Izikhongozeli ezifakwe efrijini zidla ngokubhekisa kwiikhabhathi zeziselo zevenkile enkulu, iifriji, iikhabhathi zekeyiki, njalo njalo, ezinobushushu obungaphantsi kwe-8°C. Abahlobo ababandakanyeka kwishishini lehlabathi elibandayo elingeniswa kumazwe angaphandle baye banako oku kubhideka: ukuthethathethana ngokucacileyo ngothutho lwaselwandle lwe-4,000 yeedola kwisikhongozeli ngasinye, kodwa ixabiso lokugqibela lilonke lifikelela kwi-6,000 yeedola.
Izikhongozeli ezivela kumazwe angaphandle ezifakwe efrijini zahlukile kwizikhongozeli ezomileyo eziqhelekileyo. Iindleko zabo zokuthutha ziyinkqubo edibeneyo "yemirhumo esisiseko + iintlawulo zokulawula ubushushu + iintlawulo zengozi". Ukongamela okuncinci kulo naliphi na ikhonkco kunokukhokelela kwiindleko ezingalawulekiyo.
Idityaniswe nokubalwa kweendleko zakutsha nje zomthengi wenyama ekhenkcezisiweyo yaseYurophu engeniswe kumazwe angaphandle, makhe sicacise ezi zinto zexabiso ezifihlwe emva komthwalo wolwandle ukukunceda uphephe imigibe yeendleko.
I. Iindleko zothutho ezingundoqo: Uthutho elwandle “yintlawulo yokwamkelwa”
Le nxalenye “yeyona nxalenye inkulu” yeendleko, kodwa asiyonto nje enye yothutho elwandle. Endaweni yoko, iqulathe "impahla esisiseko + intlawulo eyongezelelweyo ebandayo" enokuguquguquka okugqithisileyo.
1. Uthutho lwaselwandle olusisiseko: Kuqhelekile ukuba ikhonkco elibandayo libe ngama-30% -50% ngaphezulu kwexabiso lemigqomo eqhelekileyo.
Izikhongozeli ezifakwe efrijini kufuneka zihlale kwisithuba sekhonkco elibandayo lenkampani yenqanawa kwaye zifuna unikezelo lwamandla oluqhubekayo ukugcina amaqondo obushushu aphantsi, ngoko ke umlinganiselo osisiseko womthwalo ngokwawo uphezulu kakhulu kunezo zikhongozeli ezomileyo eziqhelekileyo. Ukuthatha izitya ze-20GP njengomzekelo, imithwalo yolwandle yomthwalo jikelele ukusuka eYurophu ukuya eChina imalunga ne-$ 1,600- $ 2,200, ngelixa izitya ezifakwe efrijini ezisetyenziselwa inyama enomkhenkce ziphakama ngokuthe ngqo kwi-$ 3,500-$ 4,500; umsantsa kwiindlela zase-Southeast Asia ucace ngakumbi, kunye nezikhongozeli eziqhelekileyo zibiza i-$800-$1,200, kunye nezikhongozeli ezifakwe efrijini ziphinda kabini ukuya kwi-$1,800-$2,500.
Kufuneka kuqatshelwe apha ukuba umahluko wamaxabiso nawo mkhulu kwiimfuno ezahlukeneyo zolawulo lobushushu: inyama ekhenkcezisiweyo idinga ubushushu obungaguqukiyo obuyi-18°C ukuya ku-25°C, kwaye iindleko zayo zokusebenzisa amandla ngama-20%-30% aphezulu kunezikhongozeli ezifakwe efrijini zobisi ezinobushushu obuyi-0°C-4°C.
2. Iintlawulo ezongezelelweyo: Amaxabiso e-oyile kunye namaxesha onyaka anokwenza iindleko zibe “i-roller coaster”
Le nxalenye yeyona nto inokwenzeka ukuba igqithise uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali, kwaye zonke "ziinkcitho engqongqo" ukuba iinkampani zokuthumela ngenqanawa zinokunyuka ngokuthanda:
- I-Bunker Adjustment Factor (BAF/BRC): Inkqubo yefriji yezikhongozeli ezifakwe efrijini kufuneka isebenze ngokuqhubekayo, kwaye ukusetyenziswa kwepetroli kuphezulu kakhulu kunezikhongozeli eziqhelekileyo, ngoko ke umlinganiselo wokutsalwa kwepetroli nawo uphezulu. Kwikota yesithathu ka-2024, intlawulo yamafutha eyongeziweyo kwisingxobo ngasinye yayimalunga ne-400- $ 800 yeedola, ibalelwa kwi-15% -25% yomthwalo uwonke. Ngokomzekelo, i-MSC isandula ukubhengeza ukuba ukususela ngomhla woku-1 kuMatshi ka-2025, umrhumo wokufunyanwa kwepetroli kwiimpahla ezifakwe efrijini ezithunyelwa eUnited States iza kunyuswa, ngokusondeleyo kulandela ukuhla kwamaxabiso e-oyile kumazwe ngamazwe.
- I-Peak Season Surcharge (PSS): Le ntlawulo ayinakuthintelwa ngexesha lemithendeleko okanye ngamaxesha okuvuna kwiindawo zokuvelisa. Ngokomzekelo, ngexesha lencopho yokuthunyelwa kweziqhamo zaseChile kwi-hemisphere esemazantsi ehlotyeni, izitya ezifakwe efrijini ezithunyelwa eUnited States ziya kuhlawuliswa umrhumo wexesha eliphakamileyo lee-R500 ngenkonkxa nganye; kwiinyanga ezimbini ngaphambi koMthendeleko weNtwasahlobo eTshayina, isantya somthwalo wemigqomo efrijini ukusuka eYurophu ukuya eTshayina yonyuka ngokuthe ngqo ngama-30% -50%.
- Intlawulo eyongeziweyo yezixhobo: Ukuba izikhongozeli eziphezulu zefriji kunye nokulawulwa komswakama zisetyenzisiweyo, okanye iinkonzo zokupholisa kwangaphambili zifunekayo, inkampani yokuthumela inqanawa iya kuhlawula umrhumo wokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo ezongezelelweyo ze-$ 200- $ 500 ngesitya, esiqhelekileyo xa ungenisa iziqhamo eziphezulu.
II. Ukukhutshwa kwezibuko kunye nezithethe: Ezona zithandwa kakhulu "kwiindleko ezifihlakeleyo"
Abantu abaninzi babala kuphela iindleko ngaphambi kokufika kwi-port, kodwa bangayihoyi "ixabiso lexesha" lesikhongozeli esisefrijini esihlala kwi-port - iindleko zemihla ngemihla yokuhlala kwesitya esiqandisiweyo ngamaxesha angama-2-3 kwisitya esiqhelekileyo.
1. Demurrage + demurrage: “Ngumbulali wexesha” wezingxobo ezifakwe efrijini
Iinkampani zokuthumela ngokuqhelekileyo zibonelela nge-container yamahhala yeentsuku ezi-3-5, kwaye ixesha lokugcinwa kwamahhala kwi-port yi-2-3 iintsuku. Nje ukuba igqithe kumda wexesha, umrhumo uya kuphinda kabini yonke imihla. I-100% yokutya okuvela kumazwe angaphandle kufuneka kuhlolwe kwaye kuvalelwe. Ukuba izibuko lixinene, i-demurrage yodwa inokufikelela kwi-500-1500 yuan ngosuku, kwaye umrhumo wokuvalelwa kwizikhongozelo ezifakwe efrijini ibiza kakhulu, i-100-200 yeedola ngosuku.
Umxhasi ungenise inyama ekhenkcezisiweyo evela eFransi. Ngenxa yolwazi olungachanekanga kwisatifikethi semvelaphi, ukuhlanjululwa kwamasiko kwabambezeleka kwiintsuku ze-5, kwaye i-demurrage + intlawulo yokuvalelwa yedwa ixabisa ngaphezu kwe-8,000 RMB, eyayiphantse ibe yi-20% ngaphezu kokulindelekileyo.
2. Ukukhutshwa kunye nokuhlolwa kweCustoms: Iindleko zokuthobela azinakugcinwa
Le nxalenye yinkcitho emiselweyo, kodwa ingqwalasela kufuneka ihlawulwe "kwisibhengezo esichanekileyo" ukuphepha iindleko ezongezelelweyo:
- Imirhumo yesiqhelo: Imali yokubhengezwa kweCustoms (200-500 yuan ngetikiti), intlawulo yokubhengezwa kokuhlolwa (300-800 yuan ngetikiti ngalinye), kunye nemali yenkonzo yokuhlola (500-1000 yuan) isemgangathweni. Ukuba ukugcinwa kwesikhashana kwindawo yokugcina ebandayo elawulwa ngamasiko efunekayo, umrhumo wokugcina we-300-500 yuan ngosuku uya kongezwa.
- Iintlawulo kunye nerhafu eyongeziweyo: Le "yinxalenye enkulu" yeendleko, kodwa inokugcinwa ngezivumelwano zorhwebo. Umzekelo, usebenzisa iFOMU E yesatifikethi se-RCEP, ii-durians zaseThai zinokungeniswa ngaphandle simahla; Iimveliso zobisi zase-Australia zinokuncitshiswa ngokuthe ngqo kwiirhafu ukuya kwi-0 kunye nesiqinisekiso semvelaphi. Ukongeza, ikhowudi yeHS kufuneka ichanekile. Umzekelo, i-ayisikrimu ehlelwe phantsi kwe-2105.00 (kunye nentlawulo ye-6%) ingagcina amawaka eedola kwiirhafu kwisikhongozeli ngasinye xa kuthelekiswa nokuhlelwa phantsi kwe-0403 (kunye nomrhumo we-10%).
III. Iindleko ezincedisayo: Zibonakala zincinci, kodwa ukongeza ukuya kwisixa esimangalisayo
Iindleko zomntu ngamnye ezi khonkco aziphezulu, kodwa zongeza, zihlala zibala i-10% -15% yeendleko ezipheleleyo.
1. Imirhumo yokuPakisha kunye nokusebenza: Ukuhlawulela ukugcinwa kokutsha
Iimpahla ezifakwe efrijini zifuna ukhuseleko lokufuma kunye nobungqina bomothuko okhethekileyo. Umzekelo, ukupakishwa kwevacuum yenyama ekhenkcezisiweyo kunokunciphisa umthamo nge-30%, engagcini nje kuphela imithwalo kodwa igcina ukutsha, kodwa intlawulo yokupakisha yi-$ 100- $ 300 ngesitya. Ukongeza, iiforklift zetsheyini ezibandayo zobuchule ziyafuneka ukuze kulayishwe kwaye kukothulwe, kwaye umrhumo wokusebenza ungaphezulu kwama-50% kunempahla eqhelekileyo. Ukuba iimpahla zoyika ukubetha kwaye zifuna ukufakwa kokukhanya ngesandla, umrhumo uya kunyuka ngakumbi.
2. Intlawulo ye-inshurensi: Ukubonelela ngokhuseleko "kwimpahla etshabalalayo"
Emva kokuba ukulawulwa kweqondo lokushisa kwempahla efrijini kungaphumeleli, kuya kuba yilahleko epheleleyo, ngoko ke i-inshurensi ayikwazi ukugcinwa. Ngokuqhelekileyo, i-inshurensi ithathwa kwi-0.3% -0.8% yexabiso lempahla. Umzekelo, kwi-50,000 yeedola zenyama engumkhenkce, iprimiyamu imalunga ne-150- $400 yeedola. Kwiindlela ezinde ezifana noMzantsi Melika kunye ne-Afrika, i-premium iya kunyuka ibe ngaphezu kwe-1%, kuba ixesha elide lokuthutha, liphakamisa ingozi yokulawula ubushushu.
3. Imali yothutho lwasekhaya: Iindleko zemayile yokugqibela
Ukuthutha ukusuka kwizibuko ukuya kwindawo yokugcina ebandayo engaphakathi, imithwalo yeelori ezifakwe efrijini iphezulu ngama-40% kunelori eziqhelekileyo. Ngokomzekelo, umrhumo wokuthutha we-20GP ye-container efrijini esuka e-Shanghai Port ukuya kwindawo yokugcina ebandayo e-Suzhou yi-yuan eyi-1,500-2,000. Ukuba ikwimimandla esembindini nakwintshona, kuya kongezwa i-yuan eyi-200-300 ngeekhilomitha ezili-100, kwaye kufuneka kufakwe nentlawulo yokubuya engenanto yokuqhuba.
IV. Izakhono zokulawula iindleko ezisebenzayo: Iindlela ze-3 zokugcina i-20% yeendleko
Emva kokuqonda ukubunjwa kweendleko, ukulawulwa kweendleko kunokwenziwa ngendlela ehlelekile. Nazi iindlela eziqinisekisiweyo:
1. Khetha i-LCL kwiibhetshi ezincinci kwaye usayine izivumelwano zexesha elide kwiibhetshi ezinkulu:
Xa umthamo wempahla ungaphantsi kwe-5 cubic metres, i-LCL (Ngaphantsi koMthwalo weSikhongozeli) igcina i-40% -60% yomthwalo xa kuthelekiswa neFCL. Nangona ixesha lokusebenza licotha iintsuku ezi-5-10, ifanelekile kwii-odolo zesilingo; ukuba umthamo wonyaka wokubhuka udlula izitya ze-50, sayina isivumelwano sexesha elide ngokuthe ngqo kunye nenkampani yokuthumela ukuze ufumane isaphulelo se-5% -15%.
2. Lawula ngokuchanekileyo ubushushu kunye nexesha lokunciphisa inkcitho yamandla:
Misela ubuncinci bobushushu obufunekayo ngokweempawu zempahla. Ngokomzekelo, iibhanana zingagcinwa kwi-13 ° C, kwaye akukho mfuneko yokuyinciphisa kwi-0 ° C; qhagamshela kunye nenkampani yokucoca izithethe kwangaphambili ukulungiselela izixhobo ngaphambi kokufika echwebeni, ucinezele ixesha lokuhlola ukuya kusuku olu-1, kwaye unqande ukuchithwa.
3. Sebenzisa iteknoloji ukunciphisa iindleko:
Faka iGPS esweni ukulawula ubushushu kwizikhongozeli ezifakwe efrijini ukugcina umkhondo wokutshintsha kobushushu ngexesha langempela, uthintele ilahleko iyonke ngenxa yokusilela kwesixhobo; sebenzisa inkqubo yokugcina impahla, enokunciphisa iindleko zokusebenza zokugcina okubandayo nge-10% -20%.
Okokugqibela, isishwankathelo: Ukubalwa kweendleko kufuneka kushiye "indawo ebhetyebhetye"
Ifomula yeendleko zemigqomo ekhenkcezisiweyo evela kumazwe angaphandle ingashwankathelwa ngolu hlobo: (Impahla yaselwandle esisiseko + intlawulo eyongeziweyo) + (Iintlawulo zePort + imirhumo yokucocwa kwesithethe) + (Ukupakishwa + kwe-inshorensi + imirhumo yothutho lwasekhaya) + 10% yohlahlo lwabiwo-mali oluguquguqukayo. Le 10% ibalulekile ekujonganeni neemeko ezingxamisekileyo ezifana nokunyuswa kwamaxabiso epetroli kunye nokulibaziseka kokususwa kwempahla ephumayo.
Emva kwayo yonke loo nto, undoqo wothutho lwekhonkco elibandayo "kukugcina ubutsha". Endaweni yokuba ube stingy ngeendleko eziyimfuneko, kungcono ukunciphisa inkcitho efihliweyo ngocwangciso oluchanekileyo-ukugcina umgangatho wempahla yeyona nto yonga iindleko.
Ixesha lokuposa: Nov-12-2025 Views: