Kusukela Ekutholakaleni Kwembobo Ye-Ozone Kuya Ku-Montreal Protocol

 

 

 

Ukutholakala kwe-Antarctic Ozone Hole

Ungqimba lwe-ozone luvikela abantu kanye nemvelo emazingeni ayingozi emisebeni ye-ultraviolet evela elangeni. Amakhemikhali abizwa ngokuthi izinto eziqeda i-ozone (ODS) akhishwa emoyeni ngokungalawuleki ngaphambi kokuba; Lawo makhemikhali alimaza ungqimba lwe-ozone olusesibhakabhakeni. NgoMeyi 1985, kubika ososayensi be-Nature British Antarctic Survey (BAS) uJoe Farman, uBrian Gardiner noJonathan Shanklin, ephephabhukwini i-Nature British Antarctic Survey (BAS) bachaze ukubona kwabo ukulahlekelwa okukhulu kwe-ozone phezu kwe-Antarctica. Ukutholakala komgodi we-ozone e-Antarctic yi-BAS kwanikeza isixwayiso sokuqala sokuncipha okungaba yingozi kongqimba lwe-ozone emhlabeni jikelele.

Isivumelwano saseVienna, iSivumelwano Sokungenisa Isivumelwano saseMontreal

Njengoba ubuchwepheshe buthuthuka, izifundo zesayensi zaveza inkinga evelayo kanye nemiphumela yayo yokuncipha kwe-ozone. Izenzo zibizwa ngokuthi iminyaka eminingi. Ngo-1985, kwasungulwa iSivumelwano saseVienna Sokuvikelwa Kwengqimba Ye-Ozone ukuze kuphendulwe. ISivumelwano saseVienna sasiyisivumelwano sokuqala sanoma yiluphi uhlobo esasayinwa yiwo wonke amazwe ahilelekile, esaqala ukusebenza ngo-1988 futhi safinyelela ekuqinisekisweni komhlaba wonke ngo-2009.
ISivumelwano sasihlose ukukhuthaza ukubambisana phakathi kwezizwe ngokushintshana ngolwazi ngemiphumela yemisebenzi yabantu ongqimbeni lwe-ozone. Kodwa ngenxa yokuthi lesi sivumelwano asibophezeli ngokomthetho, iSivumelwano saseVienna asidingi amazwe ukuthi athathe izinyathelo zokulawula ukuvikela ungqimba lwe-ozone. Iphrothokholi yaseMontreal yangena ngo-1987 ukubhekana nale nkinga.

Iyini iMontreal Protocol?

Isivumelwano saseMontreal sasayinwa ngo-1987 futhi saqala ukusebenza ngo-1989. Saqala ukusayinwa amazwe angu-46, lesi sivumelwano manje sesisayinwe cishe amazwe angu-200. Isivumelwano saseMontreal Sezinto Eziqeda Ungqimba Lwe-Ozone siyisivumelwano somhlaba wonke sokuvikela ungqimba lwe-ozone loMhlaba ngokuqeda amakhemikhali aluqeda. Isivumelwano saseMontreal siyisivumelwano somhlaba wonke esilawula ukukhiqizwa nokusetshenziswa kwamakhemikhali enziwe ngabantu angaba yi-100 abizwa ngokuthi izinto eziqeda ungqimba lwe-ozone (ODS).

Ithini iMontreal Protocol?

I-Montreal Protocol inciphisa ukusetshenziswa nokukhiqizwa kwe-ODS ehlukene ngendlela elandelanayo, ngamashejuli ahlukene amazwe athuthukile nasathuthuka (okubizwa ngokuthi “amazwe e-Article 5”). Ngaphansi kwalesi sivumelwano, wonke amaqembu anemithwalo yemfanelo ethile ehlobene nokuqeda amaqembu ahlukene e-ODS, ukulawula ukuhweba kwe-ODS, ukubika kwedatha kwaminyaka yonke, izinhlelo zelayisensi zikazwelonke zokulawula ukungeniswa nokuthunyelwa kwe-ODS, nezinye izindaba. Amazwe asathuthuka nasathuthuka anemithwalo yemfanelo efanayo kodwa ehlukene, kodwa okubaluleke kakhulu, womabili amaqembu amazwe anezibopho ezibophayo, eziqondiswe ngesikhathi futhi ezilinganiswayo.

Izinto ezilawulwa ngaphansi kweSivumelwano saseMontreal

Izithasiselo A (ama-CFC, ama-halon)
Izithasiselo B (amanye ama-CFC agcwele i-halogen, i-carbon tetrachloride, i-methyl chloroform)
Izithasiselo C (ama-HCFC)
Ama-Annexes E (i-methyl bromide)
Izithasiselo F (ama-HFC)

Isivumelwano saseMontreal Sisekelwa yi-Ozone Secretariat yoHlelo Lwezemvelo lwe-UN

Lesi sivumelwano siyashintsha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ngenxa yentuthuko entsha yesayensi, yezobuchwepheshe kanye neyezomnotho, futhi siyaqhubeka nokushintshwa nokulungiswa. Umhlangano Wamaqembu uyindikimba yokuphatha yalesi sivumelwano, ngokusekelwa kwezobuchwepheshe okuhlinzekwa yiQembu Elisebenzayo Elivulekile, zombili ezihlangana minyaka yonke. Amaqembu asizwa yi-Ozone Secretariat, esendlunkulu ye-UN Environment Programme eNairobi, eKenya.