Iifriji kunye neefriji, njengezixhobo zokugcina izinto ezishushu kakhulu ezisetyenziselwa emakhaya nakwiindawo zorhwebo, zibone ukuphindaphinda okuqhubekayo ekukhetheni izixhobo ezibandayo kugxile "ekulungelelaniseni ukusebenza kakuhle kwefriji" kunye "neemfuno zolawulo lokusingqongileyo". Iindidi kunye neempawu eziphambili kwizigaba ezahlukeneyo zihambelana kakhulu neemfuno zezixhobo.
Izinto zokuqala ezisetyenziswa kakhulu: Ukusetyenziswa kwee-refrigerants ze-CFCs "ezisebenza kakuhle kodwa zinobungozi obukhulu"
Ukususela kwiminyaka yoo-1950 ukuya kowama-1990, i-R12 (dichlorodifluoromethane) yayiyeyona refrigerant iphambili. Ngokuphathelele ukuguquguquka kwezixhobo, iipropati ze-thermodynamic ze-R12 zazihambelana ngokugqibeleleyo neemfuno zokugcina ubushushu obuphantsi - kunye nobushushu obuqhelekileyo bokufuma obuyi--29.8°C, yayinokuhlangabezana ngokulula neemfuno zobushushu zeendawo zokugcina iifriji (0-8°C) kunye neendawo zokuqandisa (ngaphantsi kwe-18°C). Ngaphezu koko, yayinozinzo oluqinileyo lweekhemikhali kwaye ihambelana kakuhle neepayipi zobhedu, amaqokobhe entsimbi, kunye neeoyile zokuthambisa zeminerali ngaphakathi kwiifriji, nto leyo engabangeli ukugqwala okanye ukuvaleka kweepayipi, kwaye yayinokuqinisekisa ubomi benkonzo yezixhobo iminyaka engaphezu kwe-10.
I-R12 inexabiso le-ODP eliyi-1.0 (umlinganiselo wokunciphisa i-ozone) kunye nexabiso le-GWP elimalunga nama-8500, nto leyo eyenza ukuba ibe yigesi enamandla yokufudumala komhlaba. Ngokuqala kokusebenza kweMontreal Protocol, ukusetyenziswa kwe-R12 kwihlabathi liphela kwiifriji ezisandula ukuveliswa kuye kwathintelwa kancinci kancinci ukusukela ngo-1996. Okwangoku, zizixhobo ezindala kuphela ezisenezifriji eziseleyo, kwaye zijongene nengxaki yokungabikho kwezinye iindlela ngexesha lokugcinwa.
Isigaba sotshintsho: Imida "yokutshintshwa okuncinci" ngee-refrigerants ze-HCFC
Ukuze kukhawuleziswe ukupheliswa kwe-R12, i-R22 (i-difluoromonochloromethane) yayikhe yasetyenziswa okwethutyana kwezinye iifriji zorhwebo (ezifana neefriji ezincinci ezithengisa izinto eziluncedo). Inzuzo yayo kukuba ukusebenza kwayo kwe-thermodynamic kusondele kuleyo ye-R12, ngaphandle kwemfuneko yotshintsho olukhulu kuyilo lwe-compressor yefriji kunye nombhobho, kwaye ixabiso layo le-ODP lehliswa liye kwi-0.05, nto leyo eyenza ukuba amandla ayo okuphelisa i-ozone abe buthathaka kakhulu.
Nangona kunjalo, ukusilela kwe-R22 kuyabonakala: kwelinye icala, ixabiso layo le-GWP limalunga ne-1810, lisesezigesi eziphezulu ze-greenhouse, ezingahambelaniyo nomkhwa wokukhusela okusingqongileyo ixesha elide; kwelinye icala, ukusebenza kakuhle kwefriji (COP) ye-R22 kuphantsi kune-R12, okuya kukhokelela ekwandeni kokusetyenziswa kwamandla malunga ne-10%-15% xa kusetyenziswa kwiifriji zasekhaya, ngoko ke ayikabi yeyona nto iphambili kwiifriji zasekhaya. Ngenxa yokupheliswa ngokukhawuleza kweefriji ze-HCFCs kwihlabathi liphela ngo-2020, i-R22 ngokusisiseko iyekile ukusetyenziswa kwicandelo leefriji kunye neefriji.
I. Iifriji eziqhelekileyo zangoku: Uhlengahlengiso olukhethekileyo lwe-HFCs kunye neentlobo ze-GWP eziphantsi
Okwangoku, ukhetho lweziqandisi kwiifriji kwimarike lubonisa iimpawu "zokwahluka phakathi kokusetyenziswa kwekhaya norhwebo, kunye nokulinganisela phakathi kokukhuselwa kwendalo kunye neendleko", ezahlulwe ngokubanzi zibe ziintlobo ezimbini eziphambili, ezilungelelaniswa neemfuno zokusebenza kwezixhobo ezahlukeneyo:
1. Iifriji ezincinci: "Ulawulo oluzinzileyo" lweefriji
I-R134a (tetrafluoroethane) yeyona refrigerant iphambili kwiifriji zangoku (ingakumbi iimodeli ezinomthamo ongaphantsi kwe-200L), ebiza ngaphezulu kwe-70%. Iingenelo zayo eziphambili zokuziqhelanisa zibonakala kwiinkalo ezintathu: okokuqala, ihlangabezana nemigangatho yokhuseleko lokusingqongileyo, enexabiso le-ODP elingu-0, isusa ngokupheleleyo umngcipheko wokonakala komaleko we-ozone kwaye ithobela iimfuno ezisisiseko zemigaqo yokusingqongileyo yehlabathi; okwesibini, ukusebenza kwayo kwe-thermodynamic kufanelekile, kunye nobushushu obuqhelekileyo bokufuma obuyi--26.1°C, obuthi, kunye ne-compressor esebenza kakuhle yefriji, bukwazi ukufikelela ngokuzinzileyo kubushushu begumbi lokuqandisa ukusuka kwi--18°C ukuya kwi--25°C, kwaye ukusebenza kwayo kwefriji (COP) kuphezulu nge-8%-12% kune-R22, okunokunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwamandla kwezixhobo; okwesithathu, inokhuseleko oluthembekileyo, oluvela kwiifriji zeklasi ye-A1 (ezingenabungozi kwaye ezingatshiyo), nokuba kukho ukuvuza okuncinci, ayizukubangela iingozi zokhuseleko kwindawo yosapho, kwaye ihambelana kakuhle neendawo zeplastiki kunye neoyile yokuthambisa yecompressor efrijini, kwaye inesantya esiphantsi sokusilela.
Ukongeza, ezinye iifriji zasekhaya eziphakathi ukuya kweziphezulu ziya kusebenzisa i-R600a (isobutane, i-hydrocarbon) – ifriji yendalo, enexabiso le-ODP elingu-0 kunye nexabiso le-GWP elingu-3 kuphela, kunye nokusebenza ngcono kokusingqongileyo kune-R134a, kwaye ukusebenza kwayo kwefriji kuphezulu nge-5%-10% kune-R134a, okunokunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwamandla ngakumbi. Nangona kunjalo, i-R600a ikwiifriji zeklasi ye-A3 (ezitsha kakhulu), kwaye xa uxinzelelo lwayo emoyeni lufikelela kwi-1.8%-8.4%, iya kuqhuma xa ibekwe kumlilo ovulekileyo. Ngoko ke, ilinganiselwe ukusetyenziswa kwiifriji zasekhaya (ixabiso lentlawulo lilinganiselwe kwi-50g-150g, liphantsi kakhulu kunelezixhobo zorhwebo), kwaye ifriji kufuneka ixhotyiswe ngezixhobo zokubona ukuvuza (ezifana nezinzwa zoxinzelelo) kunye neecompressor ezikhusela ukuqhuma, ngexabiso eliyi-15%-20% ephezulu kuneleemodeli ze-R134a, ngoko ke ayikadunyiswa ngokupheleleyo.
2. Iifriji zorhwebo / iifriji ezinkulu: “Ukungena kancinci kancinci” kweefriji ezine-GWP ephantsi
Iifriji zorhwebo (ezifana neefriji zesiqithi seevenkile ezinkulu) zinemfuneko ephezulu "yokukhusela okusingqongileyo" kunye "nokusebenza kakuhle kwefriji" yeefriji ngenxa yomthamo wazo omkhulu (ngesiqhelo ungaphezulu kwe-500L) kunye nomthwalo ophezulu wefriji. Okwangoku, ukhetho oluphambili lwahlulwe lwahlulwe lwamacandelo amabini:
(1) Imixube ye-HFCs: “Ukulungiswa komthwalo ophezulu” kwe-R404A
I-R404A (umxube we-pentafluoroethane, i-difluoromethane, kunye ne-tetrafluoroethane) yeyona refrigerant iphambili kwiifriji zorhwebo ezishushu kancinci (ezifana neefriji ezishushu ngokukhawuleza ze--40°C), ezimalunga nama-60%. Inzuzo yayo kukuba ukusebenza kwayo kwifriji phantsi kweemeko zobushushu obuphantsi kuyamangalisa – kwiqondo lobushushu lokuphuma komphunga le--40°C, umthamo wefriji uphezulu ngama-25%-30% kunowe-R134a, onokuhlangabezana ngokukhawuleza neemfuno zokugcina iifriji ezishushu kancinci; kwaye ikwiifriji zeklasi ye-A1 (ezingenabungozi kwaye ezingatshiyo), kunye nesixa sentlawulo esifikelela kwiikhilogram ezininzi (esingaphezulu kakhulu kuneefriji zasekhaya), ngaphandle kokukhathazeka ngemingcipheko yokutsha, ihlengahlengisa ukusebenza komthwalo ophezulu weefriji ezinkulu.
Nangona kunjalo, iintsilelo zokhuseleko lokusingqongileyo ze-R404A ziye zabonakala kancinci kancinci. Ixabiso layo le-GWP liphezulu njenge-3922, elivela kwiigesi eziphezulu ze-greenhouse. Okwangoku, i-European Union kunye nezinye iindawo zikhuphe imigaqo yokuthintela ukusetyenziswa kwayo (njengokuthintela ukusetyenziswa kweefriji ezine-GWP>2500 kwiifriji zorhwebo ezisandula ukuveliswa emva kowama-2022). Ke ngoko, i-R404A ithathelwa indawo kancinci kancinci ziifriji ezine-GWP ephantsi.
(2) Iintlobo ze-GWP ephantsi: “Ezinye iindlela zokusingqongileyo” ze-R290 kunye ne-CO₂
Ngokuchasene nemigaqo yokusingqongileyo eqinileyo, i-R290 (propane) kunye ne-CO₂ (R744) ziye zaba ziindlela ezintsha zokukhetha iifriji zorhwebo, ezizivumelanisa neemfuno ezahlukeneyo kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo:
I-R290 (ipropane): Isetyenziswa kakhulu kwiifriji ezincinci zorhwebo (ezifana neefriji ezithe tyaba zevenkile ekulula ukuzisebenzisa). Ixabiso layo le-ODP yi-0, ixabiso le-GWP limalunga ne-3, kwaye ukhuseleko oluqinileyo lokusingqongileyo; kwaye ukusebenza kwayo kwefriji kuphezulu nge-10%-15% kune-R404A, okunokunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwamandla okusebenza kweefriji zorhwebo (izixhobo zorhwebo zisebenza iiyure ezingaphezu kwama-20 ngosuku, kwaye iindleko zokusetyenziswa kwamandla zibalwa kwinxalenye ephezulu). Nangona kunjalo, i-R290 yeyeefriji zeklasi ye-A3 (ezitsha kakhulu), kwaye isixa sentlawulo kufuneka silawulwe ngokungqongqo ngaphakathi kwe-200g (ngoko ke sinqunyelwe kwiifriji ezincinci kuphela). Ukongeza, ifriji kufuneka isebenzise iicompressor ezingaqhumiyo, iipayipi ezichasene nokuvuza (ezifana neepayipi ze-copper-nickel alloy) kunye noyilo lokungenisa umoya kunye nokusasazwa kobushushu. Okwangoku, isixa sayo kwiifriji zevenkile zaseYurophu sidlule kwi-30%.
I-CO₂ (R744): Isetyenziswa kakhulu kwiifriji zorhwebo ezishushu kakhulu (ezifana neefriji zesampulu yebhayoloji -60°C). Ubushushu bayo obuqhelekileyo bokufuma yi -78.5°C, obunokufikelela kwindawo yokugcina ubushushu obuphantsi kakhulu ngaphandle kwenkqubo yokufriji eyinkimbinkimbi; kwaye inexabiso le-ODP elingu-0 kunye nexabiso le-GWP elingu-1, enokhuseleko olungenakutshintshwa lokusingqongileyo, kwaye ayinabungozi kwaye ayitshisi, inokhuseleko olungcono kune-R290. Nangona kunjalo, i-CO₂ inobushushu obuphantsi obubalulekileyo (31.1°C). Xa ubushushu obuphakathi budlula i-25°C, kufuneka iteknoloji "yomjikelo ojikelezayo", nto leyo ebangela ukuba uxinzelelo lwe-compressor yefriji lube phezulu njenge-10-12MPa, nto leyo efuna ukusetyenziswa kwemibhobho yentsimbi engagqwali enamandla aphezulu kunye nee-compressor ezichasene noxinzelelo oluphezulu, ngexabiso eliyi-30%-40% ephezulu kunele-R404A freezers. Ke ngoko, okwangoku isetyenziswa kakhulu kwiimeko ezineemfuno eziphezulu kakhulu zokhuseleko lokusingqongileyo kunye nobushushu obuphantsi (ezifana neefriji zophando lwezonyango nezenzululwazi).
II. Iindlela zexesha elizayo zeefriji: I-GWP ephantsi kunye nokhuseleko oluphezulu ziba zizikhokelo eziphambili
Idibene nemithetho yokusingqongileyo yehlabathi (efana noMgaqo we-EU F-Gas, isicwangciso sokuphunyezwa kweProtocol yaseMontreal yaseTshayina) kunye nokuphuculwa kobuchwepheshe bezixhobo, iifriji zeefriji kunye neefriji ziya kubonisa iindlela ezintathu eziphambili kwixesha elizayo:
Iifriji zasekhaya: I-R600a ithatha indawo ye-R134a kancinci kancinci – ngokuvuthwa kweteknoloji yokulwa nokuvuza kunye nokumelana nokuqhuma (ezifana nemicu emitsha yokuvala, izixhobo zokusika ukuvuza ngokuzenzekelayo), ixabiso le-R600a liya kuncipha kancinci kancinci (kulindeleke ukuba ixabiso lihle ngama-30% kwiminyaka emi-5 ezayo), kwaye iingenelo zayo zokhuseleko oluphezulu lokusingqongileyo kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwefriji ziya kugxininiswa. Kulindeleke ukuba umlinganiselo we-R600a kwiifriji zasekhaya uya kudlula ama-50% ngo-2030, uthabathe indawo ye-R134a njengeyona nto iphambili.
Iifriji zorhwebo: “Uphuhliso lweendlela ezimbini” lwemixube ye-CO₂ kunye ne-HFOs – kwiifriji zorhwebo ezishushu kakhulu (ngaphantsi kwe-40°C), ukuvuthwa kobuchwepheshe be-CO₂ kuya kuqhubeka kuphucuka (njengee-compressors ze-transcritical cycle ezisebenza kakuhle kakhulu), kwaye iindleko ziya kuncipha kancinci, kunye nomlinganiselo olindeleke ukuba udlule kwi-40% ngo-2028; kwiifriji zorhwebo ezishushu kakhulu (-25°C ukuya kwi--18°C), i-R454C (umxube we-HFOs kunye ne-HFCs, i-GWP≈466) iya kuba yeyona nto iphambili, kunye nokusebenza kwefriji okusondele kuleyo ye-R404A, kwaye ikwiifriji zeklasi ye-A2L (ubuthi obuphantsi kunye nokutsha okuncinci), ngaphandle kwemiqathango engqongqo kwixabiso lentlawulo, ukulinganisela ukhuseleko lokusingqongileyo kunye nokusebenza.
Imigangatho yokhuseleko ephuculweyo: Ukusuka “kukhuseleko olungasebenziyo” ukuya “ekujongeni okusebenzayo” – nokuba zizixhobo zasekhaya okanye zorhwebo, iinkqubo zexesha elizayo zefriji ziya kuxhotyiswa ngemisebenzi “yokujonga ukuvuza okukrelekrele + unyango olungxamisekileyo oluzenzekelayo” (ezifana nezinzwa zokuvuza nge-laser kwiifriji zasekhaya, ii-alamu zoxinzelelo kunye nezixhobo zokudibanisa umoya kwiifriji zorhwebo), ngakumbi kwiifriji ezinokutsha ezifana ne-R600a kunye ne-R290, ukuphelisa iingozi ezinokubakho zokhuseleko ngeendlela zobugcisa kunye nokukhuthaza ukuthandwa ngokubanzi kweefriji ezine-GWP ephantsi.
III. Ukubaluleka kokuthelekisa imeko ephambili
Ngokweemfuno zabasebenzisi abahlukeneyo, le migaqo ilandelayo ingalandelwa xa kukhethwa iifriji zefriji:
Abasebenzisi basekhaya: Kunikwa ingqalelo kwiimodeli ze-R600a (ukulinganisela ukhuseleko lokusingqongileyo kunye nokonga amandla) – ukuba uhlahlo-lwabiwo mali luvumela (ii-yuan ezingama-200-500 ngaphezulu kweemodeli ze-R134a), kufuneka kunikwe ingqalelo kwiifriji eziphawulwe ngo-“R600a refrigerant”. Ukusetyenziswa kwazo kwamandla kuphantsi nge-8%-12% kunokweemodeli ze-R134a, kwaye zinobuhlobo nokusingqongileyo; emva kokuthenga, kufuneka kunikwe ingqalelo ekuphepheni umva wefriji (apho i-compressor ikhoyo) ukuba kufutshane namalangatye avulekileyo, kwaye kujongwe rhoqo ukuqina kwezivalo zomnyango ukuze kuncitshiswe umngcipheko wokuvuza.
Abasebenzisi bezorhwebo:Khetha ngokweemfuno zobushushu (iindleko zokulinganisela kunye nokukhuselwa kwendalo) – iifriji zobushushu obuphakathi (ezifana neefriji zevenkile eziluncedo) zinokukhetha iimodeli ze-R290, ezineendleko eziphantsi zokusetyenziswa kwamandla okusebenza kwexesha elide; kwiifriji zobushushu obuphantsi kakhulu (ezifana nezixhobo zokuqandisa ngokukhawuleza), ukuba uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali lwanele, iimodeli ze-CO₂ ziyakhethwa, ezihambelana nomkhwa wemithetho yokusingqongileyo kwaye ziphephe umngcipheko wokuphela kwexesha elizayo; ukuba uvakalelo lweendleko zexesha elifutshane luyinto exhalabisayo, iimodeli ze-R454C zinokukhethwa njengotshintsho, ukulinganisela ukusebenza kunye nokukhuselwa kwendalo.
Ukugcinwa nokutshintshwa: Thelekisa uhlobo lokuqala lwefriji – xa ugcina iifriji ezindala kunye neefriji, musa ukutshintsha uhlobo lwefriji ngokungenanjongo (njengokutshintsha i-R134a nge-R600a), kuba iifriji ezahlukeneyo zinemfuno ezahlukeneyo zeoyile yokuthambisa i-compressor kunye noxinzelelo lwepayipi. Ukusetyenziswa okuxutyiweyo kuya kubangela umonakalo we-compressor okanye ukungaphumeleli kwefriji. Kubalulekile ukuqhagamshelana neengcali ukuze zongeze iifriji ngokohlobo oluphawulwe kwi-nameplate yesixhobo.
Ixesha lokuposa: Agasti-29-2025 Imbono: