Iinkcukacha zokupakishwa kweekhabhathi zokubonisa ikeyiki yedesktop zenza isiseko sokubala imithwalo yamazwe ngamazwe. Phakathi kweemodeli eziqhelekileyo kumjikelezo wehlabathi, iikhabhinethi ezincinci zedesktop (0.8-1 imitha ubude) zinomthamo opakishweyo omalunga ne-0.8-1.2 cubic metres kunye nobunzima obungama-60-90 kg; iimodeli ezinobungakanani obuphakathi (i-1-1.5 yeemitha) zinomthamo we-1.2-1.8 cubic metres kunye nobunzima obungama-90-150 kg; iimodeli ezinkulu eziqhelekileyo (ngaphezu kwe-1.5 yeemitha) zihlala zidlula i-2 cubic metres ngomthamo kwaye zinobunzima obungaphezu kwama-200 kg.
Kwi-logistics yamazwe ngamazwe, imithwalo yolwandle ibalwa "nge-cubic metres", ngelixa imithwalo yomoya ibalwa ngokusekelwe kwixabiso eliphezulu phakathi kwe "kilogram" okanye "ubunzima bobukhulu" (ubude × ububanzi × ubude ÷ 5000, kunye nezinye iinqwelo-moya zisebenzisa i-6000). Ukuthatha i-1.2 yemitha yekhabhathi yekeyiki ephakathi njengomzekelo, ubunzima bayo bobukhulu bungama-300 kg (1.5 cubic metres × 200). Ukuba ithunyelwa ngenqwelomoya ukusuka eChina ukuya eYurophu, imithwalo eyisiseko imalunga ne-3-5 yeekhilogram, okukhokelela ekuthuthweni kweenqwelo moya kuphela ukusuka kwi-900-1500 yeedola; ngolwandle ($ 20-40 cubic meter nganye), imithwalo esisiseko i-$ 30-60 kuphela, kodwa umjikelo wezothutho ude kangangeentsuku ezingama-30-45.
Ukongezelela, iimfuno ezichanekileyo zezixhobo zongeza iindleko ezongezelelweyo.Ngenxa ye-compressor eyakhelwe-ngaphakathi kunye neglasi epholileyo, ukuthuthwa kwamanye amazwe kufuneka kuhambelane nemigangatho yokupakisha ye-ISTA 3A. Iindleko zamakreyiti omthi achasene nokuthambeka amalunga nama-50-100 eerandi kwiyunithi nganye, ingaphezulu lee kwiindleko zokupakisha ezilula zothutho lwasekhaya. Amanye amazwe (afana ne-Australia kunye ne-New Zealand) afuna izixhobo ukuba zikhatshwe zizatifikethi zokutshisa, kunye nemirhumo ejikeleze i-$ 30-50 ngebhetshi nganye.
2. Iiyantlukwano zeendleko kunye neemeko eziSebenzayo zeendlela zoThutho ezinqamlezileyo
Kurhwebo lwehlabathi, ukhetho lwendlela yokuthutha lumisela ngokuthe ngqo iindleko zempahla, kunye nokwahlukana kweendleko phakathi kweendlela ezahlukeneyo ezifikelela ngaphezu kwamaxesha e-10:
- Umthwalo wolwandle: Ifanelekile ukuthutha ngobuninzi (iiyunithi ezili-10 okanye ngaphezulu). Isitya esipheleleyo (i-20-foot container ingabamba i-20-30 iikhabhathi eziphakathi) ukusuka e-Asia ukuya kumazibuko amakhulu aseYurophu (i-Rotterdam, i-Hamburg) ixabisa malunga ne-1500-3000 yeedola, eyabelwe iyunithi enye kuphela i-50-150 yeedola; I-LCL (Ngaphantsi komthwalo woMgqomo) ibalwa nge-cubic metres, kunye ne-Asiya ukuya kuNxweme oluseNtshona loMntla Merika malunga ne-30-50 yeedola nge-cubic meter nganye, okukhokelela kumthwalo omnye wekhabhinethi ophakathi omalunga ne-45-90 yeedola, kodwa ngeentlawulo ezongezelelweyo zokukhupha (malunga ne-$ 20-30 ngeyunithi nganye).
- Uloyiko lomoya: Ifanelekile kwiiodolo ezingxamisekileyo. Umthwalo womoya osuka e-Asiya usiya kuMntla Melika umalunga ne-4-8 yeedola ngekhilogram, kunye nekhabhathi eyodwa ephakathi (300 kg ubunzima obulinganisiweyo) ixabisa i-1200-2400 yeedola, amaxesha angama-20-30 kumthwalo wolwandle; Umthwalo womoya wangaphakathi kweYurophu (umzekelo, eJamani ukuya eFransi) uphantsi, malunga ne-$ 2-3 ngekhilogram, kunye neendleko zeyunithi enye yehla ukuya kwi-600-900 yeedola.
- Uthutho lwasemhlabeni: Ilinganiselwe kumazwe angabamelwane, njengakwi-EU ukusuka eSpain ukuya ePoland. Uthutho lwasemhlabeni专线 xabisa malunga ne-1.5-2 yeedola ngekhilomitha, kunye nohambo lwe-1000-km oluxabisa i-150-200 yeedola ngeyunithi, kunye nexesha leentsuku ezi-3-5 kunye neendleko phakathi kolwandle kunye nothutho lomoya.
Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba imithwalo yamazwe ngamazwe ayibandakanyi imirhumo yokukhutshwa kweendawo zokusingwa. Ngokomzekelo, eUnited States, iikhabhinethi zekeyiki ezithengiswa kumazwe angaphandle ziphantsi kwe-2.5% -5% yerhafu (ikhowudi ye-HTS 841869), kunye nemirhumo ye-arhente ye-custos clearance (malunga ne-100-200 yee-$ 200 ngempahla nganye), ukwandisa iindleko zokoqobo ezifakwe kwi-10% -15%.
3. Impembelelo yoThungelwano loLungiselelo lweNgingqi kuThutho loThutho
Ukungalingani kothungelwano lothungelwano lwehlabathi lukhokelela kumahluko omkhulu kwiindleko zokusasazwa kwetheminali kuyo yonke imimandla:
Iimarike ezivuthiweyo eYurophu naseMelika: Ngeziseko zolungiselelo eziphuhliswe kakuhle, iindleko zokuhambisa ukusuka kumazibuko ukuya ezivenkileni ziphantsi. E-US, ukusuka ePort of Los Angeles ukuya edolophini yaseChicago, umrhumo wokuthuthwa komhlaba kwikhabhinethi enye ephakathi imalunga ne-80-150 yeedola; eYurophu, ukusuka kwiPort of Hamburg ukuya edolophini eMunich, malunga ne-50-100 € (elingana ne-60-120 yeedola), kunye nokukhetha ukuhanjiswa okucwangcisiweyo (okufuna i-20-30 yenkonzo eyongezelelweyo yenkonzo).
Iimarike ezikhulayo: Iindleko zokugqibela ziphezulu. Emazantsi-mpuma e-Asia (umzekelo, eJakarta, e-Indonesia), umrhumo wokuhanjiswa ukusuka kwichweba ukuya kwisixeko malunga ne-$ 100-200 ngeyunithi, kunye neentlawulo ezongezelelweyo ezifana neentlawulo kunye neentlawulo zokungena; kuthutho lwangaphakathi ukusuka kwiPort of Lagos, eNigeria, ngenxa yeemeko ezimbi zendlela, iyunithi yomthwalo weyunithi enye inokufikelela kwi-200-300 yeedola, ibalwa kwi-30% -50% yexabiso le-CIF yezibuko.
Iindawo ezikude: Ukuthunyelwa kwezinto ezininzi kukhokelela kwiindleko eziphindwe kabini. Amazwe afana neParaguay eMzantsi Melika kunye neMalawi e-Afrika afuna ukuba iimpahla zihanjiswe ngamazibuko angabamelwane, kunye nomthwalo opheleleyo wekhabhinethi enye yobukhulu obuphakathi (kuquka ukuhanjiswa) ukuya kwi-800-1500 yeedola, edlula kakhulu iindleko zokuthengwa kwezixhobo ngokwazo.
4. Izicwangciso-qhinga zokuLawula iiNdleko zoThutho kwi-Global Sourcing
Kurhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe, ucwangciso olufanelekileyo lothungelwano lothungelwano lunokunciphisa ngokusebenzayo umyinge weendleko zothutho:
Uthutho olukwindawo enkulu: Ii-odolo zeeyunithi ezili-10 okanye ngaphezulu usebenzisa i-container epheleleyo yothutho elwandle inokugcina i-30% -40% xa kuthelekiswa ne-LCL. Ngokomzekelo, ukuthunyelwa kwe-China ukuya eBrazil, i-container ye-20-foot epheleleyo ixabisa malunga ne-4000 yeedola (ekwaziyo ukubamba iiyunithi ze-25), kunye neyunithi ye-160 yeeyunithi; ukuthunyelwa ngeebhetshi ezili-10 ezahlukeneyo ze-LCL kuya kukhokelela ekuthuthweni kweyunithi nganye ngaphezulu kwe-300 yeedola.
Uyilo lwendawo yokugcina impahla: Ukurenta iindawo zokugcina phesheya kwiimarike eziphambili ezifana neNyakatho Melika kunye neYurophu, usebenzisa imodeli "yempahla egcweleyo yokuthutha elwandle + i-overseas warehouse distribution", inokunciphisa iindleko zokuhambisa enye ukusuka kwi-150 yeedola ukuya kwi-50-80 yeedola. Umzekelo,IAmazon FBAIindawo zokugcina iimpahla zaseYurophu zixhasa ugcino lwezixhobo ezibandayo, kunye nerenti yenyanga emalunga ne-10-15 yeedola ngeyunithi, ephantsi kakhulu kuneendleko zokuthunyelwa kwempahla kumazwe ngamazwe.
5. Ireferensi yeeNdawo zoThutho lweMarike yeHlabathi
Ngokusekwe phantsi kweemeko zolungiselelo lwamazwe ngamazwe, imithwalo yehlabathi yeekhabhathi zokubonisa ikeyiki yedesktop ingashwankathelwa kolu luhlu lulandelayo (zonke zilungiselelwe iikhabhathi ezinobungakanani obuphakathi, kubandakanywa nomthwalo osisiseko + ukukhutshwa kwezithethe + nokuhanjiswa kwetheminali):
- Urhwebo lwangaphakathi (umzekelo, ngaphakathi kwe-EU, ngaphakathi eMntla Melika): $ 150-300;
- Ukuthuthwa kwe-Intercontinental kufuphi nolwandle (e-Asia ukuya kuMzantsi-mpuma we-Asia, iYurophu ukuya kuMntla Afrika): $ 300-600;
- Ukuthuthwa kwe-Intercontinental olwandle (eAsia ukuya kuMntla Merika, iYurophu ukuya eMzantsi Merika): i-$ 600-1200;
- Iindawo ezikude (ephakathi kweAfrika, amazwe amancinci aseMzantsi Melika): $ 1200-2000.
Ngaphezu koko, iindleko ezongezelelweyo ngamaxesha akhethekileyo zifuna ingqwalasela: kwi-10% nganye yokunyuka kwamaxabiso epetroli, iindleko zokuthutha elwandle zinyuka nge-5% -8%; ujiko lwendlela olubangelwa kukungquzulana kwezopolitiko (njengengxaki yoLwandle oluBomvu) inokuphinda kabini imilinganiselo yomthwalo kwiindlela zaseAsia-Yurophu, inyusa ixabiso leyunithi enye ngeedola ezingama-300-500.
Ixesha lokuposa: Sep-10-2025 Iimbono: