono)
• Kupanikizika Kwambiri: Kutsika (kumafuna ma compressor opangidwira makina otsika kwambiri)
• Kugwirizana: Imagwira ntchito ndi mafuta amchere kapena mafuta a alkylbenzene (AB) (osati POE/PAG).

Magwiridwe & Ntchito:

R600a tsopano ndiye firiji yodziwika bwino m'mafuriji amakono apanyumba ku Europe ndi North America. Kuzizira kwake kwakukulu (COP 5-10% kuposa R134a) kumachepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu, kugwirizana ndi EU Energy Label ndi US ENERGY STAR® miyezo. GWP yake yotsika imapangitsanso kuti igwirizane ndi malamulo okhwima a mpweya.

Zolinga Zachitetezo ndi Kuyika:

Kutentha ndi vuto lalikulu la R600a. Pofuna kuchepetsa chiwopsezo, opanga amachepetsa kuchuluka kwa mtengo wake mu furiji (nthawi zambiri ≤150 magalamu) ndikugwiritsa ntchito zida zomwe sizingaphulike (mwachitsanzo, ma compressor osindikizidwa, magawo amagetsi osayaka). Akatswiri amafunikira maphunziro apadera kuti athe kuthana ndi kutayikira, chifukwa nthunzi wa R600a wokhazikika umayaka.

Zovuta: Kuwotcha kwakukulu kumafuna kamangidwe kokhazikika ndi kasamalidwe ka chitetezo; sagwirizana ndi mafuta a POE/PAG.

3. R290 (Propane)

Mtundu wa Chemical: Pure hydrocarbon (HC, firiji yachilengedwe)

Zofunika Kwambiri:

• ODP: 0 (ozoni-otetezeka)
• GWP: 3 (yofanana ndi R600a, kutsika kwambiri kwanyengo)
• Kalasi ya Chitetezo ya ASHRAE: A3 (yoyaka kwambiri, yachiwopsezo chochepa—imatha kuyaka pang’ono kuposa R600a, yokhala ndi mphamvu yoyatsira yochepa)
• Kupanikizika kwa Ntchito: Pakatikati-pansi (kuposa R600a, kutsika kuposa R134a)
• Kugwirizana: Imagwira ntchito ndi mafuta amchere kapena mafuta a AB.

Magwiridwe & Ntchito:

R290 imapereka kuzizira kwapadera-COP yake ndi 10-15% yokwera kuposa R134a, kupangitsa kuti ikhale yabwino mufiriji yosagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mafuriji ang'onoang'ono mpaka apakatikati, mafiriji ang'onoang'ono, ndi zoziziritsira zowonetsera zamalonda (pomwe kukula kwake kuli kochepa). M'magawo ngati EU, ikuvomerezedwa mochulukira ngati cholowa m'malo mwa R134a mumitundu yatsopano.

Chitetezo ndi Kayendetsedwe kake:

Mofanana ndi R600a, kuyaka kwa R290 kumafuna njira zotetezera zolimba: malire a malipiro (≤150 magalamu a furiji zapakhomo), makina ozindikira kuti akutuluka, ndi zinthu zosayaka mkati mwa furiji. Imagwirizana kwathunthu ndi EU F-Gas Regulation ndi US EPA SNAP, popanda mapulani otsika chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa GWP.

Zovuta: Kutentha kwambiri kuposa R600a; imafuna kuyesedwa kolimba kwambiri kwachitetezo panthawi yopanga.

4. R404a (Kuphatikizika kwa R125, R134a, R143a)

Mtundu wa Chemical: Near-azeotropic HFC blend (ma HFC angapo osakanikirana kuti atsanzire mawonekedwe a furiji imodzi)

Zofunika Kwambiri:

• ODP: 0 (ozoni-otetezeka)
• GWP: 3,922 (yokwera kwambiri-imodzi mwamafiriji omwe amakhudza kwambiri nyengo)
• Gulu la Chitetezo cha ASHRAE: A1 (osayaka, kawopsedwe kochepa)
• Operating Pressure: High (yokongoletsedwa ndi machitidwe otsika kutentha)
• Kugwirizana: Imagwira ntchito ndi mafuta a POE.

Magwiridwe & Ntchito:

R404a poyamba inali muyezo wagolide wa firiji zamalonda, kuphatikizapo mafiriji oyendamo, mabasiketi owonetsera masitolo akuluakulu, ndi mafriji a mafakitale omwe amagwira ntchito pa -20°C mpaka -40°C. Kuzizira kwake kwakukulu ndi kukhazikika pa kutentha kochepa kunapangitsa kuti ikhale yabwino kwa mapulogalamuwa.

Kayendetsedwe & Zachilengedwe:

GWP ya R404a yokwera kwambiri yapangitsa kuti pakhale kutha kwake ku Europe ndi North America. Pansi pa EU F-Gas Regulation, kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwake mu zida zatsopano kudaletsedwa mu 2020, ndipo kulowetsa / kutumiza kunja kuli koletsedwa kwambiri. Ku US, EPA yalemba R404a ngati "chinthu chapamwamba cha GWP" ndipo ikufuna kusinthidwa ndi njira zotsika za GWP (mwachitsanzo, R452A, R513A) mu machitidwe atsopano. Imakhalabe m'mafuriji akale amalonda koma ikuchotsedwa kudzera muzobweza.

Zovuta: Kuletsa kwa GWP; mphamvu zopanda mphamvu poyerekeza ndi njira zamakono; zimathandizira kwambiri kusintha kwanyengo.

5. R507 (Kuphatikiza kwa R125 & R143a)

Mtundu wa Chemical: Azeotropic HFC blend (zosakaniza zomwe zimawira/kukanda pa kutentha kumodzi, ngati firiji yoyera)

Zofunika Kwambiri:

• ODP: 0 (ozoni-otetezeka)
• GWP: 3,985 (pafupifupi yofanana ndi R404a, yokwera kwambiri)
• Gulu la Chitetezo cha ASHRAE: A1 (osayaka, kawopsedwe kochepa)
• Kupanikizika kwa Ntchito: Kukwera (kwapamwamba pang'ono kuposa R404a)
• Kugwirizana: Imagwira ntchito ndi mafuta a POE.

Magwiridwe & Ntchito:

R507 ndi msuwani wapamtima wa R404a, wopangidwira m'firiji yotentha yotsika kwambiri (monga mafiriji akuya, mazenera owonetsera zakudya) pomwe kuziziritsa kosasintha pa -30°C mpaka -50°C kumafunika. Chikhalidwe chake cha azeotropic chimatanthawuza kuti sichimapatukana m'zigawo zotayikira, kumathandizira kukonza - mwayi wopitilira pafupi ndi azeotropic ngati R404a.

Kayendetsedwe & Zachilengedwe:

Monga R404a, R507's high GWP yatsogolera ku malamulo okhwima. EU F-Gas Regulation idaletsa kugwiritsa ntchito zida zatsopano mu 2020, ndipo US EPA yati ndi "chinthu chodetsa nkhawa" pansi pa SNAP. Ikusinthidwa ndi njira zina zotsika za GWP monga R448A (GWP = 1,387) ndi R449A (GWP = 1,397) m'zamalonda.

Zovuta: GWP yapamwamba kwambiri; kusakhalapo kwa nthawi yayitali pansi pa malamulo a dziko lonse lapansi; kumangotengera machitidwe obadwa nawo.

Mitengo yamitengo yamafiriji osiyanasiyana imasiyanasiyana. Izi ndizomwe zidachitika kuyambira Juni 2025:

Kufananiza mwachidule kwa Refrigerants

Gome ili m'munsili likufotokozera mwachidule kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa mafiriji asanu, ndikuwonetsetsa kuyenerera kwawo pazochitika zinazake:

Regulatory Trends & Industry Shifts

Msika wa refrigerant wapadziko lonse lapansi ukuyendetsedwa ndi zolinga ziwiri zazikuluzikulu: kuchotsa zinthu zowononga ozoni (zomwe zimapindulira mafiriji ambiri) ndikuchepetsa kutulutsa mpweya wowonjezera kutentha (zomwe zikuchitika pano). Ku Europe ndi North America, malamulo akufulumizitsa kusintha kwa zosankha za GWP zotsika:

• EU F-Gas Regulation: Imalamula kuchepetsa 79% kugwiritsira ntchito HFC ndi 2030 (poyerekeza ndi miyeso ya 2015) ndikuletsa mafiriji apamwamba a GWP (GWP> 2,500) mu zipangizo zatsopano za firiji.
• US EPA SNAP: Imatchula mafiriji a GWP otsika (mwachitsanzo, R600a, R290, R452A) ngati “ovomerezeka” pamapulogalamu ambiri ndipo amaletsa zosankha za GWP zapamwamba (mwachitsanzo, R404a, R507) m'makina atsopano.

Kwa ogula, izi zikutanthauza:

• Mafuriji am'nyumba atsopano amangogwiritsa ntchito R600a kapena R290 yokha (chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa GWP komanso kugwiritsa ntchito bwino kwambiri).
• Firiji yazamalonda idzasintha kukhala zosakanikirana za GWP (mwachitsanzo, R448A, R454C) kapena mafiriji achilengedwe monga CO₂ (R744) pamakina akuluakulu.
• Mafuriji akale ogwiritsira ntchito R134a, R404a, kapena R507 adzafunika kutayidwa moyenerera kapena kusinthidwanso kuti agwirizane ndi malamulo.

Kusankha firiji yoyenera ya furiji kumadalira kugwirizanitsa zinthu zinayi: kukhudzidwa kwa chilengedwe (ODP / GWP), chitetezo (kutentha / kawopsedwe), ntchito (mwachangu / kupanikizika), ndi kutsata malamulo. Kwa mapulogalamu ambiri amakono:

• R600a ndi R290 ndi zosankha zabwino kwambiri za furiji zapakhomo, zopatsa GWP yotsika kwambiri komanso yogwira ntchito bwino (yokhala ndi njira zotetezera kuti zithetse kuyaka).
• R404a ndi R507 ndi zachikale pamakina atsopano, amangokhala ndi zida zamalonda zomwe zakhala zikudziwika mpaka kubwezeredwa kapena kusinthidwa.
• R134a ndi njira yosinthira, yomwe imachotsedwa pang'onopang'ono mokomera mafiriji achilengedwe.

Pamene malamulo akumangirira komanso teknoloji ikupita patsogolo, makampaniwa adzapitiriza kuika patsogolo mafiriji achilengedwe ndi otsika a GWP ophatikizana-kuwonetsetsa kuti machitidwe a firiji ndi othandiza komanso okhazikika kwa nthawi yaitali. Kwa amisiri ndi ogula, kudziwa zambiri za kusiyana kumeneku ndikofunikira kuti mupange zisankho zoyenera komanso zovomerezeka.

Zochokera: ASHRAE Handbook—Refrigeration (2021), IPCC Sixth Assessment Report (2022), EU F-Gas Regulation (EC No 517/2014), US EPA SNAP Program (2023).