Ukuqonda Umahluko phakathi kweentlobo zeefriji zeefriji

Izixhobo zale mihla zokukhenkcisa zibalulekile ekugcinweni kokutya, ukanti iifriji ezifana ne-R134a, i-R290, i-R404a, i-R600a, ne-R507 zahluke kakhulu ekusetyenzisweni kwazo. I-R290 idla ngokusetyenziswa kwiikhabhathi zeziselo ezifakwe efrijini, ngelixa i-R143a isetyenziswa rhoqo kwiikhabhathi ezincinci zebhiya. I-R600a idla ngokugcinelwa izixhobo ezikhethekileyo zokukhenkceza.

Izikhenkcezi zingundoqo kwiinkqubo zokukhenkcisa, nto leyo eyenza ukuba iifriji zifunxe ubushushu kwaye zigcine ubushushu obupholileyo bangaphakathi. Nangona kunjalo, ayizizo zonke iifriji ezidalwe ngokulinganayo-ukwakheka kweekhemikhali, impembelelo yokusingqongileyo, iiprofayili zokhuseleko kunye nokusebenza kuyahluka kakhulu. Kubathengi, amagcisa, kunye neengcali zeshishini eYurophu nakuMntla Melika, ukuqonda lo mahluko kubalulekile, ngakumbi phakathi koxinzelelo olungqongqo lokunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwegesi eluhlaza kunye nokukhusela umaleko we-ozone.

Iikhrayitheriya zoVavanyo olungundoqo kwiifriji

Ngaphambi kokuntywila kwiintlobo zomntu ngamnye, kubalulekile ukuchaza iimetriki ezibaluleke kakhulu kwizicelo zesikhenkcisi. Ezi nqobo zokugweba zamkelwa kwihlabathi jikelele kwishishini le-HVAC/R (Ukufudumeza, ukuPhuhlisa umoya, ukuPholisa umoya, ukuFezekisa) kunye nokwenza izigqibo zolawulo kwihlabathi jikelele:

• I-ODP (Ithuba Lokuchithwa kwe-Ozone): Umlinganiselo wendlela into eyonakalisa ngayo i-ozone layer. Umlinganiselo yi-R11 (ifriji evaliweyo ngoku), kunye ne-ODP ye-1. Umlinganiselo we-0 uthetha ukuba isikhenkcisi asinazo iziphumo zokunciphisa i-ozone.
• I-GWP (i-Global Warming Potential): Umlinganiselo wegalelo le-substance kutshintsho lwemozulu kwiminyaka eyi-100, xa kuthelekiswa ne-carbon dioxide (CO₂, GWP = 1). Amaxabiso asezantsi e-GWP abekwe phambili phantsi kwemimiselo efana ne-EU's F-Gas Regulation kunye ne-US EPA's SNAP (Umgaqo-nkqubo oMtsha oMtsha oMtsha oMngeneyo).
• UHlelo loKhuseleko lwe-ASHRAE: Umgangatho (ASHRAE 34-2022) olinganisela iifriji ngokutsha (Iklasi 1: ayinakutsha; Udidi lwe-2L: lunokutsha kancinci; Udidi 2: olunokutsha; Udidi lwesi-3: olunokutsha kakhulu) kunye netyhefu (Udidi A: ubutyhefu obuphantsi; Iklasi B: ityhefu ephezulu). Uninzi lweefriji zefriji ziwela kwiKlasi A.
• Ukusebenza kweThermodynamic: Kubandakanya ukupholisa kakuhle (i-COP, okanye i-Coefficient of Performance, apho iphezulu = isebenzayo), uxinzelelo olusebenzayo (kufuneka luhambelane noyilo lwe-compressor yefriji), kunye noluhlu lweqondo lokushisa (olufanelekele iifriji zobushushu obuphakathi okanye izikhenkcisi ezinobushushu obuphantsi).
• Ukuhambelana: Isebenza kunye necompressor lubricant yefriji (umzekelo, i-oyile yeminerali, i-oyile ye-POE) kunye nezixhobo (umz., izitywina, i-hoses) ukuphepha umonakalo wenkqubo.

Uhlalutyo lwe-Individual Refrigerant

Ifriji nganye inamandla akhethekileyo kunye nemida, okwenza ukuba ifaneleke kwiimeko ezithile zokusetyenziswa-ukusuka kwiifriji zasekhaya ukuya kwiifriji zorhwebo. Ngezantsi lucazululo oluneenkcukacha zodidi ngalunye.

1. R134a (Tetrafluoroethane)

Uhlobo lweMichiza: I-hydrofluorocarbon enyulu (HFC)

Iimpawu eziphambili:

• I-ODP: 0 (i-ozone-ikhuselekile)
• I-GWP: 1,430 (kwiNgxelo yoVavanyo lweSithandathu ye-IPCC, i-100 yeminyaka engaphaya)
• Udidi loKhuseleko lwe-ASHRAE: I-A1 (engatshiyo, inetyhefu ephantsi)
• Uxinzelelo lokuSebenza: Phakathi (xa kuthelekiswa nezinye iifriji)
• Ukuhambelana: Isebenza kunye ne-POE (i-polyol ester) okanye i-PAG (i-polyalkylene glycol) i-lubricants.

Ukusebenza kunye nezicelo:

I-R134a yavela ngeminyaka yee-1990 njengethathela indawo ye-R12 (i-CFC ene-ODP ephezulu, ngoku evaliweyo phantsi kweProtocol yaseMontreal). Yaba ngundoqo kwiifriji zasekhaya, ii-coolers ezincinci zesiselo, kunye neefriji eziphathwayo ngenxa yobume bayo obungatshayo kunye nokudibanisa lula kwiinkqubo ezikhoyo. Ukupholisa kwayo kakuhle (COP) kuphakathi—yanele kumaqondo obushushu aqhelekileyo efriji (2–8°C kwikompatimenti entsha, -18°C kwizikhenkcisi) kodwa ingaphantsi kuneefriji zendalo ezifana ne-R600a.

Imo yoLawulo kunye nokusiNgqongileyo:

Ngelixa i-R134a ikhuselekile nge-ozone, i-GWP yayo ephezulu ikhokelele kwimiqathango eYurophu nakuMntla Melika. Ngaphantsi kwe-EU ye-F-Gas Regulation (EC No 517/2014), ukusetyenziswa kwe-R134a kwizixhobo ezitsha zefriji kuye kwancitshiswa ukususela ngo-2020, kunye nokunciphisa okucetywayo. Ihlala ixhaphake kwiifriji ezindala kodwa ithathelwa indawo yi-low-GWP enye indlela kwiimodeli ezintsha.

Imingeni: Imida ye-GWP ephakamileyo yexesha elide; ukusebenza okuphantsi kuneefriji zendalo.

2. R600a (Isobutane)

Uhlobo lweMichiza: I-hydrocarbon ecocekileyo (i-HC, "ifriji yendalo" ephuma kwi-petroleum / igesi)

Iimpawu eziphambili:

• I-ODP: 0 (i-ozone-ikhuselekile)
• I-GWP: 3 (impembelelo yemozulu engabalulekanga-enye yezona ziphantsi ezikhoyo)
• Udidi loKhuseleko lwe-ASHRAE: I-A3 (inokutsha kakhulu, ityhefu ephantsi)
• Uxinzelelo lokuSebenza: Phantsi (ifuna iicompressors ezenzelwe iinkqubo zoxinzelelo oluphantsi)
• Ukuhambelana: Isebenza nge-oyile yeminerali okanye i-alkylbenzene (AB) izithambiso (hayi i-POE/PAG).

Ukusebenza kunye nezicelo:

I-R600a ngoku sesona sikhenkcezisi siphambili kwiifriji zala maxesha zasekhaya eYurophu nakuMntla Melika. Ukusebenza kwayo okuphezulu kokupholisa (i-COP 5-10% ephezulu kune-R134a) inciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwamandla, ukulungelelanisa ne-EU Energy Label kunye nemigangatho ye-US ENERGY STAR®. I-GWP yayo ephantsi ikwenza ukuba ihambelane ngokupheleleyo nemigaqo engqongqo yokukhutshwa kwezinto ezikhutshwayo.

UKhuseleko kunye noFakelo lweNgqwalasela:

Ukutsha ngowona mngeni uphambili we-R600a. Ukunciphisa umngcipheko, abavelisi banciphisa ubungakanani bayo bentlawulo kwiifriji (ngokuqhelekileyo ≤150 grams) kwaye basebenzise izinto ezinobungqina bokudubula (umzekelo, iicompressors ezitywiniweyo, iindawo zombane ezingatshiyo). Amagcisa afuna uqeqesho olukhethekileyo ukuze akwazi ukuphatha iindawo ezivuzayo, njengoko umphunga oyi-R600a ohlangeneyo unokutsha.

Imingeni: Ukutsha okuphezulu kufuna uyilo olugxile kukhuseleko kunye nokuphathwa; ayihambelani neoyile yePOE/PAG.

3. R290 (iPropane)

Uhlobo lweMichiza: I-hydrocarbon ecocekileyo (HC, ifriji yendalo)

Iimpawu eziphambili:

• I-ODP: 0 (i-ozone-ikhuselekile)
• GWP: 3 (iyafana ne-R600a, impembelelo yemozulu ephantsi kakhulu)
• Udidi loKhuseleko lwe-ASHRAE: I-A3 (inokutsha kakhulu, ubutyhefu obuphantsi—inokutsha kancinane kune-R600a, inamandla asezantsi okutshisa)
• Uxinzelelo lokuSebenza: Phakathi-phantsi (ngaphezulu kune-R600a, ngaphantsi kune-R134a)
• Ukuhambelana: Isebenza nge-oyile yeminerali okanye i-lubricants ye-AB.

Ukusebenza kunye nezicelo:

I-R290 ibonelela ngendlela encomekayo yokupholisa—i-COP yayo iphezulu nge-10–15% kune-R134a, nto leyo eyenza ukuba ifaneleke kwifriji eyonga umbane. Isetyenziswa kwiifriji ezincinci ukuya kweziphakathi zasekhaya, iifriji ezincinci, kunye nezinye iifriji zokubonisa zorhwebo (apho iisayizi zentlawulo zilinganiselwe). Kwimimandla efana ne-EU, iya isanda yamkelwa njengokutshintshwa ngokuthe ngqo kwe-R134a kwiimodeli ezintsha.

Ukhuseleko kunye nobume boLawulo:

Njenge-R600a, ukutsha kwe-R290 kufuna amanyathelo angqongqo okhuseleko: imida yentlawulo (≤150 grams kwiifriji zasekhaya), iinkqubo zokubona ukuvuza, kunye nezinto ezingatshiyo ngaphakathi kwefriji. Ihambelana ngokupheleleyo ne-EU F-Gas Regulation kunye ne-US EPA SNAP, ngaphandle kwezicwangciso zokuhla ngenxa ye-GWP ephantsi.

Imingeni: Ukutsha okuphezulu kune-R600a; ifuna uvavanyo lokhuseleko olungqongqo ngakumbi ngexesha lokwenziwa kwemveliso.

4. R404a (Umxube we-R125, i-R134a, i-R143a)

Uhlobo lweMichiza: I-Near-azeotropic HFC blend (ii-HFC ezininzi ezixutywe ukulinganisa iimpawu zesikhenkcisi esinye)

Iimpawu eziphambili:

• I-ODP: 0 (i-ozone-ikhuselekile)
• I-GWP: 3,922 (iphezulu kakhulu-enye yezona friji zichaphazela imozulu)
• Udidi loKhuseleko lwe-ASHRAE: I-A1 (engatshiyo, inetyhefu ephantsi)
• Uxinzelelo lokuSebenza: Phezulu (ulungiselelwe iinkqubo zobushushu obuphantsi)
• Ukuhambelana: Isebenza ngezithambiso ze-POE.

Ukusebenza kunye nezicelo:

I-R404a yayikade ingumgangatho wegolide wefriji yorhwebo, kuquka izikhenkcisi ezihambayo, iikesi zokubonisa iivenkile ezinkulu, kunye neefriji zemizi-mveliso ezisebenza ku -20°C ukuya ku -40°C. Umthamo wayo ophezulu wokupholisa kunye nokuzinza kumaqondo obushushu aphantsi kwenza ukuba ibe yinto efanelekileyo kwezi zicelo.

Imo yoLawulo kunye nokusiNgqongileyo:

I-R404a iphezulu kakhulu i-GWP ikhokelele ekuphelisweni kwayo ngokupheleleyo eYurophu nakuMntla Melika. Ngaphantsi kwe-EU F-Gas Regulation, ukusetyenziswa kwayo kwizixhobo ezitsha kwavalwa ngo-2020, kwaye ukungenisa / ukuthumela ngaphandle kwayo kuthintelwe kakhulu. E-US, i-EPA idwelise i-R404a “njengeyona nto i-GWP ephezulu” kwaye ifuna ukutshintshwa ngeendlela ezizezinye ezine-GWP ephantsi (umz., i-R452A, i-R513A) kwiinkqubo ezintsha. Ihlala kwiifriji ezindala zorhwebo kodwa ikhutshwa ngokubuyiselwa.

Imingeni: I-GWP engavumelekanga; ukungasebenzi kakuhle kwamandla xa kuthelekiswa nezinye iindlela zale mihla; inegalelo elikhulu kutshintsho lwemozulu.

5. R507 (Umxube we-R125 & ne-R143a)

Uhlobo lweMichiza: Umxube we-Azeotropic HFC (imixube ebila/ijiya kwiqondo lobushushu elinye, njengefriji ecocekileyo)

Iimpawu eziphambili:

• I-ODP: 0 (i-ozone-ikhuselekile)
• I-GWP: 3,985 (phantse ifane ne-R404a, iphezulu kakhulu)
• Udidi loKhuseleko lwe-ASHRAE: I-A1 (engatshiyo, inetyhefu ephantsi)
• Uxinzelelo lokuSebenza: Phezulu (ngaphezulu kancinane kune-R404a)
• Ukuhambelana: Isebenza ngezithambiso ze-POE.

Ukusebenza kunye nezicelo:

I-R507 ngumzala osondeleyo we-R404a, eyenzelwe ifriji yokuthengisa enobushushu obuphantsi (umzekelo, izikhenkcezisi ezinzulu, iindawo ezibonisa ukutya okukhenkcezileyo) apho kufuneka ukupholisa okungaguqukiyo ku -30°C ukuya ku -50°C. Ubume bayo be-azeotropic buthetha ukuba ayahluli kumacandelo ngexesha lokuvuza, ukwenza lula ulondolozo-inzuzo ngaphezu kwemixube ekufutshane ne-azeotropic efana ne-R404a.

Imo yoLawulo kunye nokusiNgqongileyo:

Njenge-R404a, i-R507 ephezulu ye-GWP ikhokelele kwimigaqo engqongqo. I-EU F-Gas Regulation yavala ukusetyenziswa kwayo kwizixhobo ezitsha kwi-2020, kwaye i-US EPA ikhethe "njengento exhalabisayo" phantsi kwe-SNAP. Ithatyathelwa indawo yi-GWP ephantsi efana ne-R448A (GWP = 1,387) kunye ne-R449A (GWP = 1,397) kwizicelo zorhwebo.

Imingeni: IGWP iphezulu kakhulu; kungabikho ukusebenza kwexesha elide phantsi kwemithetho yokukhutshwa kwehlabathi; kuphela kwiinkqubo zelifa.

Iindlela zexabiso leefriji ezahlukeneyo ziyahluka. Le yitshathi yohambo ukusukela ngoJuni ka-2025:

Uthelekiso lwamagqabantshintshi eefriji

Itheyibhile engezantsi ishwankathela umahluko ophambili phakathi kweefriji ezintlanu, igxininisa ukufaneleka kwazo kwiimeko ezithile zokusetyenziswa:

Iindlela eziLawulayo kunye neeShifts zoShishino

Imarike yefriji yomhlaba wonke iqhutywa zinjongo ezimbini eziphambili: ukuphelisa i-ozone-depleting substances (eye yaphunyezwa kwiifriji ezininzi) kunye nokunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwegesi ye-greenhouse (injongo yangoku). EYurophu naseMntla Melika, imimiselo ikhawulezisa utshintsho kwiinketho eziphantsi ze-GWP:

• I-EU F-Gas Regulation: Igunyaza ukunciphisa i-79% yokunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwe-HFC ngo-2030 (xa kuthelekiswa namanqanaba e-2015) kunye nokuvala iifriji eziphezulu ze-GWP (GWP> 2,500) kwizixhobo ezintsha zefriji.
• I-US EPA SNAP: Idwelisa iifriji ezine-GWP ephantsi (umz., i-R600a, i-R290, i-R452A) “njengeyamkelekileyo” kuninzi lwezicelo kwaye ithintela ukhetho lwe-GWP ephezulu (umz., i-R404a, i-R507) kwiinkqubo ezintsha.

Kubathengi, oku kuthetha:

• Iifriji zamakhaya amatsha phantse ziya kusebenzisa kuphela i-R600a okanye i-R290 (ngenxa ye-GWP ephantsi nokusebenza kwazo okuphezulu).
• Ifriji yorhwebo iya kutshintshela kwimixube ye-GWP ephantsi (umz., i-R448A, i-R454C) okanye iifriji zendalo ezifana ne-CO₂ (R744) kwiinkqubo ezinkulu.
• Iifriji ezindala ezisebenzisa i-R134a, i-R404a, okanye i-R507 ziya kufuna ukulahlwa ngokufanelekileyo okanye ukulungiswa ngokutsha ukuze zithobele imimiselo.

Ukukhetha ifriji efanelekileyo kwifriji kuxhomekeke ekulinganiseni izinto ezine: impembelelo yendalo (ODP / GWP), ukhuseleko (ukutsha / ubuthi), ukusebenza (ukusebenza / uxinzelelo), kunye nokuthotyelwa kokulawula. Kwiinkqubo ezininzi zangoku:

• I-R600a kunye ne-R290 zezona zikhethwa kakhulu kwiifriji zasekhaya, ezibonelela nge-GWP ephantsi kakhulu kunye nokusebenza okuphezulu (kunye nemilinganiselo yokhuseleko yokujongana nokutsha).
• I-R404a kunye ne-R507 ziphelelwe lixesha kwiisistim ezintsha, zilinganiselwe kwizixhobo zorhwebo ezishiyekileyo de zibuyiselwe okanye zitshintshwe.
• I-R134a lukhetho lotshintsho, luye lwayekiswa ngokuthe ngcembe kulungiselelwa iifriji zendalo.

Njengoko imimiselo iqinisa kwaye iteknoloji iqhubela phambili, imboni iya kuqhubeka ibeka phambili iifriji zendalo kunye ne-low-GWP blends-ukuqinisekisa ukuba iinkqubo zefriji zisebenza kwaye zizinzileyo kwixesha elide. Kumagcisa kunye nabathengi, ukuhlala unolwazi malunga nalo mahluko ngundoqo ekwenzeni izigqibo ezithembekileyo, ezithobelayo.

Imithombo: ASHRAE Handbook-Refrigeration (2021), IPCC Sixth Assessment Report (2022), EU F-Gas Regulation (EC No 517/2014), US EPA SNAP Programme (2023).