Kubva paKuwanikwa kweOzone Hole kusvika kuMontreal Protocol

 

 

 

Kuwanikwa kweAntarctic Ozone Hole

Ozone layer inodzivirira vanhu nenharaunda kubva pahuwandu hunokuvadza hwemwaranzi ye ultraviolet inobva kuzuva. Makemikari anonzi ozone depleting substances (ODS) anoburitswa mumhepo asingadzoreki asati; Makemikari iwayo anokuvadza stratospheric ozone layer. Muna Chivabvu 1985, vachishuma mumagazini yeNature British Antarctic Survey (BAS) masayendisiti Joe Farman, Brian Gardiner naJonathan Shanklin vakatsanangura zvavakaona nezvekurasikirwa kukuru kwe ozone pamusoro peAntarctica. Kuwanikwa kwegomba reAntarctic ozone neBAS kwakapa yambiro yekutanga yekutetepa kwe ozone layer pasi rese kunogona kuve nengozi.

Musangano weVienna, Chibvumirano Chekuunza Montreal

Sezvo tekinoroji yaifambira mberi, zvidzidzo zvesainzi zvakaratidza dambudziko riri kubuda pamwe nemigumisiro yaro yekuderera kweozone. Mabasa ari kunzi makore akawanda. Muna 1985, Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer yakagadzirwa semhinduro. Vienna Convention ndiyo yaiva musangano wekutanga werudzi rupi zvarwo kusainwa nenyika dzese dzaibatanidzwa, ukatanga kushanda muna 1988 uye wakasvika pakubvumidzwa kwepasi rose muna 2009.
Chinangwa cheMusangano uyu ndechekusimudzira kushandira pamwe pakati penyika nekugovana ruzivo nezvemhedzisiro yemabasa evanhu paOzone Layer. Asi nekuda kwekuti Musangano uyu hausi wekusunga zviri pamutemo, Musangano weVienna haudi kuti nyika dzitore matanho ekudzivirira Ozone Layer. Chibvumirano cheMontreal chakatanga muna 1987 kugadzirisa nyaya iyi.

Chii chinonzi Montreal Protocol?

Chibvumirano cheMontreal chakasainwa muna 1987 chikatanga kushanda muna 1989. Chakatanga kusainwa nenyika makumi mana nematanhatu, chibvumirano ichi chave nevanhu vanosvika mazana maviri vakasaina. Chibvumirano cheMontreal cheZvinhu Zvinoparadza Ozone Layer chibvumirano chepasi rose chekudzivirira ozone layer yepasi nekudzima makemikari anoiparadza. Chibvumirano cheMontreal chibvumirano chepasi rose chinodzora kugadzirwa nekushandiswa kwemakemikari anosvika zana akagadzirwa nevanhu anonzi ozone depleting substances (ODS).

Chii chinonzi Montreal Protocol?

Chibvumirano cheMontreal chinodzikamisa kushandiswa nekugadzirwa kweODS dzakasiyana nenzira inotevedzana, nehurongwa hwakasiyana hwenyika dzakabudirira nedzichiri kusimukira (dzinonzi "nyika dzeArticle 5"). Pasi pechibvumirano ichi, mapato ese ane mabasa chaiwo ane chekuita nekubuda kwemapoka akasiyana eODS, kutonga kutengeserana kweODS, kushuma kwegore negore kwedata, masisitimu ekupa marezenisi enyika ekudzora kupinza nekuburitsa kunze kweODS, nedzimwe nyaya. Nyika dzichiri kusimukira nedzakasimukira dzine mabasa akaenzana asi akasiyana, asi chinonyanya kukosha, mapoka ese ari maviri enyika ane zvisungo zvinosunga, zvakanangwa nenguva uye zvinoyerwa.

Zvinhu zvinodzorwa pasi peMontreal Protocol

Zvidimbu A (maCFC, mahaloni)
Zvidimbu B (mamwe maCFC ane halogenated zvizere, kabhoni tetrachloride, methyl chloroform)
Zvidimbu C (HCFCs)
Annexes E (methyl bromide)
Zvidimbu F (HFCs)

Chibvumirano cheMontreal Chinotsigirwa neOzone Secretariat yeUN Environment Programme

Chibvumirano ichi chinoshanduka nekufamba kwenguva zvichienderana nekuvandudzwa kutsva kwesainzi, tekinoroji uye hupfumi, uye chinoramba chichigadziriswa nekugadziriswa. Musangano weMapato ndiwo mubatanidzwa wekutonga kwechibvumirano ichi, nerutsigiro rwehunyanzvi rwunopihwa neBoka Rinoshanda Rinovhurika, iro rese rinosangana gore rega rega. Mapato aya anobatsirwa neOzone Secretariat, iyo iri pamuzinda weUN Environment Programme muNairobi, Kenya.