Ndi dziko liti lomwe limapereka makabati a zakumwa zotsika mtengo kuchokera kunja?

Makabati owonetsera zakumwa zamalonda m'masitolo akuluakulu akukula mosalekeza padziko lonse lapansi, ndipo mitengo imasiyana mosiyanasiyana komanso kusagwirizana kwa zida ndi magwiridwe antchito ozizirira. Kwa ogulitsa maunyolo, kusankha mafiriji otsika mtengo kumakhalabe kovuta. Kuti tithane ndi vutoli, tidachita kafukufuku wofananira m'maiko anayi osiyanasiyana omwe adatumiza kunja, ndikupereka zilolezo zamtengo wamsika kuti zithandizire ogwiritsa ntchito kusankha bwino lomwe.

1. Choyamba, mapeto: poganizira makina opanda kanthu, China imapereka chiŵerengero chabwino kwambiri cha ntchito; poganizira za mtengo wake wonse, maiko ena akum’mwera chakum’mawa kwa Asia ndi otsika mtengo.

Otsatsa ambiri amangoyang'ana pa 'mtengo wamtengo wa zida,' koma mtengo wake weniweni ndi wofanana ndi mtengo wa makina opanda kanthu kuphatikiza mitengo yamitengo, katundu, chilolezo chakunja, ndi chindapusa chotsatira. Kusiyana kwakukulu kulipo pazabwino m'maiko onse. Nayi tebulo lofanizira mwachindunji (zaposachedwa kwambiri kuyambira 2025):

2. Chifukwa chiyani makina opanda kanthu aku China ali otsika mtengo kwambiri? Koma anthu ena amakonda kusankha zinthu zochokera ku Southeast Asia?

1. China "malingaliro otsika mtengo": chain chain + scale effect

China ndiyomwe imapanga zida zopangira firiji zazikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, zomwe zili ndi zida monga Haier ndi KingsBottle zomwe zimachulukitsa 30% ya msika wapadziko lonse lapansi. Phindu la mtengo limachokera ku mfundo ziwiri:

• Kukula kwazitsulo zam'mwamba: kuchuluka kwa malo azinthu zazikulu monga compressor ndi insulation layer ndi 90%, ndipo mtengo wogula ndi 25% wotsika kuposa ku Thailand;
• Mapindu a mfundo: Makabati a zakumwa zoziziritsa kukhosi omwe amakwaniritsa miyezo ya "carbon wapawiri" amayenera kulandira 15% -20% ndalama zotumizira kunja kuchokera ku boma la China, zopindulitsa izi zikuwonetsedwa mwachindunji pamtengo wamakina opanda kanthu.

2. "Ubwino Wobisika" waku Southeast Asia: Tariff + Nthawi Yanthawi

Tengani makabati 10 a zakumwa omwe atumizidwa ku Indonesia monga chitsanzo kuti muwerengere mtengo wake:

• China kuitanitsa: makina opanda kanthu 159 × 10 = 1590 + tariff 10% (159) + kutumiza (Shanghai-Jakarta 800) + chilolezo cha mwambo 200 = chiwerengero cha 2749;
• Thailand import: Bare machine 208×10=2080 + RCEP tariff 0 (Indonesia ndi membala wa ASEAN) + kutumiza (Bangkok-Jakarta 300) + chilolezo cha 150 = ndalama zonse za $2530;

Zotsatira: Kutumiza kunja kwa Thailand ndi 8% yotsika mtengo kuposa China, yomwe ndi matsenga a "kuchepetsa mtengo + kuyenda panyanja".

3. Kupewa Misampha Pazogula Zakunja: Malangizo atatu Opulumutsa Mtengo Ofunika Kwambiri Kuposa 'Kusankha Dziko'

1. Choyamba yang'anani "malamulo a tarifi" a dziko lomwe mukulifuna musanasankhe mwachimbulimbuli mitengo yotsika

• Gwiritsani ntchito ma code a HS (kabati ya zakumwa HS code: 8418.61) kuti muwone mitengo yamtengo wapatali: mwachitsanzo, ikatumizidwa ku Australia, zinthu zaku China zimakhala ndi msonkho wa 5%, pamene zinthu zaku Thailand sizimachotsedwa ku 0 chifukwa cha RCEP. Pankhaniyi, kusankha Thailand ndikokwera mtengo.
• Kupewa "ntchito zoletsa kutaya": US yakhazikitsa ntchito zoletsa kutaya (mpaka 25%) pazida zina zamafiriji zochokera ku China. Ngati mukuyang'ana msika waku US, lingalirani za "gawo la China + Mexico Assembly" (kusangalala ndi mitengo 0 pansi pa Pangano la US-Mexico-Canada).
• Kugula zinthu zambiri (≥5 mayunitsi): Sankhani katundu wapanyanja pazotengera zonse (zotengera za 40-foot zitha kunyamula mayunitsi 20, ndi ndalama zotumizira kuchokera ku Shanghai kupita ku Europe kuyambira 2000-3000, pafupifupi 100-150 pagawo lililonse pakagawidwe mtengo).
• Kubwezeretsanso magulu ang'onoang'ono: Sankhani kutumiza kwa LCL (Yocheperako ndi Container Load), yokhala ndi mitengo yotengera voliyumu (100-200 CNY/CBM), yopereka ndalama zopulumutsa 80% poyerekeza ndi zonyamula ndege.
• Zindikirani zowonjezera: M'nyengo yokwera kwambiri (June-August), kutumiza kungabweretse 10% -20% PSS yowonjezera (chiwongoladzanja chapamwamba kwambiri). Ndikoyenera kugula panthawi yopuma.
• Msika wa EU: uyenera kutsatira malamulo a Ecodesign (kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu A+ kapena pamwambapa), opanga ku China ayenera kugwiritsa ntchito $2000 yowonjezera kuti apeze ziphaso, pomwe opanga Thai/Malaysian amabwera ndi ziphaso zakomweko;
• Pamsika waku US, zogulitsa ziyenera kukwaniritsa miyezo yonse yamphamvu ya DOE komanso satifiketi yolumikizana ndi chakudya cha FDA (2000-5000), ndipo ndalamazi zimayikidwa mu bajeti yonse.
• Msika wakumwera chakum'mawa kwa Asia: Maiko ena amafuna 'zolemba zamalo' (mwachitsanzo, satifiketi ya SNI yaku Indonesia). Otsatsa ayenera kumaliza izi pasadakhale kuti apewe kuchedwa kwa kasitomu (ndalama zotsekera: 100-300 patsiku).

2. Kusankha njira yoyenera yoyendera kungapulumutse 30% ya mtengo wake

3. Musanyalanyaze "mtengo wotsatira", apo ayi mankhwala akhoza kubwezeredwa

IV. Malangizo Othandiza: Mungasankhe bwanji muzochitika zosiyanasiyana?

1. Malo ogulitsira ang'onoang'ono (kugula voliyumu ≤5 mayunitsi): ikani patsogolo zotumiza zopangidwa ndi China + zoyendera pafupi ndi dziko lomwe mukupita (mwachitsanzo, kupita ku China kupita ku Malaysia, kusangalala ndi mitengo ya RCEP), ndi ndalama zonse zotsika ndi 15% kuposa kutumiza mwachindunji;
2. Masitolo akuluakulu (kugula kuchuluka kwa ≥20 mayunitsi): Lumikizanani mwachindunji ndi mafakitale aku China kuti musinthe makonda (monga kuwonjezera ma LOGO amtundu, kusintha kutalika kwa alumali), ndikuchotseranso 10% pamitengo yochulukirapo, ndikutsekera mitengo yotumizira zinthu zonse;
3. Malo ogulitsira apamwamba (kufunafuna khalidwe): Sankhani "China core components + European assembly" (monga China compressor + German assembly), yomwe imapewa kukwera mtengo komanso imatha kunyamula "Made in Europe" chizindikiro.

'Kuthekera' kwa makabati a zakumwa zochokera kunja sikutsimikiziridwa ndi mtengo wa makina opanda kanthu okha, koma ndi kuphatikiza koyenera kwa 'makina opanda kanthu + tariffs + transportation + compliance'.

• Ngati dziko lomwe mukufuna lilibe mitengo yotsika mtengo ku China: sankhani China (mfumu yotsika mtengo);
• Pamisika yomwe ili ndi mamembala a RCEP, ikani patsogolo ku Thailand ndi Malaysia pamitengo yawo komanso zabwino za nthawi yobweretsera.
• Kuti mukhale ndi mawonekedwe apamwamba, sankhani msonkhano wa ku Ulaya (ngakhale bajeti idzawirikiza kawiri).

Ndikoyenera kuthera masiku 1-2 mukufufuza kaye zamitengo yadziko lomwe mukufuna komanso zofunikira za ziphaso. Kenako, funsani osachepera atatu ogulitsa kuti mupeze 'chiphaso chathunthu' (kuphatikiza makina opanda kanthu, kutumiza, chilolezo cha kasitomu, ndi ziphaso). Yerekezerani mawu ogwidwawo musanayike oda yanu—pambuyo pake, masitolo akuluakulu amagwira ntchito m’mbali zowonda, ndipo ndalama iliyonse imawerengeredwa.