Ngaphambi kukaJuni 2025, isibhengezo esivela kwiSebe lezoRhwebo lase-US sithumele amaza othusayo kushishino lwezixhobo zasekhaya lwehlabathi. Ukususela nge-23 kaJuni, iindidi ezisibhozo zezixhobo zasekhaya ezenziwe ngentsimbi, kuquka iifriji ezidityanisiweyo, oomatshini bokuhlamba, iifriji, njl.njl., zafakwa ngokusesikweni kuluhlu lweerhafu zophando lweCandelo 232, kunye nezinga lerhafu elifikelela kwi-50%. Eli asilonyathelo elikhethekileyo kodwa kukuqhubeka nokwandiswa komgaqo-nkqubo wokuthintela urhwebo lwentsimbi wase-US. Ukususela kwisibhengezo "sokuPhunyezwa kweeRhafu zeNsimbi" ngoMatshi 2025, ukuya kwingxelo yoluntu "ngenkqubo yokubandakanywa" ngoMeyi, kwaye emva koko ukuya ekwandisweni koluhlu lwerhafu ukusuka kwiindawo zentsimbi ukuya koomatshini abagqityiweyo ngeli xesha, i-US yakha "umqobo werhafu" wezixhobo zasekhaya ezenziwe ngentsimbi ezingeniswa kwamanye amazwe ngokusebenzisa uthotho lwemigaqo-nkqubo eqhubekayo.
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Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba lo mgaqo-nkqubo uyahlula ngokucacileyo imithetho yerhafu "yezinto zentsimbi" kunye "nezinto ezingezizo zentsimbi". Izinto zentsimbi ziphantsi kwerhafu yeCandelo 232 engama-50% kodwa azinazo "irhafu yokubuyiselana". Izinto ezingezizo zentsimbi, kwelinye icala, kufuneka zihlawule "irhafu yokubuyiselana" (kubandakanya irhafu esisiseko ye-10%, irhafu enxulumene ne-20% ye-fentanyl, njl.njl.) kodwa aziphantsi kwerhafu yeCandelo 232. Olu "nyango lokwahluka" lubeka iimveliso zezixhobo zasekhaya ezineziqulatho zentsimbi ezahlukeneyo kwiingcinezelo ezahlukeneyo zeendleko.
I. Imbono ngeDatha yoRhwebo: Ukubaluleka kweMarike yase-US yeZixhobo zaseKhaya zaseTshayina
Njengeziko lehlabathi lokuvelisa izixhobo zasekhaya, iTshayina ithumela ngaphandle inani elikhulu leemveliso ezibandakanyekayo eMelika. Idatha yango-2024 ibonisa ukuba:
Ixabiso lokuthumela ngaphandle iifriji kunye neefriji (kuquka iinxalenye) eMelika lifikelele kwi-3.16 yeebhiliyoni zeedola zaseMelika, ukunyuka kwama-20.6% ngonyaka ukuya kunyaka. I-US ibingu-17.3% yenani lilonke lokuthumela ngaphandle kolu didi, nto leyo eyenza ukuba ibe yeyona marike inkulu.
Ixabiso lokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kwee-oveni zombane eMelika yayiyi-1.58 yeebhiliyoni zeedola zaseMelika, nto leyo ethetha i-19.3% yenani lilonke lokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe, kwaye umthamo wokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe unyuke nge-18.3% unyaka nonyaka.
Umatshini wokulahla inkunkuma ekhitshini uxhomekeke ngakumbi kwimarike yaseMelika, apho i-48.8% yexabiso lokuthumela ngaphandle lingena eMelika, kwaye umthamo wokuthumela ngaphandle ufikelela kwi-70.8% yenani lilonke lehlabathi.
Xa sijonga indlela eyenzeka ngayo ukususela ngo-2019 ukuya ku-2024, ngaphandle kwee-oveni zombane, amaxabiso okuthumela kwamanye amazwe ezinye iindidi ezibandakanyekayo eMelika abonise indlela enyukayo neguquguqukayo, nto leyo ebonisa ngokupheleleyo ukubaluleka kwemarike yase-US kumashishini ezixhobo zasekhaya aseTshayina.
II. Indlela Yokubala Iindleko? Umxholo Wentsimbi Umisela Ukonyuka Kwerhafu
Impembelelo yohlengahlengiso lweerhafu kumashishini ekugqibeleni ibonakala kwingxelo yeendleko. Umzekelo, thabatha ifriji eyenziwe eTshayina exabisa iidola ezili-100 zaseMelika:
Ukuba intsimbi ixabisa i-30% (oko kukuthi, iidola zaseMelika ezingama-30), kwaye inxalenye engeyiyo yentsimbi ixabisa i-70 yeedola zaseMelika;
Ngaphambi kohlengahlengiso, irhafu yayiyi-55% (kuquka “irhafu yokubuyiselana”, “irhafu enxulumene ne-fentanyl”, “irhafu yeCandelo 301”);
Emva kohlengahlengiso, icandelo lentsimbi kufuneka lithwale irhafu eyongezelelweyo yeCandelo 232 engama-50%, kwaye irhafu iyonke inyuke iye kuma-67%, nto leyo enyusa iindleko ngeyunithi nganye malunga needola ezili-12 zaseMelika.
Oku kuthetha ukuba xa umxholo wentsimbi uphezulu kwimveliso, kokukhona impembelelo iba nkulu. Kwizixhobo zasekhaya ezikhaphukhaphu ezinomthamo wentsimbi omalunga ne-15%, ukunyuka kwerhafu kulinganiselwe. Nangona kunjalo, kwiimveliso ezinomthamo wentsimbi ophezulu ezifana neefriji kunye neefreyimu zesinyithi ezidityanisiweyo, uxinzelelo lweendleko luya kunyuka kakhulu.
III. Indlela Esabela Ngayo KwiTyelelo Lemizi-mveliso: Ukusuka Kwixabiso Ukuya Kwisakhiwo
Umgaqo-nkqubo werhafu wase-US ubangela iimpendulo ezininzi zechungechunge:
Kwimarike yasekhaya yaseMelika, ukunyuka kwexabiso lezixhobo zasekhaya ezingeniswa kwamanye amazwe kuya kunyusa ngokuthe ngqo ixabiso lokuthengisa, nto leyo enokunciphisa imfuno yabathengi.
Kumashishini aseTshayina, inzuzo yokuthumela ngaphandle ayizukuncipha nje kuphela, kodwa kufuneka ajongane noxinzelelo oluvela kubakhuphisana nabo abanjengoMexico. Isabelo sezixhobo zasekhaya ezifanayo ezingeniswe yi-US zivela eMexico ekuqaleni sasiphezulu kuneso sivela eTshayina, kwaye umgaqo-nkqubo werhafu unempembelelo efanayo kumashishini avela kuwo omabini la mazwe.
Kwicandelo lemizi-mveliso lehlabathi, ukuqina kwemiqobo yorhwebo kunokunyanzela amashishini ukuba alungise indlela awenza ngayo amandla awo emveliso. Umzekelo, ukumisela iifektri eMntla Melika ukuze kuthintelwe iirhafu kuya kwandisa ubunzima kunye neendleko zecandelo lokubonelela.
VI. Impendulo yeShishini: Indlela esuka kuVavanyo ukuya kwiNzame
Ekubeni bejongene notshintsho kwimigaqo-nkqubo, amashishini aseTshayina ezixhobo zasekhaya anokuphendula kwizinto ezintathu:
Ubunjineli beNdleko: Lungisa umlinganiselo wentsimbi esetyenziswa kwiimveliso, uphonononge ukutshintshwa kwezinto ezikhaphukhaphu, kwaye unciphise umlinganiselo wezinto zentsimbi ukuze unciphise impembelelo yerhafu.
Ukwahlukahlukana kweeMarike: Ukuphuhlisa iimarike ezisakhasayo ezifana noMzantsi-mpuma we-Asia kunye noMbindi Mpuma ukuze kuncitshiswe ukuxhomekeka kwimarike yaseMelika.
Unxibelelwano loMgaqo-nkqubo: Jonga ngokusondeleyo uphuhliso olulandelayo lwe-"inkqubo yokubandakanywa" yase-US, ubonise iimfuno ngemibutho yoshishino (njengeSebe leZixhobo zaseKhaya le-China Chamber of Commerce for Import and Export of Machinery and Electronic Products), kwaye uzame ukunciphisa iirhafu ngeendlela ezithobelayo.
Njengabadlali abaphambili kushishino lwezixhobo zasekhaya lwehlabathi, iimpendulo zamashishini aseTshayina azichaphazeli nje kuphela ukusinda kwawo kodwa ziya kuchaphazela nendlela yokwakha kwakhona uthotho lwezorhwebo lwezixhobo zasekhaya lwehlabathi. Kwimeko yokulungelelanisa ukungqubana kwezorhwebo, ukulungisa amaqhinga ngokuguquguquka kunye nokuqinisa ubuchule betekhnoloji kunokuba sisiseko sokulawula ukungaqiniseki.
Ixesha lokuposa: Agasti-04-2025 Imbono: