Izikhongozeli ezifakwe efrijini zihlala zibhekisa kwiikhabhathi zeziselo evenkileni, iifriji, iikhabhathi zekhekhe, njl.njl., ezinamaqondo obushushu angaphantsi kwe-8°C. Abahlobo ababandakanyeka kushishino lwe-cold chain olungeniswe kwihlabathi liphela bonke baye baba nokudideka: ngokucacileyo bethetha ngomthwalo wolwandle we-$4,000 ngesikhongozeli, kodwa ixabiso lokugqibela liphela lifikelela kwi-$6,000.
Izikhongozeli ezifakwe efrijini ezingenisiweyo zahlukile kwizikhongozeli eziqhelekileyo ezomileyo. Iindleko zazo zokuhamba ziyinkqubo edibeneyo "yeefizi ezisisiseko + iiprimiyamu zokulawula ubushushu + iintlawulo ezongezelelweyo zomngcipheko". Ukungalungi okuncinci kuyo nayiphi na ikhonkco kunokukhokelela ekubeni iindleko zingalawuleki.
Xa kuthelekiswa nokubalwa kwamaxabiso kutshanje enyama eqandisiweyo yaseYurophu yomthengi engeniswe kwamanye amazwe, makhe sicacise ezi zinto zeendleko ezifihliweyo emva komthwalo wolwandle ukuze sikuncede uphephe imigibe yeendleko.
I. Iindleko zothutho oluphambili: Uthutho lwaselwandle "luyimali yokungena" kuphela
Le nxalenye “yeyona nxalenye iphambili” yexabiso, kodwa ayisiyonto inye yokuthutha ngolwandle. Endaweni yoko, iqulathe “imithwalo esisiseko kunye neentlawulo ezongezelelweyo zetyathanga elibandayo” ezinokuguquguquka okukhulu.
1. Uthutho oluqhelekileyo lwaselwandle: Kuqhelekile ukuba i-cold chain ibize ngaphezulu nge-30%-50% kunezikhongozeli eziqhelekileyo
Izikhongozeli ezifakwe efrijini kufuneka zihlale kwindawo ebekelwe inkampani yeenqanawa yokuthutha umbane kwaye zifuna umbane oqhubekayo ukuze kugcinwe amaqondo obushushu aphantsi, ngoko ke izinga lokuthutha elisisiseko ngokwalo liphezulu kakhulu kunelo lezikhongozeli eziqhelekileyo ezomileyo. Xa sijonga izikhongozeli ze-20GP njengomzekelo, umthwalo wolwandle wempahla eqhelekileyo ukusuka eYurophu ukuya eTshayina umalunga ne-$1,600-$2,200, ngelixa izikhongozeli ezifakwe efrijini ezisetyenziselwa inyama eqandisiweyo zinyuka ngokuthe ngqo ziye kwi-$3,500-$4,500; umsantsa kwiindlela zase-Southeast Asia ucacile ngakumbi, izikhongozeli eziqhelekileyo zibiza i-$800-$1,200, kwaye izikhongozeli ezifakwe efrijini ziphindwe kabini ziye kwi-$1,800-$2,500.
Kufuneka kuqatshelwe apha ukuba umahluko wexabiso mkhulu kakhulu kwiimfuno ezahlukeneyo zolawulo lobushushu: inyama eqandisiweyo idinga ubushushu obungaguqukiyo obuphakathi kwe -18°C ukuya kwi -25°C, kwaye iindleko zayo zokusebenzisa amandla ziphezulu ngama-20%-30% kunezo zezixhobo zobisi ezifrijiweyo ezinobushushu obuphakathi kwe-0°C-4°C.
2. Iintlawulo ezongezelelweyo: Amaxabiso eoyile kunye namaxesha onyaka angenza iindleko zibe "zii-roller coaster"
Eli candelo lelona linokwenzeka ukuba lidlule uhlahlo-lwabiwo mali, kwaye zonke "ziindleko ezinzima" ezinokunyuswa ziinkampani zokuthumela ngenqanawa xa zifuna:
- I-Bunker Adjustment Factor (BAF/BRC): Inkqubo yokukhenkceza iikhonteyina ezifrijiweyo kufuneka isebenze rhoqo, kwaye ukusetyenziswa kwepetroli kuphezulu kakhulu kuneekhonteyina eziqhelekileyo, ngoko ke umlinganiselo wentlawulo eyongezelelweyo yepetroli nawo uphezulu. Kwikota yesithathu ka-2024, intlawulo eyongezelelweyo yepetroli kwikhonteyina nganye yayimalunga ne-$400-$800, ebalelwa kwi-15%-25% yempahla iyonke. Umzekelo, i-MSC isandula ukubhengeza ukuba ukususela nge-1 kaMatshi 2025, intlawulo yokufumana ipetroli kwiimpahla ezifrijiweyo ezithunyelwa eMelika iya kunyuswa, kulandela ukuguquguquka kwamaxabiso eoyile yamazwe ngamazwe.
- Intlawulo yeXesha eliPhezulu (PSS): Le ntlawulo ayinakuphepheka ngexesha lemibhiyozo okanye amaxesha okuvuna kwiindawo ezivelisa imveliso. Umzekelo, ngexesha lokuthunyelwa kweziqhamo zaseChile kumazwe asezantsi ehlotyeni, izikhongozeli ezifakwe efrijini ezithunyelwa eMelika ziya kuhlawuliswa umrhumo wexesha eliphakamileyo we-$500 ngesikhongozeli ngasinye; kwiinyanga ezimbini ngaphambi koMnyhadala weNtwasahlobo eTshayina, izinga lokuthunyelwa kwezikhongozeli ezifakwe efrijini ukusuka eYurophu ukuya eTshayina linyuka ngokuthe ngqo nge-30%-50%.
- Intlawulo eyongezelelweyo yezixhobo: Ukuba kusetyenziswa izikhongozeli ezifrijini eziphezulu ezinolawulo lokufuma, okanye kufuneka iinkonzo zokupholisa ngaphambi kokuba zipholile, inkampani yokuthumela iza kuhlawulisa umrhumo wokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo owongezelelweyo we-$200-$500 ngesikhongozeli ngasinye, into eqhelekileyo xa kungeniswa iziqhamo eziphezulu.
II. Ukususwa kweezibuko kunye nerhafu: Eyona nto inokubangela "iindleko ezifihlakeleyo"
Abantu abaninzi babala iindleko ngaphambi kokuba bafike echwebeni, kodwa abayinaki "indleko yexesha" yesikhongozeli esifrijiweyo esihlala echwebeni - ixabiso lemihla ngemihla lesikhongozeli esifrijiweyo liphindwe kabini ukuya kathathu kunesikhongozeli esiqhelekileyo.
1. UDemurrage + ukubanjwa: "Umbulali wexesha" wezikhongozeli ezifrijini
Iinkampani zokuthutha zidla ngokubonelela ngexesha leekhonteyina zasimahla zeentsuku ezi-3-5, kwaye ixesha lokugcina lasimahla echwebeni ziiintsuku ezi-2-3. Nje ukuba lidlule ixesha elimiselweyo, umrhumo uya kuphindaphindwa kabini ngemini. I-100% yokutya okungeniswe kwamanye amazwe kufuneka kuhlolwe kwaye kuvalelwe. Ukuba ichweba lixinene, ukuncipha komthwalo wodwa kunokufikelela kwi-500-1500 yuan ngosuku, kwaye umrhumo wokubamba iikhonteyina ezifrijini ubiza kakhulu, i-100-200 yeedola ngosuku.
Umthengi ungenise inyama ekhenkcezisiweyo evela eFransi. Ngenxa yolwazi olungachanekanga malunga nesatifikethi semvelaphi, ukususwa kwempahla kurhoxisiwe kangangeentsuku ezi-5, kwaye umrhumo we-demurrage + wokubanjwa wodwa ubize ngaphezulu kwe-8,000 RMB, ephantse ibe ngaphezulu nge-20% kunokuba bekulindelwe.
2. Ukucoca nokuhlola irhafu: Iindleko zokuthobela imithetho azinakulondolozwa
Eli candelo liyinkcitho esisigxina, kodwa kufuneka kuqwalaselwe "ingxelo echanekileyo" ukuze kuthintelwe iindleko ezongezelelweyo:
- Iintlawulo eziqhelekileyo: Umrhumo wokubhengeza irhafu (200-500 yuan ngetikiti), umrhumo wokubhengeza ukuhlolwa (300-800 yuan ngetikiti), kunye nomrhumo wenkonzo yokuhlola (500-1000 yuan) zizinto eziqhelekileyo. Ukuba kufuneka indawo yokugcina okwethutyana kwindawo yokugcina ebandayo elawulwa yirhafu, umrhumo wokugcina we-300-500 yuan ngosuku uya kongezwa.
- Iirhafu kunye nerhafu eyongeziweyo: Le "yinxalenye enkulu" yeendleko, kodwa inokulondolozwa ngezivumelwano zorhwebo. Umzekelo, kusetyenziswa isatifikethi seFORM E seRCEP, iidurian zaseThailand zingangeniswa ngaphandle kwerhafu; iimveliso zobisi zase-Australia zinokuncitshiswa ngokuthe ngqo kwiirhafu zazo zibe yi-0 ngesatifikethi semvelaphi. Ukongeza, ikhowudi ye-HS kufuneka ichaneke. Umzekelo, i-ayisikhrim ehlelwe phantsi kwe-2105.00 (enerhafu ye-6%) inokonga amawaka eedola kwirhafu ngesikhongozeli xa kuthelekiswa nehlelwe phantsi kwe-0403 (enerhafu ye-10%).
III. Iindleko zokuncedisa: Zibonakala zincinci, kodwa xa zidibene zifikelela kwixabiso elimangalisayo
Iindleko zomntu ngamnye zezi linki aziphezulu, kodwa zidibene, zihlala zibala i-10%-15% yeendleko zizonke.
1. Iindleko zokupakisha nokusebenza: Ukuhlawulela ukugcinwa kobutsha
Iimpahla ezifakwe efrijini zifuna ukupakisha okukhethekileyo okungenamanzi nokungashukumi. Umzekelo, ukupakisha inyama eqandisiweyo nge-vacuum kunokunciphisa umthamo nge-30%, oku kungagcini nje ngokugcina imithwalo kodwa kugcina ubutsha, kodwa umrhumo wokupakisha yi-$100-$300 kwisikhongozeli ngasinye. Ukongeza, kufuneka iiforklift zobungcali ze-cold chain ukuze kulayishwe kwaye kukhutshwe impahla, kwaye umrhumo wokusebenza uphezulu ngama-50% kuneempahla eziqhelekileyo. Ukuba iimpahla ziyoyika ukungqubana kwaye zifuna ukufakwa kokukhanya ngesandla, umrhumo uya kunyuka ngakumbi.
2. Iprimiyamu yeinshorensi: Ukubonelela ngokhuseleko "kwiimpahla ezibolayo"
Xa ulawulo lobushushu bempahla efrijini lungaphumeleli, kuya kuba yilahleko epheleleyo, ngoko ke i-inshorensi ayinakusindiswa. Ngokwesiqhelo, i-inshorensi ithathwa kwi-0.3%-0.8% yexabiso lempahla. Umzekelo, kwinyama efriziweyo exabisa i-$50,000, i-premium imalunga ne-$150-$400. Kwiindlela ezinde ezifana noMzantsi Melika kunye ne-Afrika, i-premium iya kunyuka iye ngaphezulu kwe-1%, kuba okukhona ixesha lokuhamba lide, kokukhona umngcipheko wolawulo lobushushu uphezulu.
3. Umrhumo wothutho lwasekhaya: Ixabiso lemayile yokugqibela
Ukuthutha ukusuka echwebeni ukuya kwindawo yokugcina izinto ezibandayo ngaphakathi elizweni, umthwalo weelori ezifrijiweyo uphezulu ngama-40% kuneelori eziqhelekileyo. Umzekelo, umrhumo wokuthutha wesikhongozeli sefriji se-20GP ukusuka eShanghai Port ukuya kwindawo yokugcina izinto ezibandayo eSuzhou yi-1,500-2,000 yuan. Ukuba kukuya kwimimandla esembindini nasentshona, kongezwa i-200-300 yuan ngeekhilomitha ezili-100, kwaye umrhumo wokuqhuba ongenanto wokubuya nawo kufuneka uqukwe.
IV. Izakhono zokulawula iindleko ezisebenzayo: iindlela ezi-3 zokonga i-20% yeendleko
Emva kokuqonda indlela ebekwe ngayo iindleko, ulawulo lweendleko lunokwenziwa ngendlela ecwangcisiweyo. Nazi ezinye iindlela eziqinisekisiweyo:
1. Khetha i-LCL kwiibhetshi ezincinci uze usayine izivumelwano zexesha elide kwiibhetshi ezinkulu:
Xa umthamo wempahla ungaphantsi kwee-cubic metres ezi-5, i-LCL (Umthwalo weContainer ongaphantsi) igcina i-40%-60% yempahla xa ithelekiswa ne-FCL. Nangona ukusebenza kwexesha kuhamba kancinci ngeentsuku ezi-5-10, ifanelekile kwii-odolo zovavanyo; ukuba umthamo wokubhukisha wonyaka udlula iikhonteyina ezingama-50, sayina isivumelwano sexesha elide ngqo nenkampani yokuthumela ukuze ufumane isaphulelo se-5%-15%.
2. Lawula ngokuchanekileyo ubushushu kunye nexesha ukuze unciphise inkunkuma yamandla:
Misela ubuncinci bobushushu obufunekayo ngokweempawu zeempahla. Umzekelo, iibhanana zingagcinwa kwi-13°C, kwaye akukho mfuneko yokuzithoba ziye kwi-0°C; qhagamshelana nenkampani yokucoca irhafu kwangaphambili ukuze ulungiselele izinto ngaphambi kokuba ufike echwebeni, ucinezele ixesha lokuhlola libe ngaphakathi kosuku olunye, kwaye uphephe ukuphelelwa ngamandla.
3. Sebenzisa iteknoloji ukunciphisa iindleko:
Faka ulwalathiso lokulawula ubushushu beGPS kwizikhongozeli ezifrijiweyo ukuze ulandelele utshintsho lobushushu ngexesha langempela, uphephe ukulahleka okupheleleyo ngenxa yokungasebenzi kakuhle kwezixhobo; sebenzisa inkqubo yokugcina izinto ezenzekelayo, enokunciphisa iindleko zokusebenza kwendawo yokugcina izinto ebandayo nge-10%-20%.
Okokugqibela, isishwankathelo: Ukubalwa kweendleko kufuneka kushiye "isithuba esiguquguqukayo"
Ifomula yeendleko zezikhongozeli ezifakwe efrijini ezingenisiweyo ingashwankathelwa ngolu hlobo: (Umthwalo osisiseko wolwandle + iintlawulo ezongezelelweyo) + (Iimali zezibuko + iifizi zokucoca irhafu) + (Ukupakisha + i-inshurensi + iifizi zokuthutha zasekhaya) + uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali oluguquguqukayo lwe-10%. Le 10% ibalulekile ekujongeni iimeko ezingxamisekileyo ezifana nokunyuka kwamaxabiso epetroli kunye nokulibaziseka kokucoca irhafu.
Kaloku, eyona nto iphambili ekuthuthweni kwezinto ezibandayo “kukugcinwa kobutsha”. Endaweni yokuba nexhala ngeendleko ezifunekayo, kungcono ukunciphisa iindleko ezifihlakeleyo ngokucwangcisa ngokuchanekileyo – ukugcina umgangatho weempahla yeyona ndlela ingcono yokonga iindleko.
Ixesha lokuposa: Novemba-12-2025 Imbono: