Kuchokera pa Kupezeka kwa Dzenje la Ozone kupita ku Montreal Protocol

 

 

 

Kupezeka kwa dzenje la Antarctic Ozone Hole

Ozone layer imateteza anthu ndi chilengedwe ku mphamvu yoipa ya ultraviolet yochokera ku dzuwa. Mankhwala otchedwa ozone depleting substances (ODS) omwe amatulutsidwa mumlengalenga mosalamulirika asanawononge; Mankhwala amenewo amawononga stratospheric ozone layer. Mu Meyi 1985, malipoti mu magazini ya Nature British Antarctic Survey (BAS) asayansi Joe Farman, Brian Gardiner ndi Jonathan Shanklin adafotokoza zomwe adawona za kutayika kwakukulu kwa ozone ku Antarctica. Kupezeka kwa dzenje la ozone ku Antarctic ndi BAS kunapereka chenjezo loyambirira la kuchepa kwa ozone padziko lonse lapansi komwe kungakhale koopsa.

Msonkhano wa ku Vienna, Msonkhano Wotsogolera ku Montreal

Pamene ukadaulo ukupita patsogolo, maphunziro asayansi adawonetsa vuto lomwe likubwera komanso zotsatira zake za kuchepa kwa ozoni. Zochita zikutchedwa zaka zambiri. Mu 1985, Mgwirizano wa Vienna Woteteza Chigawo cha Ozone unakhazikitsidwa poyankha. Mgwirizano wa Vienna unali woyamba wamtundu uliwonse kusainidwa ndi mayiko onse omwe akukhudzidwa, womwe unayamba kugwira ntchito mu 1988 ndipo unavomerezedwa ndi onse mu 2009.
Cholinga cha Msonkhanowu chinali kulimbikitsa mgwirizano pakati pa mayiko mwa kusinthana chidziwitso chokhudza zotsatira za zochita za anthu pa ozone layer. Koma chifukwa chakuti msonkhanowu suli womangika mwalamulo, msonkhano wa ku Vienna sufuna kuti mayiko achitepo kanthu kuti ateteze ozone layer. Ndondomeko ya ku Montreal idalowa mu 1987 kuti ithetse vutoli.

Kodi Montreal Protocol ndi chiyani?

Pangano la Montreal linasainidwa mu 1987 ndipo linayamba kugwira ntchito mu 1989. Poyamba linasainidwa ndi mayiko 46, ndipo tsopano panganoli lili ndi osaina pafupifupi 200. Pangano la Montreal la Zinthu Zomwe Zimawononga Ozone Layer ndi pangano lapadziko lonse lapansi loteteza gawo la ozone la Dziko Lapansi pochotsa mankhwala omwe amawononga. Pangano la Montreal ndi pangano lapadziko lonse lomwe limayang'anira kupanga ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala pafupifupi 100 opangidwa ndi anthu otchedwa Ozone Depleting Substances (ODS).

Kodi Montreal Protocol imati chiyani?

Pulogalamu ya Montreal Protocol imasiya kugwiritsa ntchito ndi kupanga ma ODS osiyanasiyana pang'onopang'ono, ndi nthawi zosiyanasiyana za mayiko otukuka ndi osauka (otchedwa "Mayiko a Article 5"). Pansi pa panganoli, magulu onse ali ndi maudindo ena okhudzana ndi kuchotsedwa kwa magulu osiyanasiyana a ODS, kuwongolera malonda a ODS, malipoti apachaka a deta, machitidwe a zilolezo zadziko lonse kuti azilamulira kutumiza ndi kutumiza kunja kwa ODS, ndi zina. Mayiko otukuka ndi otukuka ali ndi maudindo ofanana koma osiyana, koma chofunika kwambiri, magulu onse awiri a mayiko ali ndi mapangano omangirira, olunjika pa nthawi komanso oyezeka.

Zinthu zolamulidwa motsatira Montreal Protocol

Annexes A (ma CFC, ma halons)
Annexes B (ma CFC ena okhala ndi halogen, carbon tetrachloride, methyl chloroform)
Annexes C (HCFCs)
Annexes E (methyl bromide)
Zowonjezera F (ma HFC)

Pulogalamu ya Montreal Imathandizidwa ndi Ozone Secretariat ya UN Environment Programme

Panganoli limasintha pakapita nthawi chifukwa cha kupita patsogolo kwa sayansi, ukadaulo ndi zachuma, ndipo likupitirira kusinthidwa ndi kusinthidwa. Msonkhano wa Zipani ndi bungwe lolamulira panganoli, ndi chithandizo chaukadaulo choperekedwa ndi Gulu Logwira Ntchito Lotseguka, lomwe onse amakumana pachaka. Zipanizi zimathandizidwa ndi Ozone Secretariat, yomwe ili ku likulu la UN Environment Program ku Nairobi, Kenya.