Ukusuka ekuFunyanweni kwe-Ozone Hole ukuya kwiMontreal Protocol

 

 

 

Ukufunyanwa kweAntarctic Ozone Hole

Umaleko we-ozone ukhusela abantu kunye nokusingqongileyo kumanqanaba ayingozi emitha ye-ultraviolet evela elangeni. Iikhemikhali ezibizwa ngokuba zizinto ezisusa i-ozone (ODS) ezikhutshwa emoyeni ngokungalawulekiyo ngaphambi kokuba; Ezo khemikhali zonakalisa umaleko we-ozone we-stratospheric. NgoMeyi 1985, ingxelo kwijenali i-Nature British Antarctic Survey (BAS) izazinzulu uJoe Farman, uBrian Gardiner kunye noJonathan Shanklin bachaze ukuqaphela kwabo ukulahleka okukhulu kwe-ozone phezu kwe-Antarctica. Ukufunyanwa komngxuma we-ozone we-Antarctic yi-BAS kunike isilumkiso kwangethuba sokuncitshiswa okunokuba yingozi komaleko we-ozone kwihlabathi liphela.

INgqungquthela yaseVienna, iSivumelwano sokuVuselela iMontreal

Njengoko ubuchwepheshe buqhubela phambili, izifundo zesayensi zabonisa ingxaki evelayo kunye nefuthe layo lokuphela kwe-ozone. Izenzo zibizwa ngokuba yiminyaka emininzi. Ngo-1985, kwenziwa iSivumelwano saseVienna soKhuselo loLwakhiwo lwe-Ozone ukuphendula. ISivumelwano saseVienna sasiyisivumelwano sokuqala salo naluphi na uhlobo esasayinwa lilizwe ngalinye elibandakanyekayo, esaqala ukusebenza ngo-1988 saza safikelela kwisivumelwano sokwamkelwa kwihlabathi liphela ngo-2009.
ISivumelwano sasijolise ekukhuthazeni intsebenziswano phakathi kwezizwe ngokutshintshiselana ngolwazi malunga nemiphumo yemisebenzi yabantu kwi-ozone layer. Kodwa ngenxa yokuba esi sivumelwano asibophisi ngokusemthethweni, iSivumelwano saseVienna asifuni ukuba amazwe athathe amanyathelo okulawula ukukhusela i-ozone layer. Iprotocol yaseMontreal yangena ngo-1987 ukujongana nale ngxaki.

Yintoni iMontreal Protocol?

Isivumelwano saseMontreal satyikitywa ngo-1987 saza saqala ukusebenza ngo-1989. Sasayinwa okokuqala ngamazwe angama-46, esi sivumelwano ngoku sinamalungu amalunga nama-200 asisayine. Isivumelwano saseMontreal seZinto eziCima i-Ozone Layer sisivumelwano sehlabathi sokukhusela i-ozone layer yoMhlaba ngokuphelisa iikhemikhali ezicima i-ozone. Isivumelwano saseMontreal sisivumelwano sehlabathi esilawula ukuveliswa nokusetyenziswa kweekhemikhali eziphantse zibe li-100 ezenziwe ngumntu ezibizwa ngokuba zizinto ezicima i-ozone (ODS).

Ithini iMontreal Protocol?

I-Montreal Protocol inciphisa ukusetyenziswa kunye nokuveliswa kwee-ODS ezahlukeneyo ngendlela elandelelanayo, kunye neeshedyuli ezahlukeneyo zamazwe aphuhlileyo naphuhlileyo (ezibizwa ngokuba “ngamazwe e-Article 5”). Phantsi kwesi sivumelwano, onke amaqela anoxanduva oluthile olunxulumene nokususwa kwamaqela ahlukeneyo e-ODS, ulawulo lorhwebo lwe-ODS, ingxelo yonyaka yedatha, iinkqubo zelayisenisi zesizwe zokulawula ukungeniswa kunye nokuthunyelwa kwe-ODS, kunye neminye imiba. Amazwe aphuhlileyo naphuhlileyo anoxanduva olulinganayo kodwa olwahlukileyo, kodwa okubaluleke kakhulu, omabini amaqela amazwe anezibophelelo ezibophelelayo, ezijoliswe kwixesha kunye nezilinganisekayo.

Izinto ezilawulwayo phantsi kweProtocol yaseMontreal

Izihlomelo A (ii-CFC, ii-halon)
Izihlomelo B (ezinye ii-CFCs ezigcwele i-halogen, i-carbon tetrachloride, i-methyl chloroform)
Izihlomelo C (ii-HCFC)
IiAnnexes E (i-methyl bromide)
Izihlomelo F (ii-HFC)

IProtokholi yaseMontreal ixhaswa yi-Ozone Secretariat ye-UN Environment Programme

Esi sivumelwano siyatshintsha ngokuhamba kwexesha ngenxa yophuhliso olutsha lwesayensi, lobugcisa nolwezoqoqosho, kwaye siyaqhubeka nokulungiswa nokulungiswa. Intlanganiso yamaQela liqumrhu elilawula esi sivumelwano, ngenkxaso yobugcisa enikezelwa yiQela eliSebenzayo eliVulelekileyo, omabini ahlangana rhoqo ngonyaka. AmaQela ancediswa yi-Ozone Secretariat, eseziko eliyintloko leNkqubo yezeNdalo ye-UN eNairobi, eKenya.