Ukuqonda Umahluko Phakathi Kweentlobo Zefriji Zefriji

Izixhobo zokukhenkcisa zanamhlanje zibalulekile ekugcineni ukutya, kodwa izixhobo zokukhenkcisa ezifana ne-R134a, R290, R404a, R600a, kunye ne-R507 zahlukile kakhulu kwindlela ezisetyenziswa ngayo. I-R290 isetyenziswa kakhulu kwiikhabhathi zeziselo ezikhenkcisiweyo, ngelixa i-R143a isetyenziswa rhoqo kwiikhabhathi ezincinci zebhiya. I-R600a idla ngokugcinelwa izixhobo ezikhethekileyo zokukhenkcisa.

Iifriji zibalulekile kwiinkqubo zokukhenkcisa, nto leyo evumela iifriji ukuba zifunxe ubushushu kwaye zigcine amaqondo obushushu angaphakathi apholileyo. Nangona kunjalo, ayizizo zonke iifriji ezidalwe zilingana—ukwakheka kwazo kweekhemikhali, impembelelo yokusingqongileyo, iiprofayili zokhuseleko, kunye nokusebenza kwazo kwahluka kakhulu. Kubathengi, iingcali, kunye neengcali zoshishino eYurophu naseMntla Melika, ukuqonda olu mahluko kubalulekile, ingakumbi phakathi kwemithetho engqongqo yokunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwegesi ezibangela ubushushu kunye nokukhusela umaleko we-ozone.

Iikhrayitheriya zoVavanyo oluPhambili lweeRefrigerants

Ngaphambi kokuba ujonge iintlobo ezahlukeneyo, kubalulekile ukuchaza imilinganiselo ebaluleke kakhulu kwizicelo zefriji. Ezi khrayitheriya ziyaqatshelwa ngokubanzi kwishishini le-HVAC/R (Heating, Ventilation, Air Conditioning, Refrigeration) kwaye zibumba izigqibo zomthetho kwihlabathi liphela:

• I-ODP (Ubungakanani Bokuncitshiswa Kwe-Ozone): Umlinganiselo wokuba into yonakalisa kangakanani umaleko we-ozone. Umlinganiselo yi-R11 (i-refrigerant evalwe ngoku), ene-ODP eyi-1. Umlinganiselo we-0 uthetha ukuba i-refrigerant ayinazo iziphumo zokunciphisa i-ozone.
• I-GWP (Ubushushu beHlabathi): Umlinganiselo wegalelo lento kutshintsho lwemozulu kwiminyaka eli-100 edlulileyo, xa kuthelekiswa ne-carbon dioxide (CO₂, GWP = 1). Amaxabiso aphantsi e-GWP abekwa phambili phantsi kwemigaqo efana ne-F-Gas Regulation ye-EU kunye ne-SNAP ye-US EPA (uMgaqo-nkqubo oNtsha oKhethekileyo).
• Udidi loKhuseleko lwe-ASHRAE: Umgangatho (ASHRAE 34-2022) olinganisa iifriji ngokutsha (Udidi 1: azitshi; Udidi 2L: ziyatsha kancinci; Udidi 2: ziyatsha; Udidi 3: ziyatsha kakhulu) kunye nobutyhefu (Udidi A: ubutyhefu obuphantsi; Udidi B: ubutyhefu obuphezulu). Uninzi lweefriji zefriji ziwela kwiCandelo A.
• Ukusebenza kweThermodynamic: Kubandakanya ukusebenza kakuhle kokupholisa (i-COP, okanye i-Coefficient of Performance, apho iphezulu = isebenza ngcono), uxinzelelo lokusebenza (kufuneka luhambelane noyilo lwe-compressor yefriji), kunye noluhlu lobushushu (olufanelekileyo kwiifriji zobushushu obuphakathi okanye kwiifriji zobushushu obuphantsi).
• Ukuhambelana: Isebenza nezithambiso zecompressor zefriji (umz., ioyile yeminerali, ioyile yePOE) kunye nezinto (umz., izitywini, iipayipi) ukuthintela ukonakala kwenkqubo.

Uhlalutyo lweFriji yomntu ngamnye

Ifriji nganye inamandla kunye nemida eyahlukileyo, nto leyo eyenza ukuba ifaneleke kwiindawo ezithile zokusetyenziswa—ukusuka kwiifriji zasekhaya ukuya kwiifriji zorhwebo. Apha ngezantsi kukho uhlalutyo oluneenkcukacha lohlobo ngalunye.

1. R134a (iTetrafluoroethane)

Uhlobo lweKhemikhali: I-hydrofluorocarbon ecocekileyo (i-HFC)

Iinkcukacha eziphambili:

• I-ODP: 0 (ikhuselekile kwi-ozone)
• I-GWP: 1,430 (ngokweNgxelo yoVavanyo lweSithandathu ye-IPCC, iminyaka eli-100)
• Udidi loKhuseleko lwe-ASHRAE: A1 (ayitshisi, inetyhefu ephantsi)
• Uxinzelelo Lokusebenza: Phakathi (xa kuthelekiswa nezinye iifriji)
• Ukuhambelana: Isebenza ne-POE (polyol ester) okanye i-PAG (polyalkylene glycol) lubricants.

Ukusebenza kunye nezicelo:

I-R134a yavela ngeminyaka yoo-1990 njengendawo yokutshintsha i-R12 (i-CFC ene-ODP ephezulu, ngoku ethintelweyo phantsi kweMontreal Protocol). Yaba yinto eqhelekileyo kwiifriji zasekhaya, kwiifriji ezincinci zeziselo, nakwiifriji eziphathwayo ngenxa yokuba ayinakutsha kwaye kulula ukuyidibanisa kwiinkqubo ezikhoyo. Ukusebenza kwayo kakuhle ekupholiseni (i-COP) kuphakathi—kwanele kumaqondo obushushu aqhelekileyo efriji (2–8°C kwigumbi elitsha, -18°C kwiifriji) kodwa kuphantsi kuneefriji zendalo ezifana ne-R600a.

Imeko yoLawulo kunye neyokusingqongileyo:

Nangona i-R134a ikhuselekile kwi-ozone, i-GWP yayo ephezulu ikhokelele kwimiqathango eYurophu naseMntla Melika. Phantsi koMthetho we-F-Gas we-EU (EC No 517/2014), ukusetyenziswa kwe-R134a kwizixhobo ezintsha zokukhenkceza kuye kwehliswa kancinci ukusukela ngo-2020, kwaye kucetywa ukuncipha okungakumbi. Ihlala ixhaphakile kwiifriji ezindala kodwa ithathelwa indawo zezinye iindlela ezingena-GWP eninzi kwiimodeli ezintsha.

Imingeni: I-GWP ephezulu ithintela ukusebenza kwexesha elide; ukusebenza okuphantsi kuneefriji zendalo.

2. R600a (Isobutane)

Uhlobo lweeKhemikhali: I-hydrocarbon ecocekileyo (i-HC, "ifriji yendalo" evela kwi-petroleum/gesi)

Iinkcukacha eziphambili:

• I-ODP: 0 (ikhuselekile kwi-ozone)
• I-GWP: 3 (impembelelo yemozulu engephi—enye yezona ziphantsi kakhulu ezikhoyo)
• Udidi loKhuseleko lwe-ASHRAE: A3 (itsha kakhulu, inetyhefu ephantsi)
• Uxinzelelo Lokusebenza: Luphantsi (lufuna ii-compressors ezenzelwe iinkqubo ezinoxinzelelo oluphantsi)
• Ukuhambelana: Isebenza neoyile yeminerali okanye i-alkylbenzene (AB) lubricants (hayi i-POE/PAG).

Ukusebenza kunye nezicelo:

I-R600a ngoku yeyona iphambili kwiifriji zasekhaya zanamhlanje eYurophu naseMntla Melika. Ukusebenza kwayo okuphezulu kokupholisa (i-COP 5–10% ngaphezulu kune-R134a) kunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwamandla, kuhambelana ne-EU Energy Label kunye nemigangatho ye-US ENERGY STAR®. I-GWP yayo ephantsi ikwenza ukuba ihambelane ngokupheleleyo nemigaqo engqongqo yokukhupha umbane.

Izinto ekufuneka uziqwalasele kuKhuseleko kunye noFakelo:

Ukutsha yeyona ngxaki iphambili ye-R600a. Ukunciphisa umngcipheko, abavelisi banciphisa ubungakanani bayo bokutshaja kwiifriji (ngesiqhelo ≤150 grams) kwaye basebenzisa izinto ezithintela ukuqhuma (umz., iicompressors ezivaliweyo, iindawo zombane ezingatshisi). Iingcali zifuna uqeqesho olukhethekileyo lokusingatha ukuvuza, njengoko umphunga we-R600a oxineneyo unokutsha.

Imingeni: Ukutsha okuphezulu kufuna uyilo olujolise kukhuseleko kunye nokuphathwa; akuhambelani neeoyile ze-POE/PAG.

3. R290 (iPropane)

Uhlobo lweKhemikhali: I-hydrocarbon ecocekileyo (i-HC, i-refrigerant yendalo)

Iinkcukacha eziphambili:

• I-ODP: 0 (ikhuselekile kwi-ozone)
• I-GWP: 3 (efana ne-R600a, impembelelo yemozulu ephantsi kakhulu)
• Udidi loKhuseleko lwe-ASHRAE: A3 (itsha kakhulu, inetyhefu ephantsi—itsha kancinci kune-R600a, kwaye inamandla okutsha aphantsi)
• Uxinzelelo Lokusebenza: Phakathi-phantsi (ngaphezulu kune-R600a, ngaphantsi kune-R134a)
• Ukuhambelana: Isebenza neoyile yeminerali okanye ii-AB lubricants.

Ukusebenza kunye nezicelo:

I-R290 inika ukusebenza kakuhle kokupholisa—i-COP yayo iphezulu nge-10–15% kune-R134a, nto leyo eyenza ukuba ifaneleke kakhulu kwifriji egcina umbane kakuhle. Isetyenziswa kwiifriji ezincinci ukuya kweziphakathi zasekhaya, kwiifriji ezincinci, nakwezinye iifriji zokubonisa zorhwebo (apho ubungakanani betshaja bulinganiselwe). Kwimimandla efana ne-EU, iya kwamkelwa ngakumbi njengendawo ethe ngqo ye-R134a kwiimodeli ezintsha.

Imeko yoKhuseleko kunye noLawulo:

Njenge-R600a, ukutsha kwe-R290 kufuna amanyathelo angqongqo okhuseleko: imida yokutshaja (≤150 grams kwiifriji zasekhaya), iinkqubo zokufumanisa ukuvuza, kunye nezinto ezingatshiyo ngaphakathi kwifriji. Ihambelana ngokupheleleyo ne-EU F-Gas Regulation kunye ne-US EPA SNAP, ngaphandle kwezicwangciso zokunciphisa ngenxa ye-GWP yayo ephantsi.

Imingeni: Ukutsha okuphezulu kune-R600a; kufuna uvavanyo oluqinileyo lokhuseleko ngexesha lokwenziwa.

4. R404a (Umxube we-R125, R134a, R143a)

Uhlobo lweKhemikhali: Umxube we-HFC ophantse ube yi-azeotropic (ii-HFC ezininzi ezixutywe ukuze zifane neempawu zefriji enye)

Iinkcukacha eziphambili:

• I-ODP: 0 (ikhuselekile kwi-ozone)
• GWP: 3,922 (iphezulu kakhulu—enye yezona friji zichaphazela kakhulu imozulu)
• Udidi loKhuseleko lwe-ASHRAE: A1 (ayitshisi, inetyhefu ephantsi)
• Uxinzelelo Lokusebenza: Phezulu (lulungiselelwe iinkqubo zobushushu obuphantsi)
• Ukuhambelana: Isebenza nge-POE lubricants.

Ukusebenza kunye nezicelo:

I-R404a yayiyeyona ndlela ibalaseleyo yokubeka iifriji zorhwebo, kuquka iifriji ezingenayo, iibhokisi zokubonisa iivenkile ezinkulu, kunye neefriji zoshishino ezisebenza kwi -20°C ukuya kwi -40°C. Umthamo wayo ophezulu wokupholisa kunye nokuzinza kumaqondo obushushu aphantsi kwenze ukuba ilungele ezi zicelo.

Imeko yoLawulo kunye neyokusingqongileyo:

I-GWP ephezulu kakhulu ye-R404a ikhokelele ekubeni iphele phantse ngokupheleleyo eYurophu naseMntla Melika. Phantsi koMgaqo we-EU F-Gas, ukusetyenziswa kwayo kwizixhobo ezintsha kwavalwa ngo-2020, kwaye ukungeniswa/ukuthunyelwa kwayo ngaphandle kuthintelwe kakhulu. E-US, i-EPA idwelise i-R404a "njengento ene-GWP ephezulu" kwaye ifuna ukutshintshwa ngezinye iindlela ezine-GWP ephantsi (umz., i-R452A, i-R513A) kwiinkqubo ezintsha. Ihlala kwiifriji zorhwebo ezindala kodwa ikhutshwa ngezigaba ngokusebenzisa iindlela ezintsha.

Imingeni: I-GWP engavumelekanga; ukusetyenziswa kwamandla okungekuhle xa kuthelekiswa nezinye iindlela zanamhlanje; inegalelo elikhulu kutshintsho lwemozulu.

5. R507 (Umxube we-R125 kunye ne-R143a)

Uhlobo lweeKhemikhali: Umxube we-Azeotropic HFC (umxube obila/obandayo kubushushu obunye, njengefriji ecocekileyo)

Iinkcukacha eziphambili:

• I-ODP: 0 (ikhuselekile kwi-ozone)
• I-GWP: 3,985 (phantse ifane ne-R404a, iphezulu kakhulu)
• Udidi loKhuseleko lwe-ASHRAE: A1 (ayitshisi, inetyhefu ephantsi)
• Uxinzelelo Lokusebenza: Phezulu (ngaphezulu kancinci kune-R404a)
• Ukuhambelana: Isebenza nge-POE lubricants.

Ukusebenza kunye nezicelo:

I-R507 yindibaniselwano esondeleyo ye-R404a, eyenzelwe ukukhenkceza kwiindawo zorhwebo ezishushu kakhulu (umz., iifriji ezinzulu, iikheyisi zokutya ezikhenkcezisiweyo) apho kufuneka ukupholisa rhoqo kwi--30°C ukuya kwi--50°C. Indalo yayo ye-azeotropic ithetha ukuba ayihlukani ibe ziinxalenye ngexesha lokuvuza, nto leyo eyenza kube lula ukugcinwa kwayo—inzuzo ngaphezu kwe-near-azeotropic mixes efana ne-R404a.

Imeko yoLawulo kunye neyokusingqongileyo:

Njenge-R404a, i-GWP ephezulu ye-R507 ikhokelele kwimithetho engqongqo. UMthetho we-EU F-Gas Regulation wawuthintela ukusetyenziswa kwayo kwizixhobo ezintsha ngo-2020, kwaye i-US EPA iyichaze “njengento exhalabisayo” phantsi kwe-SNAP. Ithathelwa indawo zezinye iindlela ze-GWP eziphantsi ezifana ne-R448A (GWP = 1,387) kunye ne-R449A (GWP = 1,397) kwizicelo zorhwebo.

Imingeni: I-GWP ephezulu kakhulu; akukho kuphila ixesha elide phantsi kwemithetho yokukhupha umbane kwihlabathi liphela; kuthintelwe kwiinkqubo ezindala.

Amaxabiso eefriji ezahlukeneyo ayahluka. Le yitshathi yeendlela ezisetyenzisiweyo ukusukela ngoJuni 2025:

Isishwankathelo sokuthelekisa iiRefrigerants

Le theyibhile ingezantsi ishwankathela umahluko ophambili phakathi kwezi refrigerants zintlanu, igxininisa ukufaneleka kwazo kwiimeko ezithile zokusetyenziswa:

Iindlela Zokulawula kunye noTshintsho kwiShishini

Imakethi ye-refrigerant yehlabathi iqhutywa ziinjongo ezimbini eziphambili: ukuphelisa izinto eziphelisa i-ozone (ezifezekisiweyo kwii-refrigerant ezininzi) kunye nokunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwegesi ezibangela ubushushu (ingongoma yangoku). EYurophu naseMntla Melika, imithetho ikhawulezisa ukutshintshela kwiindlela ze-GWP ephantsi:

• Umthetho we-EU F-Gas: Unyanzelisa ukuba kuncitshiswe ukusetyenziswa kwe-HFC ngama-79% ngo-2030 (xa kuthelekiswa namanqanaba ka-2015) kwaye uthintela ukusetyenziswa kweefriji ezine-GWP ephezulu (GWP > 2,500) kwizixhobo ezintsha zokufriji.
• I-US EPA SNAP: Idwelisa iifriji ezine-GWP ephantsi (umz., R600a, R290, R452A) njenge "zamkelekileyo" kwiinkqubo ezininzi kwaye iyakwalela ukhetho lwe-GWP ephezulu (umz., R404a, R507) kwiinkqubo ezintsha.

Kubathengi, oku kuthetha:

• Iifriji ezintsha zasekhaya ziya kusebenzisa phantse i-R600a okanye i-R290 kuphela (ngenxa ye-GWP ephantsi kunye nokusebenza kakuhle okuphezulu).
• Ukufakwa kwefriji kwezorhwebo kuya kutshintshela kwiingxube zeGWP eziphantsi (umz., R448A, R454C) okanye iifriji zendalo ezifana neCO₂ (R744) kwiinkqubo ezinkulu.
• Iifriji ezindala ezisebenzisa i-R134a, i-R404a, okanye i-R507 ziya kufuna ukulahlwa okanye ukulungiswa ngokufanelekileyo ukuze kuhambelane nemigaqo.

Ukukhetha i-refrigerant efanelekileyo yefriji kuxhomekeke ekulinganiseni izinto ezine: impembelelo yokusingqongileyo (i-ODP/GWP), ukhuseleko (ukutsha/ubuthi), ukusebenza (ukusebenza kakuhle/uxinzelelo), kunye nokuthobela imithetho. Kwiinkqubo ezininzi zanamhlanje:

• I-R600a kunye ne-R290 zezona zikhetho zibalaseleyo kwiifriji zasekhaya, zibonelela nge-GWP ephantsi kakhulu kunye nokusebenza kakuhle okuphezulu (kunye namanyathelo okhuseleko okujongana nokutsha).
• I-R404a kunye ne-R507 azisebenzi kwiinkqubo ezintsha, zikhawulelwe kwizixhobo zorhwebo ezindala de ziphinde zilungiswe okanye zitshintshwe.
• I-R134a yindlela yokutshintsha, kancinci kancinci isuswa kwiindawo zokugcina iifriji zendalo.

Njengoko imithetho iqina kwaye ubuchwepheshe buhambela phambili, eli shishini liza kuqhubeka nokubeka phambili iifriji zendalo kunye neengxube ze-GWP eziphantsi—ukuqinisekisa ukuba iinkqubo zokufriji ziyasebenza kwaye zihlala ixesha elide. Kubachwephesha nakubathengi, ukuhlala benolwazi ngale mahluko kubalulekile ekwenzeni izigqibo ezinoxanduva nezithobelayo.

Imithombo: I-ASHRAE Handbook—Refrigeration (2021), Ingxelo yoVavanyo lweSithandathu ye-IPCC (2022), uMgaqo we-EU F-Gas (EC No 517/2014), iNkqubo ye-US EPA SNAP (2023).