Kusukela ekutholweni kwe-Ozone Hole kuya ku-Montreal Protocol

 

 

 

Ukutholwa kwe-Antarctic Ozone Hole

Ungqimba lwe-ozone luvikela abantu nendawo ezungezile emazingeni ayingozi emisebe ye-ultraviolet evela elangeni. Amakhemikhali abizwa ngokuthi yi-ozone depleting substances (ODS) akhishelwe emkhathini ngokungalawuleki ngaphambili; Lawo makhemikhali alimaza ungqimba lwe-ozone oluyi-stratospheric. Ngo-May 1985, bebika kumagazini i-Nature British Antarctic Survey (BAS) ososayensi uJoe Farman, uBrian Gardiner noJonathan Shanklin bachaza ukuphawula kwabo ukulahlekelwa okukhulu kwe-ozone phezu kwe-Antarctica. Ukutholwa komgodi we-ozone e-Antarctic yi-BAS kunikeze isexwayiso sangaphambi kwesikhathi sokuncipha okungaba yingozi kongqimba lwe-ozone emhlabeni wonke.

I-Vienna Convention, i-Usher to Montreal Protocol

Njengoba ubuchwepheshe buthuthuka, izifundo zesayensi zaveza inkinga evelayo kanye nomthelela wayo wokuncipha kwe-ozone. Izenzo zibizwa ngokuthi iminyaka. Ngo-1985, i-Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer yasungulwa ngokuphendula. IsiVumelwano sase-Vienna kwaba umhlangano wokuqala wanoma yiluphi uhlobo ukusayinwa yiwo wonke amazwe athintekayo, owaqala ukusebenza ngo-1988 futhi wafinyelela ukuqinisekiswa kwawo wonke umhlaba ngo-2009.
Le Ngqungquthela yayihlose ukukhuthaza ukubambisana phakathi kwezizwe ngokushintshisana ngolwazi ngemiphumela yemisebenzi yabantu kungqimba lwe-ozone. Kodwa ngenxa yokuthi umhlangano awubopheli ngokomthetho, umhlangano waseVienna awudingi ukuthi amazwe athathe izinyathelo zokulawula ukuvikela ungqimba lwe-ozone. I-protocol yaseMontreal yangena ngo-1987 ukubhekana nalolu daba.

Yini i-Montreal Protocol?

I-Montreal Protocol yasayinwa ngo-1987 futhi yaqala ukusebenza ngo-1989. Yaqale yasayinwa amazwe angama-46, lesi sivumelwano manje sinabasayini abacishe babe ngama-200. ISivumelwano SaseMontreal Esimayelana Nezinto Ezicekela Ungqimba Lwe-Ozone siyisivumelwano somhlaba wonke sokuvikela ungqimba lwe-ozone loMhlaba ngokuqeda amakhemikhali aluqedayo. I-Montreal Protocol yisivumelwano somhlaba wonke esilawula ukukhiqizwa nokusetshenziswa kwamakhemikhali enziwe abantu acishe abe yi-100 abizwa ngokuthi yi-ozone depleting substances (ODS).

Ithini i-Montreal Protocol?

I-Montreal Protocol yehlisa ukusetshenziswa nokukhiqizwa kwe-ODS ehlukene ngendlela ehlakaniphile, ngamathayimithebula ehlukene ezikhathi zamazwe athuthukile nasathuthuka (okubizwa ngokuthi “amazwe eSigaba 5”). Ngaphansi kwalesi sivumelwano, zonke izinhlangothi zinezibopho ezithile ezihlobene nesigaba sokuphuma kwamaqembu ahlukene e-ODS, ukulawula ukuhweba kwe-ODS, ukubikwa kwaminyaka yonke kwedatha, amasistimu kazwelonke wokunikeza amalayisense okulawula ukungenisa nokuthekelisa kwe-ODS, nezinye izindaba. Amazwe asathuthuka nathuthukile anezibopho ezilinganayo kodwa ezihlukene, kodwa okubaluleke kakhulu, womabili amaqembu amazwe anezibopho ezibophezelayo, ezihloswe isikhathi nezilinganisekayo.

Izinto ezilawulwa ngaphansi kwe-Montreal Protocol

Izijobelelo A (ama-CFC, ama-halon)
Izijobelelo B (amanye ama-CFC ane-halogenated ngokugcwele, i-carbon tetrachloride, i-methyl chloroform)
Izijobelelo C (HCFCs)
I-Annexes E (methyl bromide)
Izijobelelo F (HFCs)

I-Montreal Protocol Isekelwa I-Ozone Secretariat ye-UN Environment Programme

Lesi sivumelwano sishintsha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ngenxa yentuthuko entsha yesayensi, ezobuchwepheshe kanye nezomnotho, futhi siyaqhubeka nokuchitshiyelwa futhi silungiswe. Umhlangano Wamaqembu uyisigungu esilawulayo sesivumelwano, ngokusekelwa kwezobuchwepheshe okuhlinzekwa yiQembu Elisebenzayo Elivulekile, elihlangana kanye ngonyaka. Izinhlaka zisizwa yiHhovisi likaNobhala we-Ozone, elizinze endlunkulu ye-UN Environment Programme eNairobi, eKenya.