Kurhwebo lwehlabathi olukhula ngokukhula, ishishini lokuthumela ngaphandle kweefriji ezinkulu lixhaphakile. Kumashishini amaninzi asebenza ngokuthumela ngaphandle kwefriji kunye nabathengi abaneemfuno ezifanelekileyo zokuthengwa kwempahla, ukuqonda ixesha elifunekayo ekuthunyelweni okukhulu kumazwe ahlukeneyo kubaluleke kakhulu. Eli xesha alichaphazeli nje kuphela ukucwangciswa kwekhonkco lokubonelela kodwa likwanxulumene ngokusondeleyo nemiba efana nolawulo lweendleko zeshishini kunye nokwaneliseka kwabathengi. Okulandelayo, siya kuhlalutya nzulu izinto eziphambili ezichaphazela ixesha lothutho lokuthunyelwa ngaphandle kwefriji enkulu kunye nokwazisa ngokweenkcukacha ixesha eliqikelelwayo elifunekayo lokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kumazwe amakhulu.
I. Imiba ePhambili echaphazela uThutho lweXesha eliKhulu - isikali sokuthunyelwa ngaphandle kwefriji
1.Ukwahluka kwiindlela zokuthutha
(1) Ukuthunyelwa ngenqanawe elwandle:
Ineengenelo ezibalulekileyo zomthamo omkhulu wempahla kunye neendleko eziphantsi, kodwa isantya sayo sothutho siyacotha. Ngokubanzi, kuthutho lwezikhongozeli zesiqhelo, ukuqala ngexesha iimpahla zilayishwa enqanaweni kwizibuko lokusuka zide zothulwe kwizibuko lendawo ekuyiwa kuyo, le nkqubo inokuthatha iintsuku ezili-15 ukuya kwezingama-45, ngokuxhomekeke kwizinto ezahlukeneyo ezinjengomgama ophakathi kwezibuko lokusuka kunye nezibuko ekuyiwa kulo, ukuxakeka kwendlela yokuthutha iyafuneka, kwaye nokuba uthutho lwaphakathi luyafuneka na. Ngokomzekelo, ukuba ukuthunyelwa ukusuka e-China ukuya kunxweme olusentshonalanga ye-United States, phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo, ixesha lokuthutha malunga neentsuku ze-15 - 25; ukuba ukuthunyelwa kunxweme olusempuma ye-United States, ngenxa yomgama omde kunye nesidingo esinokwenzeka sokuhamba ngePanama Canal, ixesha lokuthutha liya kwandiswa ukuya kwiintsuku ze-25 - 35.
(2) Umthwalo womoya
Olona phawu lwayo lukhawuleza. Ixhasa ngokubanzi ukuthuthwa kweefriji ezincinci, kodwa ngokusisiseko ayinakwenzeka kwizinto ezinkulu. Inkqubo ukusuka kwixesha lokuziswa kwempahla kwi-airline de ikhutshwe kwisikhululo seenqwelomoya ithatha kuphela i-1 - 7 iintsuku. Olu lolona khetho lufanelekileyo kubathengi abafuna iimpahla ngokungxamisekileyo okanye kwiiodolo ezikhethekileyo ezineemfuno zexesha eliphezulu kakhulu. Nangona kunjalo, imithwalo yomoya ixabisa kakhulu, kwaye kwiifriji ezinkulu, ezinomthamo omkhulu kunye nobunzima obukhulu, iinqwelo-moya zinokuba nezithintelo ezithile malunga nokuhlelwa kwendawo ye-cabin. Umzekelo, ngokuqhelekileyo kuthatha iintsuku ezi-3 ukuya kwezi-5 ukuya emoyeni - ukuthutha iifriji ezinkulu-ezinkulu ukusuka e-China ukuya eYurophu, kodwa ukuba lixesha eliphezulu lothutho lomoya okanye kukho iimeko ezikhethekileyo kwimisebenzi yesikhululo seenqwelo-moya, ixesha lokuthutha lisenokulibaziseka.
(3) Uthutho lwasemhlabeni
Phakathi kwamazwe angabamelwane okanye kwezinye iindawo ezinomhlaba opheleleyo - inethiwekhi yokuthutha, ukuthuthwa komhlaba kukwayindlela yokukhetha ukuthunyelwa kwempahla enkulu. Kwiifriji ezinkulu - umthamo, ukuthuthwa komhlaba welori kuyadingeka. Ixesha lokuthutha lokuhamba komhlaba liyahluka ngokomgama kunye neemeko zendlela, ngokuqhelekileyo kuthatha malunga ne-1 - 10 iintsuku. Umzekelo, ukuba uthutha iifriji ezinkulu ukusuka e-China ukuya kumazwe akuMzantsi-mpuma we-Asia ngendlela okanye ngololiwe, ukuba indlela yokuthutha igudile, inokuthatha kuphela iintsuku ezi-3 ukuya kwezi-5 ukufika. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba kukho iinkqubo ezinzima zokuqhawula umda, ukwakhiwa kweendlela, njl., ixesha lokuthutha linokwandiswa kakhulu.
I-2.I-Customs clearance esebenzayo yelizwe ekusingwa kulo
Amazwe aphuhlileyo: Kumazwe aphuhlileyo anjenge-United States, i-United Kingdom, neJamani, inkqubo yokukhutshwa kwempahla ephumayo ibekwe emgangathweni kwaye iyasebenza. Ngokuqhelekileyo, phantsi komqathango wamaxwebhu apheleleyo kunye nezibhengezo ezichanekileyo, ixesha lokukhutshwa kwempahla elwandle - iimpahla zempahla ngokuqhelekileyo ziyi-2 - 5 iintsuku zokusebenza, kwaye ezomoya - iimpahla zokuthutha yi-1 - 3 iintsuku zokusebenza. Ukuthatha iUnited States njengomzekelo, kulwandle - iimpahla zempahla, ngokuqhelekileyo kuthatha i-2 - 5 iintsuku zokusebenza ukusuka ekuhanjisweni kwamaxwebhu apheleleyo ukukhululwa; kwimpahla yomoya - imithwalo, ngokuqhelekileyo ithatha i-1 - 3 iintsuku zokusebenza ukugqiba imvume yesithethe. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba kukho iimpazamo okanye ukungacaciswanga kwiinkcukacha zokubhengezwa kwempahla, okanye ukuba iimpahla zihlolwe ngokungenamkhethe ngamasiko kunye nokuhlolwa okungaphezulu kuyadingeka, ixesha lokucocwa kwamasiko liya kwandiswa ngokuhambelanayo, mhlawumbi lifikelele kwi-7 - 10 iintsuku okanye nangaphezulu.
Amazwe asakhasayo: Ngenxa yezizathu ezifana neenkqubo zokungafezeki kunye neziseko zophuhliso ezibuthathaka kumazwe asakhasayo, ukusebenza kakuhle kokukhutshwa kwempahla ephumayo kusenokuba sezantsi. Ixesha le-custom clearance lingathatha iintsuku ezi-3 ukuya kwezi-10, kwaye kwezinye iimeko ezikhethekileyo, linokugqithisa iintsuku ezili-10. Ngokomzekelo, kwamanye amazwe aseAfrika, iinkqubo zenkcubeko zinzima, ukuphononongwa kwamaxwebhu kungqongqo, kwaye kunokubakho iingxaki ezifana nokungonelanga kwabasebenzi, okubangela ukuhlala ixesha elide kwempahla kumasiko. Ukongeza, imigaqo-nkqubo yezithethe zamazwe athile asakhasayo isenokungazinzi kwaye isenokuhlengahlengiswa nangaliphi na ixesha, nto leyo izisa ukungaqiniseki kumsebenzi wokucocwa kwempahla kunye nokwandisa ixesha lokuthutha.
4.Impembelelo yamaxesha akhethekileyo kunye neemeko ezingxamisekileyo
Iiholide:Ngexesha leeholide ezibalulekileyo, ukusebenza kakuhle kokuthuthwa kwempahla kunye nokukhutshwa kwezithethe kwilizwe lokuhamba kunye nelizwe ekusingwa liya kuchaphazeleka. Ngokomzekelo, ngexesha leeholide zaseNtshona ezifana neKrisimesi kunye noNyaka oMtsha, kunye noMnyhadala weNtwasahlobo eTshayina, ngala maxesha, abasebenzi bamashishini amashishini bathatha ikhefu, kwaye iiyure zokusebenza zamasiko nazo zihlengahlengiswa ngokufanelekileyo, okukhokelela ekunciphiseni ukuthutha kunye nokukhutshwa kwempahla. Ngokuqhelekileyo kucetyiswa ukuba ulungiselele ukuthunyelwa kwempahla kwiiveki ezi-2 ukuya kwezi-3 ngaphambi kwencopho yezi holide ukuphepha ukulibaziseka okukhulu kwixesha lokuthutha.
Uhlengahlengiso lwemigaqo-nkqubo yorhwebo:Utshintsho kwimigaqo-nkqubo yezorhwebo yamazwe ahlukeneyo inefuthe elithe ngqo kwixesha lothutho lokuthunyelwa kwefriji enkulu. Xa ilizwe ekusingwa kulo lizisa imigaqo-nkqubo emitsha yorhwebo, efana nokunyuswa kwamaxabiso okanye ukongeza izithintelo zokungenisa elizweni, amashishini afuna ixesha lokulungelelanisa nokulungelelanisa amaxwebhu kunye neenkqubo zokubhengeza, nto leyo enokukhokelela ekwandisweni kwexesha lokucocwa kwempahla yempahla yexabiso. Ngokomzekelo, ukuba ilizwe liphumeza ngokukhawuleza amandla amatsha - iimfuno ezisemgangathweni zokuqinisekisa umgangatho kwiifriji ezithunyelwa ngaphandle, ishishini elithumela ngaphandle kufuneka lilungise izixhobo ezifanelekileyo zokuqinisekisa kwakhona, kwaye amasiko nawo kufuneka ahlolisise ezi zixhobo, ngokuqinisekileyo ziya kwandisa iindleko zexesha lokukhutshwa kwempahla.
Izinto zokunyanzela ezinkulu:Ukwenzeka kwezinto ezimandla njengeentlekele zendalo, iimfazwe, kunye neziganeko zempilo yoluntu ziya kuphazamisa kakhulu uthutho lwehlabathi. Ngokomzekelo, isivunguvungu ngokukhawuleza sinokubangela ukuvalwa kwechweba iintsuku eziliqela, okwenza kube nzima ukulayisha nokukhulula iimpahla ngexesha; iingxabano zengingqi zinokuchaphazela ukhuseleko lwendlela yokuthutha, ukunyanzela amashishini othutho ukuba atshintshe indlela yokuthutha, ngoko ukwandisa ixesha lokuthutha.
II. Uqikelelo Lwexesha elifunekayo lokuThunyelelwa kumazwe angaphandle kweZixhobo zeFriji ezikhulu (izikhenkcezisi, izikhenkcezisi) kuMazwe Amakhulu.
1.Thumela ngaphandle eMelika
Ukuhambisa ngenqanawa:Ukuba umka ukusuka kumazibuko amakhulu aseTshayina ukuya kumazibuko akunxweme olusentshona yeUnited States, njengeLos Angeles kunye neLong Beach, phantsi kwemeko yenkqubo yokuthutha egudileyo kwaye ngaphandle kokuqwalasela ixesha lokucocwa kwezithethe, ulwandle - ixesha lokuthutha malunga ne-15 - 20 iintsuku. Ukongeza ixesha eliqhelekileyo lokukhutshwa kwezithethe ze-2 - 5 iintsuku zokusebenza e-United States, ixesha lokuthutha lilonke limalunga ne-18 - 25 iintsuku. Ukuba ukuthunyelwa kumachweba kunxweme olusempuma ye-United States, njengeNew York naseNew Jersey, ngenxa yomgama omde wokuthutha kunye nesidingo esinokwenzeka sokuhamba ngePanama Canal, ulwandle - ixesha lokuthutha lidla ngokuba yi-25 - 35 iintsuku. Ukongeza ixesha lokucocwa kwesithethe, ubude bezothutho bubonke bumalunga neentsuku ezingama-28 ukuya kwezingama-40.
Uloyiko lomoya:Ukusuka kwizikhululo zeenqwelo moya ezinkulu zaseTshayina ukuya kwizikhululo zeenqwelo moya ezinkulu eUnited States, ezifana neSikhululo seenqwelomoya saseJohn F. Kennedy eNew York kunye neLos Angeles International Airport, ixesha lokuhamba ngenqwelomoya liqhelekile malunga ne-12 - 15 iiyure. Ukongeza ixesha lokusebenza kweempahla kuzo zombini iziphelo zesikhululo seenqwelomoya kunye nexesha lokucocwa kwamasiko (1 - 3 iintsuku zokusebenza), ixesha lokuthutha lilonke limalunga ne-3 - 5 iintsuku. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba lixesha eliphakamileyo lokuhamba ngeenqwelomoya kwaye indawo ye-cabin iqinile, iimpahla zingadinga ukufola ukulayisha, kwaye ixesha lokuthutha linokwandiswa ukuya kwiintsuku ezi-5 - 7.
2.Thumela ngaphandle eUnited Kingdom
Ukuhambisa ngenqanawa:Ukuthumela iimpahla ukusuka kumachweba aseTshayina ukuya kumazibuko aseBritani, afana neSouthampton kunye neFelixstowe, ulwandle - ixesha lokuthutha ngokubanzi yi-25 - 35 iintsuku. Ukuphumelela kokususwa kwezithethe zezithethe zase-UK kuphezulu kakhulu. Ngaphantsi komqathango wamaxwebhu apheleleyo kunye nezibhengezo ezichanekileyo, ixesha lokucocwa kwamasiko lidla ngokuba yi-2 - 4 iintsuku zokusebenza. Ke ngoko, lonke ixesha lothutho lokuthunyelwa ngaphandle kweTshayina ukuya e-UK ngolwandle malunga neentsuku ezingama-28 ukuya kwezingama-40. Abanye ababoneleli beenkonzo zezothutho zobuchwephesha, ezifana ne-Fengge International Logistics, banikezela ngolwandle lwase-UK - imithwalo ye-LCL yeenkonzo zokuthumela izixhobo ezinkulu kunye nezinye iimpahla, kunye ne-double - clearance, irhafu - ebandakanyayo, kunye neenkonzo zomnyango ukuya emnyango, kunye nexesha lokuhambisa yi-20 - 25 iintsuku. Balenza lifutshane ixesha lezothutho ukusa kumkhamo othile ngokulungisa indlela yothutho nokusebenzisana ngokusondeleyo neenkampani zeenqanawa.
Uloyiko lomoya:Ukusuka eTshayina ukuya kwizikhululo zeenqwelo moya ezinkulu e-UK, njengeSikhululo seenqwelomoya saseLondon Heathrow, ixesha lokubhabha limalunga ne-10 - 12 iiyure. Ukongeza umsebenzi wesikhululo seenqwelomoya kunye nexesha lokucocwa kwamasiko (1 - 3 iintsuku zokusebenza), ixesha lokuthutha lilonke limalunga ne-3 - 5 iintsuku. Ngokufana nokuthuthwa elwandle, imithwalo yomoya inokuba namava eendawo ezixineneyo zekhabhathi kunye nexesha elongeziweyo lokuhamba ngexesha lexesha eliphakamileyo.
3.Thumela ngaphandle eKhanada
Ukuhambisa ngenqanawa:Ukuthutha elwandle ukusuka eChina ukuya eKhanada, ukuba inqanawa isiya entshona - kumazibuko aselunxwemeni anjengeVancouver, ulwandle - ixesha lokuthutha lihlala liyi-20 - 30 iintsuku. Inkqubo yokucocwa kwamasiko amasiko aseKhanada ilinganiswe ngokusemgangathweni, kwaye ixesha eliqhelekileyo lokucocwa kwamasiko li-2 - 5 iintsuku zokusebenza. Ngoko ixesha lokuhamba lilonke limalunga neentsuku ezingama-23 ukuya kwezingama-35. Ukuba ukuthunyelwa ngenqanawa ukuya empuma-izixeko ezingaselunxwemeni ezifana neToronto kunye neMontreal, ngenxa yokunyuka komgama wokuthutha kunye nokuhanjiswa okunokwenzeka, ulwandle - ixesha lokuhamba liya kwandiswa ukuya kwiintsuku ezingama-30 - 40. Ukongeza ixesha lokucocwa kwesithethe, ubude bezothutho bubonke bumalunga neentsuku ezingama-33 ukuya kwezingama-45. Eminye imigca yezothutho ezikhethekileyo, njengekhaya - ulwandle lwesixhobo - intambo yempahla ukuya eCanada, inokuhambisa iifriji kunye nezinye izixhobo zasekhaya eVancouver ngeentsuku ezingama-30, kwaye kuthatha iintsuku ezingama-35 ukuya kwezingama-45 kwizixeko ezinjengeToronto neMontreal. Bakwabonelela nge-CBSA kabini - amasiko - ukukhutshwa kunye nerhafu - okubandakanya umnyango - ukuya - kwiinkonzo zeminyango, eziquka izixeko ezikhulu ezifana neCalgary ne-Ottawa.
Uloyiko lomoya:Ukusuka eTshayina ukuya kwizikhululo zeenqwelomoya ezinkulu eCanada, ezifana neToronto Pearson International Airport kunye neVancouver International Airport, ixesha lokubhabha limalunga ne-12 - 15 iiyure. Ukongeza umsebenzi wesikhululo seenqwelomoya kunye nexesha lokucocwa kwamasiko (1 - 3 iintsuku zokusebenza), ixesha lokuthutha lilonke limalunga ne-3 - 5 iintsuku. Kodwa ifuthe lexesha eliphezulu lezothutho kusafuneka liqatshelwe.
4.Thumela ngaphandle eOstreliya
Ukuthunyelwa kweenqanawa zaselwandle: Ukuthunyelwa kweenqanawa zaseTshayina ukuya kumachweba amakhulu ase-Australia, njengeSydney kunye neMelbourne, ulwandle - ixesha lokuthutha ngokubanzi yi-15 - 25 iintsuku. Amasiko ase-Australia anokuhlolwa okungqongqo kunye neemfuno zokuvalelwa kwempahla ethunyelwa ngaphandle, kwaye ixesha lokucocwa kwesithethe lihlala li-3 - 7 iintsuku zokusebenza. Ke ngoko, lonke ixesha lothutho lokuthunyelwa eOstreliya ngolwandle limalunga ne-18 - 32 iintsuku. Ngexesha lenkqubo yokuthutha, iimpahla kufuneka zihlangabezane nemigangatho yemveliso efanelekileyo kunye neemfuno zokukhusela indalo yase-Australia; kungenjalo, banokujamelana nemiqobo yokuphuma kwisithethe, besandisa ngakumbi ixesha lokuhamba.
Uthutho lomoya: Ukusuka kwizikhululo zeenqwelo moya zaseTshayina ukuya kwizikhululo zeenqwelo moya ezinkulu eOstreliya, ixesha lokubhabha limalunga ne-8 - 10 iiyure. Ukongeza umsebenzi wesikhululo seenqwelomoya kunye nexesha lokucocwa kwamasiko (1 - 3 iintsuku zokusebenza), ixesha lokuthutha lilonke limalunga ne-3 - 5 iintsuku. Ngokufanayo nakwamanye amazwe, nangona uthutho ngenqwelomoya lufike ngexesha, iindleko nazo zixhomile, kwaye amashishini kufuneka enze ukhetho ngokweemfuno zawo.
5.Thumela ngaphandle kwamanye amazwe kunye nemimandla
(1) Thumela kwamanye amazwe aseYurophu:
Ukuthatha iJamani njengomzekelo, ukuthutha elwandle ukusuka eChina ukuya kumachweba aseJamani, njengeHamburg kunye neBremen, ixesha lokuthutha ulwandle ngokuqhelekileyo yi-25 - 35 iintsuku, kwaye ixesha lokukhutshwa kwempahla yi-2 - 5 iintsuku zokusebenza. Ixesha lokuhamba lilonke limalunga neentsuku ezingama-28 ukuya kwezingama-40. Ukuba uthuthwa ngololiwe, ukusuka kwezinye izikhululo zokuqala zaseTshayina - oololiwe bomthwalo baseYurophu eTshayina ukuya eJamani, ixesha lokuhamba limalunga neentsuku ezili-12 ukuya kwezili-18. Nangona kunjalo, umthamo wothutho lukaloliwe ulinganiselwe, kwaye isicwangciso sothutho sinokuchatshazelwa zizinto ezifana nokugcinwa komzila kunye nokucwangciswa. Umoya - ixesha lokuthutha ukuya eJamani lifana nelinye lamazwe aseYurophu, malunga ne-3 - 5 iintsuku.
(2) Thumela kwamanye amazwe aseAsia:
Xa kuthunyelwa ngaphandle eJapan, kuthutho elwandle ukusuka kumazibuko aseTshayina ukuya kumazibuko amakhulu aseJapan, anjengeTokyo kunye ne-Osaka, ixesha lothutho lolwandle liqhelekile ziintsuku ezi-3 ukuya kwezi-7, kwaye ixesha lokucocwa kwempahla yi-1 – 3 yeentsuku zokusebenza. Ixesha lokuthutha lilonke limalunga neentsuku ezi-4 - 10. Imeko yokuthumela ngaphandle eMzantsi Korea iyafana. Ulwandle - ixesha lokuthutha lidla ngokuba yi-2 - 5 iintsuku, kwaye ixesha lokucocwa kwamasiko li-1 - 3 iintsuku zokusebenza. Ixesha lokuthutha lilonke limalunga neentsuku ezi-3 - 8. La mazwe mabini asondele kakhulu e-China, ngoko ke ixesha lothutho lifutshane, kwaye inkqubo yezothutho ikhulile ngokwentelekiso, kunye nokufika ngexesha eliphezulu kwezothutho. Xa uthumela kwamanye amazwe ase-Asia njengeIndiya, ulwandle - ixesha lokuthutha lingaba malunga ne-10 - 20 iintsuku, kwaye ngenxa yobunzima benkqubo ye-Indian customs, ixesha lokukhutshwa kwamasiko lingathatha i-3 - 10 iintsuku. Ixesha lokuhamba lilonke limalunga ne-13 - 30 iintsuku.
(3) Thumela kumazwe aseAfrika:
Ngenxa yomahluko omkhulu kwiziseko ezingundoqo kunye neemeko zolungiselelo phakathi kwamazwe aseAfrika, ixesha lothutho nalo liyahluka kakhulu. Sithatha uMzantsi Afrika njengomzekelo, kuthutho elwandle olusuka eChina ukuya kumazibuko amakhulu aseMzantsi Afrika, afana neThekwini neKapa, ulwandle – ixesha lothutho lidla ngokuba ziintsuku ezingama-30 ukuya kwezingama-45, kwaye ixesha lokuhamba ngenqanawa linokuthatha iintsuku ezi-5 ukuya kwezili-10 okanye nangaphezulu. Ixesha lokuhamba lilonke limalunga neentsuku ezingama-35 ukuya kwezingama-55. Kwilizwe elithile - amazwe avaliweyo, ngenxa yesidingo sothutho lwesibini ngendlela okanye ngololiwe, ixesha lokuthutha liya kuba lide, kwaye kukho izinto ezingaqinisekanga ngakumbi ngexesha lenkqubo yokuthutha.
Ixesha elifunekayo kuthutho olukhulu lwezothutho kumazwe ahlukeneyo luchatshazelwa ngokupheleleyo zizinto ezahlukeneyo, kubandakanywa iindlela zothutho, ukusebenza kakuhle kokususwa kwezithethe zelizwe ekusingwa kulo, kunye namaxesha akhethekileyo kunye neemeko ezingxamisekileyo. Xa kucwangciswa ishishini elikhulu lokuthumela ngaphandle kwefriji, amashishini kufuneka athathele ingqalelo ngokupheleleyo le miba, akhethe ngokufanelekileyo indlela yothutho, kwaye asebenzisane ngokusondeleyo nababoneleli benkonzo yothutho lobugcisa ukuqinisekisa ukuba iimpahla zinokufika kwindawo ekuyiwa kuyo ngexesha kwaye ngokukhuselekileyo. Kwangaxeshanye, kufuneka bathathele ingqalelo kakhulu utshintsho kwimigaqo-nkqubo yorhwebo kumazwe ahlukeneyo kunye ne-dynamics ye-marketing logistics market, kwaye bathathe amanyathelo okuthintela kwangaphambili ukunciphisa iingozi eziziswa kukwandiswa kwexesha lokuthutha. Kubathengi abaneemfuno ezingxamisekileyo, nangona imithwalo yomoya ibiza kakhulu, inokuhlangabezana neemfuno zabo ngexesha elifanelekileyo; ngelixa kwii-odolo ezininzi eziqhelekileyo, ukuthutha elwandle lukhetho olungcono ukulinganisa iindleko kunye nexesha lokuthutha.
Ixesha lokuposa: Aug-08-2025 Views: